UNIOR D.A.A.M. Centro di Studi Mag·rebini REBINI ‚ STUDI MAG STUDI Gender Mobility and Social Activism Gender Mobility and Social Emerging Actors in Post-Revolutionary North Africa Actors in Post-Revolutionary North Emerging Nuova Serie Vol. XIV - XV Tomo I Napoli 2016 - 2017 UNIOR D.A.A.M. Centro di Studi Mag·rebini UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE” DIPARTIMENTO ASIA, AFRICA E MEDITERRANEO Centro di Studi Magrebini· STUDI MAG‚REBINI Nuova Serie Volumi XIV - XV Napoli 2016 - 2017 REBINI ‚ EMERGING ACTORS IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY NORTH AFRICA Gender Mobility and Social Activism Preface by STUDI MAG STUDI Gilbert ACHCAR Edited by Anna Maria DI TOLLA & Ersilia FRANCESCA Nuova Serie Vol. XIV - XV Tomo I Tomo I ISSN: 0585-4954 Napoli ISBN: 978-88-6719-155-0 2016 - 2017 UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE” DIPARTIMENTO ASIA, AFRICA E MEDITERRANEO Centro di Studi Magrebini· STUDI MAGREBINI‚ Nuova Serie Volumi XIV - XV Napoli 2016 -2017 EMERGING ACTORS IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY NORTH AFRICA Gender Mobility and Social Activism Preface by Gilbert ACHCAR Edited by Anna Maria DI TOLLA & Ersilia FRANCESCA Tomo I UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE” DIPARTIMENTO ASIA, AFRICA E MEDITERRANEO CENTRO DI STUDI MAG‚REBINI Presidente: Sergio BALDI Direttore della rivista: Agostino CILARDO &RQVLJOLR6FLHQWLÀFR6HUJLR%$/',$QQD0DULD',72//$0RKD ENNAJ, Ersilia FRANCESCA$KPHG+$%2866(O+RXVVDLQ (/028-$+,'$EGDOODK(/02817$66,52XDKPL28/' BRAHAM, Nina PAWLAK, Fatima SADIQI Consiglio Editoriale: Flavia AIELLO, Orianna CAPEZIO, Carlo DE ANGELO, Roberta DENARO Piazza S. Domenico Maggiore , 12 Palazzo Corigliano 80134 NAPOLI Direttore Responsabile: Agostino Cilardo Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Napoli n. 97 del 26/10/2004 ISSN 0585-4954 In memory of our dear friend and colleague Agostino Cilardo (1947-2017) If you would indeed behold the spirit of death, open your heart wide unto the body of life. For life and death are one, even as the river and the sea are one. Kahlil Gibran This volume is part of the research program PRIN 2010-2011 State, Plurality, Change in Africa financed by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research. The articles in this book have been peer-reviewed. TABLE OF CONTENTS Gilbert ACHCAR, Preface 9 Ersilia FRANCESCA - Anna Maria DI TOLLA, Introduction. Gender Mobility and Social Activism 11 Part 1: Economic and Social Issues Giuseppe CATALDI, Quelques observations sur les migrations dans la Méditerranée dans la perspective de l’Union Europeenne 31 Ersilia FRANCESCA, Economic Opportunities and Social Challenges in the North African Transition 49 Eugenia FERRAGINA - Giovanni CANITANO, Crise hydrique, crise alimentaire et bouleversement politique au Maghreb 83 Domenico COPERTINO, Challenging the Paradigms. Changing Theories in the Middle-Eastern Anthropology after the Tunisian Revolution 101 Pietro LONGO, Islam and Citizenship in Tunisia after the Yasmine Revolution. The Debate over the Law of Awqāf 125 Part 2: Gender Dynamics Aitemad MUHANNA MATAR, Mapping the Forms of Women’s Activism and Leadership in Post-Uprising Arab Countries 159 Gina ANNUNZIATA, Le regard libéré. La militance féminine dans le cinéma tunisien postrévolutionnaire 191 Marta BELLINGRERI, Tunisian Women: A Polyphonic Choir in a Heterogeneous Society 203 Rania ABDELRAHMAN, The Politics of Mourning: Mothers of the Martyrs’ Narratives of Resistance and Empowerment 233 Roswitha BADRY, Increased Gender-Based Violence as a Result of the Greater Visibility of Women’s Rights Defenders in the Public Sphere? Remarks on “Anti-Harassment” Initiatives in Egypt 255 Margherita PICCHI, Egypt in Transition: What future for Islamic Feminism? 285 Pervine ELREFAEI, Intellectuals and Activists Writing under the Sign of Hope: Radwa Ashour and Ahdaf Soueif’s Manifestos of the 2011 Revolution 323 Mounira SOLIMAN, Urban Space, Power Struggle, and the Remaking of the City 359 Loubna A. YOUSSEF, The Victory of the Egyptian Vernacular in Egyptian Writings Pre and Post January 2011 373 Sara BORRILLO, Egalité de genre au Maroc après 2011 ? Les droits sexuels et reproductifs au centre des récentes luttes de reconnaissance 393 Renata PEPICELLI, Being Young and Post-Feminist in Morocco: The Emergence of a New Women’s Activism 419 List of contributors 447 Preface Focusing on North Africa, this impressive volume gathers a set of remarkable contributions to the analysis of the uprisings that shook the Arab-speaking region, starting from the well-known tragic episode that triggered the still ongoing chain of events – the self-immolation of the young Mohamed Bouazizi on 17 December 2010 in the Central Tunisian town of Sidi Bouzid. The book’s first part, less than one third of the whole, may lack homogeneity, but its eclectic character makes it all the more stimulating in opening various analytical perspectives. It offers an examination of some of the material parameters that partook in determining the 2011 regional shockwave with regard to social and economic issues as well as to water and food. Also assessed are how the upheaval affected key anthropological paradigms in the study of the region, its impact on European policy on migration, and the religious/secular tension with respect to the definition of citizenship. This same tension is naturally at the heart of several entries in the second part of the volume, which is dedicated to gender-related issues in the Arab upheaval. This largest part of the book will certainly become prominent as a major contribution to its topic. It is very rich indeed, with several examinations of different aspects of feminist activism in North Africa, and often in the Middle East as well. Whether in comparing mainstream feminism with the Islamic variant, or in examining specific feminist expressions in art and literature, or in discussing sexual violence and the struggle over urban space, this second part constitutes an important and most interesting addition to the fields of both gender studies and Middle East and North Africa studies. Reading the present volume, one could envy historians of medieval or earlier times, who must deal with a dearth of data and contemporary testimonies and assessments. In contrast, the exponential expansion of the number of scholars, and of scholarly 10 Preface production therefore, over the last decades has concerned the Arab- speaking world to a very high degree. Due to the turmoil that has characterized it almost continuously since the end of the Second World War, this region has attracted a considerable amount of scholarly attention from all over the world, in addition to the scholars based in the region or originating from it. The result is that, six years only after the beginning of the regional upheaval, making an inventory of the scholarly production on the ‘Arab Spring’ and its aftermath would already be a demanding endeavour. Future historians who will wish to work on those years will be confronted with such an amount of investigation and analyses that the task may appear daunting to them. The wealth of research that is contemporary of the events will certainly force a major part of future research into narrowing down its focus on singular countries or parts of countries and specific aspects of the historic revolutionary shockwave, instead of offering comprehensive assessments of the overall process. Collective works will probably tend to become the rule, whether collections of individual chapters or multi-volume undertakings of a greater magnitude. In that sense, the present book edited by Ersilia Francesca and Anna Maria Di Tolla fits into a pattern that will likely become dominant in the future exploration of the great Arab upheaval. It is well fit to stand out as a useful and lasting contribution to the field, offering precious insights into various dimensions of the North African events. Gilbert ACHCAR School of Oriental and African Studies, London INTRODUCTION Gender Mobility and Social Activism in Post-Revolutionary North Africa1 Ersilia FRANCESCA - Anna Maria DI TOLLA The political trajectory of the Arab world was shaken by the popular uprisings which burst forth in Tunisia in late 2010 and rapidly swept through the region in 2011. These uprisings produced a glimmer of hope for democratic change in the region, yet six years after their inception their outcome remains highly uncertain, the regional scenario being characterized more by violence, terrorism and civil war than by a democratic transition. In a previous work published in 2012 the editors of these volumes explored some of the economic, political, social and historic factors that led to the Arab uprisings which, at that point, were still optimistically designated as the ‘Arab Spring’ in the hope that the long-awaited ‘blossoming’ of democracy in the Arab region would soon happen.2 But the hopes for a peaceful ‘democratic transition’ in the region were soon dashed, turning the ‘Arab Spring’ into the ‘Arab Winter’ of authoritarianism, mounting instability, civil war and Islamist terror. Probably the most serious factors which brought to the failure of the uprisings lay in the elites’ incapacity to tackle effectively the severe turmoil and the economic crisis the region was experiencing, the absence of a clear political post-revolutionary agenda, and the slow 1 This introductory chapter has been written by A. M. Di Tolla and E. Francesca from p.1 to p. 16, and by E. Francesca from p. 16 to p. 27. 2 A. M. Di Tolla - E. Francesca (eds.), La rivoluzione ai tempi di internet. Il futuro della democrazia nel Maghreb e nel mondo arabo,