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Flora and Vegetation of the Cavalli Islands (Except Motukawanui), Northern New Zealand

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Flora and Vegetation of the Cavalli Islands (Except Motukawanui), Northern New Zealand TANK 25, 1979 FLORA AND VEGETATION OF THE CAVALLI ISLANDS (EXCEPT MOTUKAWANUI), NORTHERN NEW ZEALAND by A.E. Wright Department of Botany, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland SUMMARY A combined flora of 242 taxa of higher plants is presented for 28 vegetated islands (excepting Motukawanui, the largest island) in the Cavalli Island Group. The islands range from small wind- and sea-swept rock stacks to 38 hectare Motukawanui (Step Island) which is farmed. Analysis of the combined flora indicates a high proportion (46%) of adventive plants, due largely to unstable soil conditions and interference with the vegetation by man. A large number of taxa (30%) are confined to one island only, giving evidence of the wide variety of habitats and vegetation com• munities to be found. A brief vegetation description and individual checklists of plants are given for each island and group of rock stacks visited. Unusual plant com• munities and those of largely indigenous composition are treated in more detail. The rare native plant Hibiscus trionum is noted from three islands, on one of which many thousands of plants occur. Finally, a number of general observations on the vegetation of the islands are discussed, and priorities for management and reservation on botanical grounds are given. INTRODUCTION The Cavalli Island Group (latitude 35° 00'S, longitude 173° 57'E) lies between two and seven kilometres off the Northland coast and about 16 kilometres east of the entrance to Whangaroa Harbour (Fig. 1). Some thirty vegetated islands and groups of rocks lie scattered around Motukawanui, the largest island, and are geographically divisible into four main groups. The "northern group" include Horonui, Motutapere, Hamaruru, Panaki, Haraweka, Tuturuowai, Nukutaunga and Motutakupu (see fig. 1, Hayward 1979), and for the most part are clothed in a range of communities from grassland through coastal scrub to small areas of developing coastal forest. The "eastern group" of islands are the smallest in number, comprising Motuharakeke, Te Anaputa and the Te Anaputaiti rocks. Vegetation is less disturbed than on any other of the island groups, and Motuharakeke in par• ticular has a lush cover of relatively impenetrable petrel scrub. Remnant forest trees, however, suggest that this cover may not be original. 61 Horonui Is Tuturuowai Is Nukutaunga Is (p Motutakupu Is Haraweka Is North Twin Is &-»- South Twin Is Te Anaputaiti Rocks on 0° o» O-^-Te Anaputaiti Te Anaputa Is (P Motu harakeke Is Motukaroro Motukeokeo Motumuka q Tarawera Is Whatupukeiti Rocks „o 0 --Whatupukeiti Is Whatupuke IsC^j Piraunui Is Algal Rocks / Kahangaro Is Motukahakaha Is Motukawaiti Is (Step Is) Kahangaroiti Rc . 0 Motuhuia Is Fig. 1. Location of the islands mentioned in the text. Inset shows location of the Cavalli Group off the North Island of New Zealand. 62 The "southern group" are scattered around Motukawaiti or Step Island, the second largest island of the Cavalli Group. They include Piraunui, Motukahakaha, Kahangaro, Tarawera, Whatapuke and Motuhuia Islands, and Whatapukeiti, Kahangaroiti and Algal Rocks. Motukawaiti is presently farmed and is largely clothed in improved pastures. Kahangaro and Whatapuke have been grazed in the past and are now covered in tall grasses with spreading areas of fern and scrub. The remainder, depending on size and exposure have communities of coastal scrub, gorse (Ulex europaeus) and highly salt-tolerant plants. The fourth group consists of those islands lying around the coast of Motukawanui. Apart from Kaitirehe Rock, some hundreds of metres west of Motukawanui, these generally small islands are either accessible from Motukawanui at low tide or separated by small stretches of sea. Moving clockwise from the northern tip of Motukawanui, they include North and South Twins, Te Toi, Moturahurahu, Motukaroro, Motukeokeo and Motumuka down the east coast, and Te Karo and Motumahanga on the west coast. The shelter provided by Motukawanui generally results in con• siderably more diversity of flora than that found on many much larger islands in the northern, eastern and southern groups. Studies on the vegetation of the Cavalli Islands were carried out during the Offshore Island Research Group's scientific expedition from 28 December, 1978 to 7 January, 1979. The higher plants of Motukawanui, the largest island in the group (and the basecamp for the expedition) are described by Court (in prep.) and Wright (1979). This paper examines the higher plant floras and vegetation of the remaining islands, islets and rock stacks in the group. The lichen flora of the whole group is described by Hayward and Hayward (1979). PREVIOUS WORK No published account of the vegetation or flora of the Cavalli Islands has been found. While fairly detailed unpublished reports on the botany of Motukawanui Island exist (Dickson 1973, Olsen 1976) only the brief unpub• lished results of a full survey of the Cavalli Islands by the Wildlife Branch of the Department of Internal Affairs (Adams 1969) have been found for the smaller islands. Despite the lack of published material, botanists and naturalists have visited the islands from time to time. A.T. Pycroft visited the islands in January 1932, depositing specimens of some of the more common plants in the Herbarium of the Auckland Institute and Museum (AK). A specimen of Chionochloa bromoides in the Herbarium of the National Museum, Well• ington (WELT) was collected by W.R.B. Oliver from the Cavalli Islands on 23 February, 1934. A.B. Stephenson collected 11 sheets of plants from Motuharakeke Island on 17 May, 1967, and G.P. Adams collected several specimens during his Wildlife Survey from 17-24 October, 1969 (Adams 63 1969). The specimens of both these collectors are deposited in AK. COMBINED FLORA 242 taxa of native, planted and adventive vascular plants are listed for the islands of the Cavalli Group except Motukawanui (see Wright (1979) for a species list for this island). An indication of each taxon's distribution within the group is given as the number of islands on which the species occurs out of the 28 surveyed. Common names are given in the combined list, but not in the individual checklists for islands which follow, and where applicable follow the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Society (1969). Families are ordered according to Allan (1961) and Moore and Edgar (1970), except for families not native to New Zealand which are listed alphabetically at the end of each section of the flora. Genera are listed alphabetically within families, as are species within genera. * indicates species which are not native to New Zealand. ** indicates families which are not native to New Zealand, t indicates species which have been planted. FILICOPSIDA Dicksoniaceae Dicksonia squarrosa 1 wheki Cyatheaceae Cyathea dealbata 1 ponga C. medullaris 2 mamaku Polypodiaceae Phymatodes diversifolium 10 hound's tongue Pyrrosia serpens 11 Pteridaceae Paesia scaberula 2 scented fern Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum 14 bracken Pteris comans 3 P. tremula 1 turawera Aspleniaceae Asplenium flaccidum subsp. haurakiense 19 makawe A. lucidum 12 shining spleenwort A. obtusatum subsp. northlandicum 1 Blechnaceae Blechnum capense 4 kiokio B. lanceolatum 1 Doodia media 12 Dryopteridaceae Polystichum richardii 3 Adiantiaceae Adiantum aethiopicum 1 makaka A. cunninghamii 2 maidenhair A. hispidulum 11 rosy maidenhair Cheilanthes sieberi 3 Pellaea falcata 2 SPERMATOPSIDA GYMNOSPERMAE Podocarpaceae Podocarpus totara 6 totara Araucariaceae Araucaria excelsa*^ 1 Norfolk pine Cupressaceae Cupressus macrocarpa*^ 1 macrocarpa Pinaceae Pinus radiata**) 1 radiata pine ANGIOSPERMAE : DICOTYLEDONES Ranunculaceae Ranunculus parviflorus* 1 small-flowered buttercup Piperaceae Macropiper excelsum 4 kawakawa Peperomia urvilleana 4 Cruciferae Brassica oleracea* 1 wild cabbage Cakile maritima* 4 sea rocket Coronopus didymus* 2 twin cress Raphanus raphanistrum* 4 wild radish R. sativus* 3 radish Violaceae Hymenanthera novae-zelandiae 12 Melicytus ramiflorus 11 mahoe Crassulaceae Crassula decumbens* 1 Cape crassula Aizoaceae Disphyma australe 28 NZ iceplant Tetragonia trigyna 15 NZ spinach Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum* 3 annual mouse-ear chickweed Polycarpon tetraphyllum * 18 allseed Sagina apetala* 8 annual pearlwort S. procumbens* 2 pearlwort Silene gallica * 13 catchfly Spergularia marginata 12 spurrey Stellaria media* 6 chickweed S, parviflora 1 Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia complexa 22 wirevine Rumex acetosella* 1 sheep's sorrel R. brownii* 1 hooked dock R. conglomeratus* 2 clustered dock R. crispus* 3 fiddle dock Chenopodiaceae A triplex has lata* 2 orache Chenopodium ambrosioides* 1 Mexican tea Rhagodia triandra 6 Salicornia australis 22 glasswort Salsola kali* 2 saltwort Geraniaceae Geranium dissectum* 2 cut-leaved geranium G. homeanum* 1 G. molle* 1 dove's foot G. retrorsum* 3 turnip-rooted geranium G. sp. (unnamed) 10 Pelargonium inodorum 1 kopata Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata 10 oxalis Linaceae Linum trigynum* 3 yellow flax Haloragaceae Haloragis erecta 9 shrubby haloragis H. incana 1 Onagraceae Epilobium rotundifolium 1 Callitrichaceae Callitriche stagnalis 1 starwort Thymelaeaceae Pimelea prostrata 15 Strathmore weed Proteaceae Hakea sericea* 2 prickly hakea Coriariaceae Coriaria arborea 3 tutu Pittosporaceae Pittosporum crassifolium 10 karo Cucurbitaceae Sicyos angulata 1 mawhai Myrtaceae Leptospermum scoparium 8 manuka Metrosideros excelsa 22 pohutukawa Malvaceae Hibiscus trionum 3 Hoheria populnea 1 lacebark Lagunaria patersonii*^ 1 Malva parviflora* 1 small-flowered
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