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Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium

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Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium PROOF 1 2 3 4 5 6 PROOF 1 2 3 4 5 6 Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium Getty Center Los Angeles April 11–13, 2006 Editors Mary Hardy Claudia Cancino Gail Ostergren PROOF 1 2 3 4 5 6 Front cover: Examples of earthen sites from around the world. Clockwise from upper left: Cathedral of Ica after the 2007 earthquake, Ica, Peru; Aït-Benhaddoud, Ouarzazate province, Morocco; La Purisima Mission State Historic Park, Lompoc, California, USA; Casa Riva Agüero, Lima, Peru; Hakka clan houses, Fujian, China. Photos: Claudia Cancino, Gail Ostergren, and Neville Agnew. © 2009 J. Paul Getty Trust The Getty Conservation Institute 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 700 Los Angeles, CA 90049-1684 United States Telephone 310 440-7325 Fax 310 440-7702 E-mail [email protected] www.getty.edu/conservation Production editor: Angela Escobar Copy editor: Sylvia Lord Designer: Hespenheide Design ISBN: 978-0-9827668-4-2 (online resource) The Getty Conservation Institute works internationally to advance conservation practice in the visual arts—broadly interpreted to include objects, collections, architecture, and sites. The GCI serves the con- servation community through scientific research, education and training, model field projects, and the dissemination of the results of both its own work and the work of others in the field. In all its endeavors, the GCI focuses on the creation and delivery of knowledge that will benefit the professionals and organi- zations responsible for the conservation of the world’s cultural heritage. PROOF 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contents Tim Whalen ix Foreword Mary Hardy, Claudia Cancino, and Gail Ostergren xi Introduction xv Acknowledgments PART ONE Research and Testing Daniel Torrealva, Julio Vargas Neumann, 3 Earthquake Resistant Design Criteria and Testing and Marcial Blondet of Adobe Buildings at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Mohammad Shariful Islam and Kazuyoshi Iwashita 11 Seismic Response of Fiber-Reinforced and Stabilized Adobe Structures Dominic M. Dowling and Bijan Samali 23 Low-Cost and Low-Tech Reinforcement Systems for Improved Earthquake Resistance of Mud Brick Buildings E. Leroy Tolles 34 Getty Seismic Adobe Project Research and Testing Program PART TWO Building Codes and Standards Julio Vargas Neumann, Marcial Blondet, 45 The Peruvian Building Code for Earthen Buildings and Nicola Tarque Hugh Morris 52 New Zealand: Aseismic Performance-Based Standards, Earth Construction, Research, and Opportunities v PROOF 1 2 3 4 5 6 vi Mohammed Hamdouni Alami and Stefania Pandolfo 67 Reflecting on Materials and Structure: Building Cultures and Research Methodology in the Project of a Seismic Building Code for Traditional Materials in Morocco Steade R. Craigo 80 “To Do No Harm”: Conserving, Preserving, and Maintaining Historic Adobe Structures PART THREE Case Studies Bilge Isik 93 Seismic Rehabilitation Study in Turkey for Existing Earthen Construction John Hurd 101 Observing and Applying Ancient Repair Techniques to Pisé and Adobe in Seismic Regions of Central Asia and Trans-Himalaya Sandeep Sikka and Charu Chaudhry 109 Research on the Upgrade of Traditional Seismic Retrofits for Ancient Buddhist Temples in the Region of Spiti and Kinnaur in the Western Himalayas Dina D’Ayala 120 Seismic Vulnerability and Conservation Strategies for Lalitpur Minor Heritage Patricia Navarro Grau, Julio Vargas Neumann, 135 Seismic Retrofitting Guidelines for the and Maribel Beas Conservation of Doctrinal Chapels on the Oyón Highlands in Peru PART FOUR Getty Seismic Adobe Project Implementation Frederick A. Webster 147 Application of Stability-Based Retrofit Measures on Some Historic and Older Adobe Buildings in California E. Leroy Tolles 159 Seismic Retrofit Applications of Getty Seismic Adobe Project Technology to Historic Adobe Buildings John M. Barrow, Douglas Porter, Stephen Farneth, 165 Evolving Methodology in Seismic Retrofit: and E. Leroy Tolles Stabilizing the Las Flores Adobe PROOF 1 2 3 4 5 6 vii Mary Hardy and Claudia Cancino 175 Summary of Discussions 179 Appendix A: Steering Committees 180 Appendix B: Colloquium Participants 183 Contributors PROOF 1 2 3 4 5 6 PROOF 1 2 3 4 5 6 Foreword t is my pleasure to present the Proceedings of the fit methods appropriate for historic and new earthen Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium. The buildings. The colloquium provided a forum for the pre- GCI’s commitment to the preservation of earthen sentation of recent work and for in-depth discussion of Iarchitectural heritage worldwide has generated train- key issues and future research needs. The meeting offered ing programs, conferences and symposia, research, and the GCI an opportunity to gauge the effects of GSAP field projects that have deepened the understanding principles on the field of seismic retrofitting of historic of earthen architecture and its particular vulnerabili- earthen structures and to discuss where and how the ties and have explored new strategies for its conserva- GSAP guidelines have been implemented outside tion. Research and laboratory testing carried out in the the state of California. It also allowed participants to 1990s under the Getty Seismic Adobe Project (GSAP) articulate factors that may have prevented wider accep- have advanced the understanding of how adobe build- tance and application of these guidelines. The ultimate ings perform during earthquakes and have led to the goal of the colloquium was to identify gaps in our cur- development of a set of protective measures that could rent knowledge, as well as further areas of research to be taken to minimize earthquake damage to these address these gaps. structures. Much of the world’s earthen architecture remains In recent years, destructive earthquakes in regions vulnerable to seismic damage. The implementation of with significant earthen architectural heritage— existing traditional construction practices and mod- particularly the earthquakes in Bam, Iran (2003), and ern retrofit methods, such as those developed by GSAP, Al-Hoceima, Morocco (2004)—focused renewed atten- can greatly improve the capacity of earthen buildings to tion on the vulnerability of earthen structures during withstand earthquakes. The challenge to the conserva- earthquakes. The GCI took particular interest in the tion community is to disseminate this vital information outcome of these natural disasters as it sought to evalu- to those entrusted with safeguarding earthen heritage ate the impact of the GSAP research and to understand around the world and to support efforts to implement why seismic stabilization has not been widely adopted these practices before another devastating earthquake. to protect earthen buildings located in seismic zones. In We hope that the publication of the Proceedings of the April 2006, the GCI convened a colloquium at the Getty Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium is a step in Center in Los Angeles to address these issues. this direction. The Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium brought together an interdisciplinary group of sixty spe- Timothy P. Whalen cialists from around the world to discuss traditional Director seismic-resistant building techniques and modern retro- The Getty Conservation Institute ix PROOF 1 2 3 4 5 6 PROOF 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction By Mary Hardy, Claudia Cancino, and Gail Ostergren cross the ages and around the globe, people have ect proposed stability-based retrofit interventions that constructed buildings of earth. Our earthen enhance existing structural properties of historic adobe architectural heritage is rich and varied—rang- structures, such as the thickness of their existing walls. Aing from ancient archaeological sites to living cities, the This enhancement is achieved by anchoring together the vernacular to the monumental, individual buildings to roof, walls, and floors; by adding flexible bond beams large complexes—and the challenges of preserving this at the top of the walls; and by applying flexible straps precious legacy are equally diverse. Earthen construc- to both sides of the wall—or, alternatively, by placing tion is widespread in many seismic regions of the world; small-diameter vertical rods in the centers of walls (cen- consequently, the vulnerability of earthen structures to ter coring). These measures are far less invasive than the damage or destruction by earthquake is of great concern. more commonly used strength-based retrofit methods, For many years, the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) which introduce independent structural frames of rein- has taken a leading role in setting the standards for forced concrete or steel and require the removal of large proper methodologies for the conservation of earthen amounts of historic material. sites, including seismic retrofitting. The work developed during GSAP is documented Earth is a nonductile material, and structures built in three GCI publications: Survey of Damage to Historic of earth are unable to withstand the tremendous lat- Adobe Buildings after the January 1994 Northridge eral loads imposed by strong earthquakes unless they Earthquake (1996); Seismic Stabilization of Historic are properly constructed with walls sufficiently thick to Adobe Structures: Final Report of the Getty Seismic avoid overturning, or are reinforced in a manner that Adobe Project (2000); and Planning and Engineering adds tensile strength to the structure. Historic struc- Guidelines for the Seismic Retrofitting of Historic
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