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UTOPIA-DRIVEN PROJECTIVE RESEARCH a Design Approach to Explore the Theory and Practice of Meta-Urbanism

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UTOPIA-DRIVEN PROJECTIVE RESEARCH a Design Approach to Explore the Theory and Practice of Meta-Urbanism THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UTOPIA-DRIVEN PROJECTIVE RESEARCH a design approach to explore the theory and practice of Meta-Urbanism NEL JANSSENS Department of Architecture CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2012 UTOPIA-DRIVEN PROJECTIVE RESEARCH a design approach to explore the theory and practice of Meta-Urbanism Nel Janssens ISBN 978-91-7385-696-6 ©2012 Nel Janssens Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola. Ny serie Nr 3377 ISSN 0346-718X Department of Architecture Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Chalmers Reproservice Gothenburg, Sweden 2012 UTOPIA-DRIVEN PROJECTIVE RESEARCH a design approach to explore the theory and practice of Meta-Urbanism Nel Janssens Gothenburg, 2012 ABSTRACT In this thesis a design-based approach is developed to address the issue of reconceptualising urbanisation. The approach is called utopia-driven projective research and is the result of a process of reflection on a number of conceptual design projects the author participated in. The research builds on the idea of 'theory- through-design' and shows how the projects are brought into interaction with theoretical frameworks that serve as another kind of design perspectives. Through the process of abstraction and extraction that is thus set in place, the core elements, both on the level of the subject-matter and on the level of the design approach, were distilled from the projects and developed into a research topic and research approach. The development of utopia-driven projective research must be seen against the backdrop of the general condition of unsettlement our society finds itself in – a condition that raises the issue of how to maintain the habitability of our world(s). The assumption made in this thesis is that in a context of systemic changes (economic, environmental, political) there is a growing urge to make sense of the situation. Sense-making involves to an important degree the revising and restating of values, and it is an issue of learning from the future. In this situation the default mode of thinking is imagineering and projecting and this type of thinking is characteristic to a critical and utopian designerly thinking. Through utopia designerly thinking gets a model-theoretical character, useful to future-orientated sense-making, stance-taking and hypothesis-development. Hence, utopia-driven projective research is proposed as a way to investigate the futurity of the way we inhabit our environment. Utopia- driven projective research is orientated to the integration of scientific modes of knowledge production and design-based, poetic modes of knowledge building, which are particularly relevant in a context of sense-making. The field, in which this specific research approach is operative, is called Meta-Urbanism. Meta-Urbanism studies how the worldview of a people generates deep rooted form-giving principles of urbanisation. It is a transdisciplinary field in which urbanisation is investigated against a context of worlding. Worlding concerns the development of concepts of territory that differ from the currently dominant one of growth and consumption of space. Meta-Urbanism offers urbanism a ‘laboratory’ for collective future-orientated sense- making about alternative ways to inhabit the environment. Key-words: Utopia-Driven Projective Research, Meta-Urbanism, Unsettlement, Sense- making, Worlding, Urbanisation, Projectivity, Imagineering, Poetic knowledge building, Theory-through-design. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have carried out my thesis project in the context of a joint research collaboration between the Department of Architecture at Chalmers University of Technology and the Faculty of Architecture, Sint-Lucas, University of Leuven. My studies have been financed by the Faculty of Architecture, Sint-Lucas and I wish to express my gratitude towards the head of department Dag Boutsen and the former head of department Professor Johan Verbeke for giving me the time and context I needed to complete this research project. I would like to thank all the people who, in one way or the other, have supported me during my thesis work. Especially I wish to thank my main supervisor, Professor Fredrik Nilsson at the Department of Architecture, Chalmers, who has guided me all the way through this project, and helped me in more ways than I can account for. This thesis has benefitted greatly from the intellectual support and challenges he provided. Many thanks also to my co-supervisors Paul Lievevrouw at the Faculty of Architecture, Sint-Lucas and Professor Peter De Graeve at the Faculty of Architecture and Arts, University of Leuven, for their involvement and the valuable insights they provided. I also wish to thank my examinor, Professor Catharina Dyrssen at the Department of Architecture, Chalmers, for her generous support and the many valuable comments she provided. A special thank you to Professor Halina Dunin-Woyseth, at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO), for showing me the way, for the trust and faith she had in me during all these years of work and for sharing her knowledge and thoughts on the many issues related to my work. Thanks are also due to Professor Rolf Hughes, Professor Gerard De Zeeuw and Professor Alain Findeli, guest professors at the Faculty of Architecture, Sint-Lucas, who provided many reflections and comments on the study. I have enjoyed our many discussions. At the Department of Architecture, Chalmers, and the Faculty of Architecture, Sint-Lucas I wish to thank everyone who has shown an interest in my work – especially Marc Godts and Annelies De Smet for generously offering their help and sharing their precious time. Finally, I am very grateful for the support, care and involvement I have received from my family and friends. Especially I wish to thank my father for the many hours he spent reading and rereading my texts and Charlotte Geldof for her persistent encouragement and positive attitude. Nel Janssens Brussels, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 01 PART I. MAKING SENSE OF URBANISATION 22 1. A VIEW ON URBANISATION 23 1.1 A view on the problem of urbanisation 24 1.2 Urbanisation as phenomenon 28 1.3 Urbanisation as theorising 36 1.4 Urbanisation as practice 43 2. REFRAMING URBANISATION 51 2.1Conceptualisations of world 52 2.2 Changing ways of thinking 58 2.3 Frames for thoughts and practices: Orbanism & Geopoetics 62 3. TWO LINES OF INQUIRY 75 3.1 Reframing urbanisation in a context of worlding 77 3.2. A design-based approach to reconceptualise the human- environment relation 80 Diagram and concepts Part I 82 PART II. PROJECT-GROUNDED ELABORATION 88 4. CASE STUDY: FOUR DESIGN PROJECTS 89 4.1 The Projects 90 The Unadapted City 91 M.U.D 102 COASTOMIZE! 114 The Future Commons 2070 124 4.2 Bringing the projects into a research context 136 Propositions on urbanisation (first abstraction) 137 Evolving themes (second abstraction) 141 Meta-principles (third abstraction) 144 Conceptual design projects embedded in research 147 4.3 Genre of design and design characteristics 150 Operational level of the design 151 Design operations 155 Some genre-specific design characteristics 162 5. EPISTEMIC ROLE OF DESIGN 183 5.1 Critical design 185 Criticality, imagineering and syncretism 186 Related genres of design thinking 189 5.2 Utopian thinking 198 The utopian propensity 199 Utopia's aspiration to transform 204 Imagineering and the utopian rationality 206 Projectivity as a utopian way of futuring 209 Prefiguration of possible worlds 211 5.3 Bringing the poetic way of knowing into research 213 Diagram and concepts Part II 224 PART III. 230 UTOPIA-DRIVEN PROJECTIVE RESEARCH & META-URBANISM 6. UTOPIA-DRIVEN PROJECTIVE RESEARCH 231 6.1 Research engaging projectivity to explore values 233 6.2 Utopia as a driving force for projective research in urbanism 236 7. SENSE-MAKING 243 7.1 Sense-making as a type of theory 244 7.2 Theory-through-practice 249 7.3 Sense-making and utopian design 253 8. THE FIELD OF META-URBANISM 261 8.1 Operating on the latent level 262 8.2 Conceptual design’s potential to act on the latent 266 8.3 The aspect of creation in the latent 268 8.4 Utopia-driven projective research and Meta-Urbanism 271 Diagram and concepts Part III 278 OUTCOME 283 REFERENCES 294 NOTES 305 INTRODUCTION In this introduction I briefly present some aspects of my educational and professional background that played a part in the way this thesis is conceived. The position I took as a researcher was strongly influenced by my background as a designer, especially since the main questions guiding this doctoral study arose from my design experience. As a first orientation to the reader, I will therefore start with an outline of my design experience and what role it played as a constituting factor in the overall set-up and approach for the research presented here. Researcher's position I was trained as an architect in the Sint-Lucas School of Architecture in Brussels in the period 1989-94. At that time the leitmotif ‘designing in a researching manner and researching in a designerly manner’ had permeated the design studios. In the Sint-Lucas School the notion of research by design first came onto the scene in the beginning of the eighties. The idea was further developed through the school’s involve- ment in the International Laboratory of Architecture and Urban Design (ILAUD) founded by Giancarlo De Carlo. ILAUD organised summer residencies in Italy in which architecture students exchanged research 1 and design methods while working on specific cases. I participated in such a summer residency in 1993. Although this combining of design and research offered a definite direction and perspective for my design training, the result was more an intuitively adopted design attitude than a clear, explicitly articulated view on design, research, and the relationship between them.
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