DOCSLIB.ORG

Lessons of the Beijing Spring

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lessons of the Beijing Spring 25¢ No. 483 ·t~~x .... 4 August 1989 Soviet Workers Challenge Perestroika The powerful strike by Soviet min­ who have amassed wealth and huge ers has not only shaken up the bureau­ resentment under the new economic order that Mr. Gorbachev is trying to crats in Moscow. In an extraordinary build." front-page "news analysis," the New York Times (26 July) had some advice Soviet workers have no love lost for price-gouging speculators and exploi­ for the Kremlin leadets. "Worry for tation by nascent capitalists; they are Gorbachev," it headlined: "Workers, Resentful of His Changes, Could Top­ hostile to Gorbachev's attacks on ple the Crippled Economy." Soviet "wage-leveling." And, the Times arti­ cle noted, "it is not hard to imagine the president Mikhail Gorbachev has been trying to portray the miners' bur­ newly mobilized workers someday geoning strike movement as support using their power to resist the disloca­ for his program of pro-market eco­ tions that are expected to come with nomic reforms that goes by the name perestroika." For example: of "perestroika" (restructuring). But, "Mr. Gorbachev cannot count on warned the Times, the workers' "no­ blue-collar support for closing bank­ rupt industries, deregulating prices on tion of perestroika is not necessanly consumer goods, laying off surplus the one held by Mr. Gorbachev's workers-all measures that leading economic brain trust." economists say are inevitable ifthe So­ The article noted the mood of the viet economy is to be revived." triumphant miners, who raised one We Trotskyists have insisted for "largely overlooked" demand which several years now that the powerful must have caused Gorbachev a "shiver Soviet proletariat is no fan of market­ of disquiet": oriented reforms which would dis­ "Along with soap rations and winter mantle piecemeal the historic achieve­ shoes, night bonuses and greater polit­ ical power, many of the miners called ment of a planned economy. The for abolishing or sharply curtailing the prospect of inflation, speedup, layoffs freewheeling private entrepreneurs continued on page 4 Prokopyevsk, July 15: Siberian miners strike for soap, meat and justice. For Workers Political Revolution in China I Lessons of the Beijing Spring ,We publish below an edited tran­ "the main monumeI1.t to capitalism" in script of a speech by Ray Bishop of the that area. Spartacist League Central Committee It appeared also that the People's Lib­ at a June 29 SLforum in New York. eration Army was splitting right down the middle over the massacre. The army unit that carried it out was the 27th While looking out over the carnage Army, very close to Deng Xiaoping. But in Tiananmen Square on ;June 4, one right after that happened, in Inner Mon­ young Beijing worker said, "This gov­ golia, which is where the 27th Army is ernment is done with." You had troops based, there was a troop rebellion, lead­ patrolling up and down Beijing's boule­ ing to 30 of the officers being shot. vards; you aiso had students and work­ So China was on the verge of civil ers in China's key cities rising up as one war, and at that very time the govern­ in protest. In Shanghai, China's largest ment itself seemingly disappeared. FOr city and its commercial and industrial up to a week foreign diplomats and powerhouse, you had an effective gen­ newspapermen couldn't find anybody eral strike until the end of that week. to get the line on what was going on. In the northeast, in Shenyang, 30,000 . The People's Daily, which is the Com­ aircraft workers commandeered trucks munist Party's main newspaper, could and marched in unison to protest the not be found on the streets of Beijing. massacre. In the center of China, in But five days after the massacre, Deng Xian, the ancient capital, tens of thou­ re-emerged. And he re-emerged with a sands of workers blocked roads. And in vengeance, unleashing a savage repres­ Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan prov­ sion which to date, so far as we know, ince, 30 workers were killed in the has meant 27 workers executed, thou­ course of protests over control of the sands of arrests, including leaders of the Reuters vast underground private market, which Beijing, May 20: Workers flooded into the streets to defy state of siege. was called by one Chinese newspaper continued on page 6 union. Labor had the power to shut down the airports and stop all 'traffic! . Gun control is a way to slowly take Labor and Blacks Have the Power away the arms of all. decent working people. Then black and poor people would be at the mercy of the local city police and the rest of the racists. Remember, lynching decreased when Stop Racist Terror in Norfolk! black people became owners of guns. Labor must destroy gun control. The • Portsmouth, March 18 • Virginia Beach, June 30 police and National Guard troops are By Cliff Carter At approximately 10:35 on a Satur­ For the third time in a week, a Viet­ not geared to protect working people. day night, a cross was set afire on the namese man found his yard ripped apart The drug testing of the workforce is lawn of an elderly retired black woman and his house spray-painted with racial The racism of the eighties has shaped just a way to control who works and who recently moved into a predomi­ insults. The driveway was also painted the year of 1989 into a free-for-all for WhO doesn't. If a shop or cotp.pany nantly white neighborhood. with racial insults and had these words: the racists in the Tidewater area. In the wants to get rid of a militant worker, "DIE HO CHEE" and "GO BACK TO early 1980s, segregated schools sud­ • Portsmouth, May 30 label this worker a drug user and he is CHINA SIGNORA." denly became "neighborhood schools" At a playground, a 26-year-old white gone. Want to have a family become and the racists saw a green light that man fired seven shots with a pump shot­ • Virginia Beach, July 11 homeless? Accuse just one member of hasn't changed. gun at black children. Police arrived, A cross was reported burning shortly the family of being a drug user and the On July 9, 1984, United States Dis­ questioned the shotgun man, but did not before 6:40 a.m. The police traced the landlord can request the door keys. trict Court judge John A. MacKenzie arrest him, saying he DID NOT pose a wood to a nearby resident's yard, where Labor must stop the drug witchhunt. approved the Norfolk schOOl board's serious threat. some gasoline also had been stored. The Supreme Court' has shown its plan to end cross-town busing and • Portsmouth, June 4 These same police determined that the true face where abortions are con­ return to neighborhood (segregated) A 32-year-old black man found his wood and gasoline had been stolen. cerned, by letting the decisions and wel­ elementary schools. The labor unions 1986 Mazda RX7 messed up with spray The police sergeant's final assumption: fare of women be made by men who care could have defended busing, but since paint. On the hood were words "NIG­ "We don't think it is racially motivated little or nothing about working women they didn't, the advocates of the neigh­ GER MOBILE" and a picture of male because there are no black families liv­ of today. Is it strange that every Con­ borhood schools have been feeling genitalia. On one door was a Ku Klux ing in the immediate area. But as a pre­ gressman in Washington that is anti­ welcome to continue to bring back Klan insignia, and the other door had a caution, we did notify the FBI." abortion is for the death penalty? the old Jim Crow discrimination laws picture of a pitchfork, the symbol of a . In the 1880s the Republicans with­ The death penalty is the "legal" lynch­ and ways. satanic cult. drew the federal troops from the South ing of black and' poor people. When the state wants to rid itself of an unwanted In the Tidewater cities several ugly • Portsmouth, June 4 and placed the control of law and order person, this person, guilty or not, can be incidents have taken place this year: A 19-year-old white man was arrested into the hands of the Ku Klux Klan. placed on death row. Labor must defend • Chesapeake,. January 31 for burning a cross on the front lawn ofa Today in the 1980s, while the control of the right for free abortions and fight to A cross was burned in the yard of a 43-year-old black longshoreman who black and poor people is a little more 32-year-old black lady and her four has lived at his present address for the sophisticated, once again we see the abolish the death penalty. children. last ten years. nightriding of the Klan. With the "go ahead" given to racists in The Reagan administration contin­ the form of Congressmen, city councils, ued with Bush (with the backing of the school board members, KKK and Nazi Democrats) and controls black and skinheads, and aided by Uncle Toms and other so-called black leaders, it is Soviet Workers and poor people with: 1) union-busting past time for labor to show its strength, Political Revolution 2) gun control unchained from the grip of the Dem­ ocratic Party. From East Europe to the USSR to 3) the drug witchhunt 4) control of abortions and the death The labor movement of Tidewater China.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wei Jingsheng and the Democracy Movement in Post-Mao China Merle David Kellerhals Jr
    Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Institute for the Humanities Theses Institute for the Humanities Summer 1998 Wei Jingsheng and the Democracy Movement in Post-Mao China Merle David Kellerhals Jr. Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/humanities_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Kellerhals, Merle D.. "Wei Jingsheng and the Democracy Movement in Post-Mao China" (1998). Master of Arts (MA), thesis, Humanities, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/7pt4-vv58 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/humanities_etds/13 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Institute for the Humanities at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Institute for the Humanities Theses by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WEI JINGSHENG AND THE DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT IN POST-MAO CHINA by Merle David Kellerhals, Jr B A. May 1995, College of Charleston A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS HUMANITIES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 1998 Approved by: Jin Qiu (Director) hen Jie (Member) David Putney (Member) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1391982 Copyright 1999 by Kellerhals/ Merle David, Jr. All rights reserved. UMI Microform 1391982 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vita
    Curriculum Vita Zhang Boshu Adjunct Professor, the Department of Political Science, Columbia University Room 931 International Affair Building 420 W118th Street New York NY10027 Tel 212-854-6909 (o) 508-642-6938 (h) Email: [email protected] FIELD OF EXPERTISE/SPECIALTY. Philosophy; Modern China Politics; Chinese Constitutional Transition. HONOUR 100 top public intellectuals in China honoured by Institute of ZhengyouJingzuo in 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012. 100 top Chinese public intellectuals honoured by Boxun Media in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012. EDUCATION Ph.D. Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 1991. Dissertation Title:J. Habermas’s Theory on Modernity M.A. Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 1988. B.A. Economics, Chinese People’s University, 1983. LANGUAGES Chinese and English APPOINTMENTS Adjunct Professor, the Department of Political Science, Columbia University (2013, 2014, 2015). Visiting scholar,the Institute for the Study of Human Rights, Columbia University (2011- 2013) Assistant Professor, Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (1991-2010) Professor, Beijing Zhuoda University (Concurrent position) (2000-2001) Director, Educational Strategic Committee of Beijing Zhuoda University (Concurrent position) (1999-2000 ) President, Beijing Chinese Humanities College (Concurrent position) (1998-1999) Lecturer of Economics, Chinese People University (part-time) (1985-1991 ) Lecturer of Economics, Tsinghua University (1983-1985) INTERNATIONAL VISITING SCHOLAR POSITIONS Visiting scholar at Roger William
    [Show full text]
  • MVZ-207 Chinese Foreign Policy Since 1949
    China in 1970 - 1980 MVZ-207 • Hua Goufeng Chinese Foreign Policy • Deng Xiaping • Four modernizations since 1949 • China – US relations • China – European Countries • China – Vietnam War • Normalization of FP Mgr. Jan Polišenský Spring 2011 Week 6: Independent Foreign Policy for Peace (1979 – 1988) Changes in politics Changes in politics • the reforms in beginning 80's aimed to recover • After 1979, the Chinese leadership moved toward from the crises from Mao more pragmatic positions in almost all fields • Improvement of agricultural production, • The party encouraged artists, writers, and industry, foreign trade, science, technology journalists to adopt more critical approaches, • the economical reforms replaced the the class although open attacks on party authority were struggle not permitted • the red communist Ideology faded away • In late 1980, Mao's Cultural Revolution was officially proclaimed a catastrophe • The Beijing Spring (1977 and 1978 ) brief period of political liberalization Changes in politics China entered a new age in 1979 • “Democracy Wall” in 1979 and the “fifth • The new, pragmatic leadership led by Deng modernization” Xiaoping emphasized economic development • Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yun, Hu Yaobang and Zhao and renounced mass political movements Ziyang, different policy packages • Campaigns against “bourgeois spiritual contamination” and “bourgeois liberalization” 1 Democracy Wall • Long brick wall in Beijing, which became the focus for democratic dissent • Recorded news and ideas, often in the form of posters Zhang
    [Show full text]
  • Injurious Exploitation: the Effects of the Sino-Soviet Summit on the 1989
    INJURIOUS EXPLOITATION: THE EFFECTS OF THE SINO-SOVIET SUMMIT ON THE 1989 TIANANMEN SQUARE PROTESTS Andrew Lewis History 586 ProFessor Kristin Mulready-Stone December 13, 2011 © 2009, Andrew Lewis ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This essay contains material protected under International and Federal Copyright Laws and Treaties. Any unauthorized reprint or use oF this Material is prohibited. Abstract The disruption oF the Sino-Soviet SuMMit was a significant, contributing Factor in the violent crackdown in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989. The suMMit was a landMark political event For the People’s Republic oF China (PRC), attracting worldwide media attention to Beijing. This presented a unique opportunity to show that China’s brand oF socialism was healthy and that the country was ready to solidiFy its iMproving relationship with the Soviet Union. Despite the advice oF Chinese intellectuals and governMental threats, the students Made a conscious decision to exploit, and thereby disrupt, the suMMit. The deMonstration coMpletely overshadowed the suMMit and created an international perception oF the Chinese governMent that called into doubt its very sovereignty. GovernMent leaders were huMiliated on the world stage. This huMiliation contributed to the decision to institute Martial law, which created an increasingly volatile atMosphere in Beijing. Paranoid oF potential protester violence created by Martial law, the governMent ordered troops to clear the Square. In doing so, thousands oF Chinese civilians were killed, Many oF theM students, resulting in one oF the greatest tragedies in the history oF Modern China. 2 INJURIOUS EXPLOITATION: THE EFFECTS OF THE SINO-SOVIET SUMMIT ON THE 1989 TIANANMEN SQUARE PROTESTS Beginning in 1960 and lasting nearly three decades, the relationship between the People’s Republic oF China (PRC) and the Soviet Union was Filled with tension.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Repression of Chinese Students After Tiananmen A
    University of Nevada, Reno “To yield would mean our end”: The Political Repression of Chinese Students after Tiananmen A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by Katherine S. Robinson Dr. Hugh Shapiro/Thesis Advisor May, 2011 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by KATHERINE S. ROBINSON entitled “To Yield Would Mean Our End”: The Political Repression Of Chinese Students After Tiananmen be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Hugh Shapiro, Ph.D, Advisor Barbara Walker, Ph.D., Committee Member Jiangnan Zhu, Ph.D, Graduate School Representative Marsha H. Read, Ph. D., Associate Dean, Graduate School May, 2011 i ABSTRACT Following the military suppression of the Democracy Movement, the Chinese government enacted politically repressive policies against Chinese students both within China and overseas. After the suppression of the Democracy Movement, officials in the Chinese government made a correlation between the political control of students and the maintenance of political power by the Chinese Communist Party. The political repression of students in China resulted in new educational policies that changed the way that universities functioned and the way that students were allowed to interact. Political repression efforts directed at the large population of overseas Chinese students in the United States prompted governmental action to extend legal protection to these students. The long term implications of this repression are evident in the changed student culture among Chinese students and the extensive number of overseas students who did not return to China.
    [Show full text]
  • Chin1821.Pdf
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt1x0nd955 No online items Finding Aid for the China Democracy Movement and Tiananmen Incident Archives, 1989-1993 Processed by UCLA Library Special Collections staff; machine-readable finding aid created by Caroline Cubé. UCLA Library Special Collections UCLA Library Special Collections staff Room A1713, Charles E. Young Research Library Box 951575 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1575 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/special/scweb/ © 2009 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 1821 1 Descriptive Summary Title: China Democracy Movement and Tiananmen Incident Archives Date (inclusive): 1989-1993 Collection number: 1821 Creator: Center for Chinese Studies and the Center for Pacific Rim Studies, UCLA Extent: 22 boxes (11 linear ft.)1 oversize box. Abstract: The present finding aid represents the fruits of a multiyear collaborative effort, undertaken at the initiative of then UCLA Chancellor Charles Young, to collect, collate, classify, and annotate available materials relating to the China Democracy Movement and tiananmen crisis of 1989. These materials---including, inter alia, thousands of documents, transcribed radio broadcasts, local newspaper and journal articles, wall posters, electronic communications, and assorted ephemeral sources, some in Chinese and some in English---provide a wealth of information for scholars, present and future, who wish to gain a better understanding of the complex, swirling forces that surrounded the extraordinary "Beijing Spring" of 1989 and its tragic denouement. The scholarly community is indebted to those who have collected and arranged this archive of materials about the China Democracy Movement and Tiananmen Incident Archives.
    [Show full text]
  • Rough Justice in Beijing: Punishing the "Black Hands" of Tiananmen Square
    UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title Rough Justice in Beijing: Punishing the "Black Hands" of Tiananmen Square Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zz8w3wg Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 10(1) Author Munro, Robin Publication Date 1991 DOI 10.5070/P8101021984 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California ROUGH JUSTICE IN BEIJING* Punishing the "Black Hands" of Tiananmen Square Robin Munro** 1. INTRODUCTION During late spring and early summer, namely, from mid-April to early June of 1989, a tiny handful of people exploited student unrest to launch a planned, organized and premeditated political turmoil, which later developed into a counterrevolutionary rebel- lion in Beijing, the capital. Their purpose was to overthrow the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and subvert the so- cialist People's Republic of China.... In order to achieve thorough victory, we should mobilize the people completely, strengthen the people's democratic dictator- ship and spare no effort to ferret out the counterrevolutionary rioters. We should uncover instigators and rebellious conspira- tors, punish the organizers and schemers of the unrest and the counterrevolutionary rebellion ...and focus the crackdown on a handful of principal culprits and diehards who refuse to repent.' (Chen Xitong, Mayor of Beijing, on June 30, 1989.) In late 1990, the Chinese government brought formal charges against several dozen of the most prominent leaders of the May- June 1989 Tiananmen Square pro-democracy movement. Trials held in the first two months of 1991 have resulted in sentences rang- ing from two to thirteen years for students and intellectuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Deng Xiaoping, Dazibao and Dissent: a Critical Analysis of the Xidan Democracy Wall Movement Jill Levine Vassar College, [email protected]
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Window @Vassar Vassar College Digital Window @ Vassar Senior Capstone Projects 2013 Deng Xiaoping, Dazibao and Dissent: A Critical Analysis of the Xidan Democracy Wall Movement Jill Levine Vassar College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalwindow.vassar.edu/senior_capstone Recommended Citation Levine, Jill, "Deng Xiaoping, Dazibao and Dissent: A Critical Analysis of the Xidan Democracy Wall Movement" (2013). Senior Capstone Projects. Paper 163. This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Window @ Vassar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of Digital Window @ Vassar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Levine 1 Deng Xiaoping, Dazibao and Dissent A Critical Analysis of the Xidan Democracy Wall Movement Jill Levine Vassar College Asian Studies April 8 2013 Peipei Qiu Fubing Su Levine 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction: The Xidan Democracy Wall…………………………………………….1 2. Deng Xiaoping: Political Strategist……………………………………………………10 3. Intellectualism and Activism in Historical Perspective………………………………..29 4. Pluralism in Perspective: The Democracy Wall Activists……………………………..43 5. Conclusion: A Critical Approach to Historical Analysis……………………………....61 6. Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………….66 7. Appendix: Interview Transcripts……………………………………………………….71 I. Interview with Merle Goldman………………………………………………...71 II. Interview with Wei Jingsheng………………………………………………….75 III. Interview with Huang Xiang…………………………………………………...85 Levine 3 1. Introduction: The Xidan Democracy Wall “You walked here? This is not a very safe neighborhood,” said Huang Ciping. Ms. Huang, a dissident in her own right for speaking about against the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre, is the director of the Washington D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Scar Literature”
    Literature as a source of Socio-cultural studies - Study of the Chinese society of the Cultural Revolution through “Scar Literature” Abstract: Literature reflects socio-cultural-political realities of the society. It indeed reflects the good values, oppressions, bad times, social discrimination and other ills of the society. Literature mirrors the social oppressions with an intension to make people realize and amend their mistakes. Thus a positive change can take place in the society. However some literature excludes the social exploitations and thus fails to expose the harsh realities. The ancient land of China which has been producing literature since the very beginning has come up with various literary genre. The Chinese literary work has enjoyed very prestigious position in the literary circle. Propaganda literature was also core part of Chinese literature in 1960’s. This paper aims to look at the literary genre of Scar literature with a brief introduction of Chinese literature of previous era. Key Words: Cultural Revolution, Propaganda Literature, Scar Literature. 30 Literature as a source of Socio-cultural studies - Study of the Chinese society of the Cultural Revolution through “Scar Literature” Introduction: Literature is a very old word and it is very difficult to stress its exact origin. However many scholars opine that literature has originated in West and then flourished in Greece, Egypt where the ancient civilization started. The content of the literary works varied from time to time and place to place as per the social condition of that particular place and era. Earlier most of the literary works were on Gods and Goddess.
    [Show full text]
  • CHINESE COMMUNISM and the RISE of a CLASSIFICATION EDDY U Luminos Is the Open Access Monograph Publishing Program from UC Press
    CREATING the INTELLECTUAL CHINESE COMMUNISM AND THE RISE OF A CLASSIFICATION EDDY U Luminos is the Open Access monograph publishing program from UC Press. Luminos provides a framework for preserving and reinvigorating monograph publishing for the future and increases the reach and visibility of important scholarly work. Titles published in the UC Press Luminos model are published with the same high standards for selection, peer review, production, and marketing as those in our traditional program. www.luminosoa.org Creating the Intellectual The publisher and the University of California Press Foundation gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the Sue Tsao Endowment Fund in Chinese Studies. Creating the Intellectual Chinese Communism and the Rise of a Classification Eddy U UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Oakland, California © 2019 by Eddy U This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. To view a copy of the license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses. Suggested citation: U, E. Creating the Intellectual: Chinese Communism and the Rise of a Classification. Oakland: University of California Press, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.68 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: U, Eddy, author. Title: Creating the intellectual : Chinese communism and the rise of a ­classification / Eddy U.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF (32.6
    JOBNAME: Chen PAGE: 7 SESS: 13 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 8 09:27:34 2019 Abbreviations BS Beijing Spring BSAF Beijing Students’ Autonomous Federation CAA China Aid Association CAD Chinese Alliance for Democracy CCP Chinese Communist Party CDP China Democracy Party CIA Central Intelligence Agency CPPC China Political Prisoner Concern CS China Spring CSSA Chinese Students and Scholars Association DPCNC Democratic Party of China National Committee DPP Democratic Progressive Party EAVA Embrace Australian Values Alliance EU European Union FAHR Formosan Association for Human Rights FAPA Formosan Association for Public Affairs FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FDA Federation of Democratic Alliance FDC Federation for a Democratic China FHRDC Foundation of Human Rights and Democracy in China HC Humanitarian China IC Initiatives for China IFCSS Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars KMT the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) MFN most favoured nation MIB Military Intelligence Bureau MoW Memory of the World NATPA North America Taiwanese Professors’ Association vii Jie Chen - 9781784711030 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 04:53:36PM via free access Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Chen-The_Overseas_Chinese_Democracy_Movement / Division: 00-Prelims /Pg. Position: 1 / Date: 30/9 JOBNAME: Chen PAGE: 8 SESS: 14 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 8 09:27:34 2019 viii The overseas Chinese democracy movement NED National Endowment for Democracy NGO non-governmental organization OCAO Overseas Chinese Affairs Office OCDC Overseas Chinese Democracy Coalition
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in ^ew riter face, while others may be firom any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 Nortfi Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800 521-0600 Order Number 9105156 The 1989 Beÿing spring, P. R. China: The events and how they werevveru portrayed purtrayedill in pi-iiiî£u~yj and middle Schuuls In Bêÿlng, August—December 1989 Levitt, Gregory Alan, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]