TIANANMEN: CHINA's STRUGGLE for DEMOCRACY ITS PRELUDE, DEVELOPMENT, AFTERMATH, and Impacf
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OccAsioNAl PApERS/ REpRiNTS SERiES iN CoNTEMpoRARY AsiAN STudiEs NUMBER 2 - 1990 (97) TIANANMEN: CHINA'S STRUGGLE FOR , DEMOCRACY , •• ITS PRELUDE, DEVELOPMENT, AFTERMATH, AND IMPACT Edited by Winston L. Y. Yang and Marsha L. Wagner Scltool of LAw UNivERsiTy of 0 MARylANd. c ' 0 Occasional Papers/Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies General Editor: Hungdah Chiu Executive Editor: Chih-Yu Wu Managing Editor: Chih-Yu Wu Editorial Advisory Board Professor Robert A. Scalapino, University of California at Berkeley Professor Gaston J. Sigur, George Washington University Professor Shao-chuan Leng, University of Virginia Professor James Hsiung, New York University Dr. Lih-wu Han, Political Science Association of the Republic of China Professor J. S. Prybyla, The Pennsylvania State University Professor Toshio Sawada, Sophia University, Japan Professor Gottfried-Karl Kindermann, Center for International Politics, University of Munich, Federal Republic of Germany Professor Choon-ho Park, International Legal Studies, Korea University, Republic of Korea All contributions (in English only) and communications should be sent to Professor Hungdah Chiu, University of Maryland School of Law, 500 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 USA. All publications in this series reflect only the views of the authors. While the editor accepts responsibility for the selection of materials to be published, the individual author is responsible for statements of facts and expressions of opinion con tained therein. Subscription is US $18.00 for 6 issues (regardless of the price of individual issues) in the United States and $24.00 for Canada or overseas. Check should be addressed to OPRSCAS. Price for single copy of this issue: US $8.00. ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-925153-07-9 (paperback) (Hardcover edition published in Maryland Studies in East Asian Law and Politics Series, No. 11. ISBN 0-925153-08-7; $14.00) © Occasional Papers/Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies TIANANMEN: CHINA'S STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY ITS PRELUDE, DEVELOPMENT, AFTERMATH, AND IMPACf Edited with an Introduction by Winston L. Y. Yang and MarshaL. Wagner with Contributions by Hungdah Chiu Sandra Burton Orville Schell Harrison Salisbury Nicholas D. Kristof John Fincher Marsha L. Wagner Stanley Rosen David Aikman Winston Lord Russell Watson Chu-yuan Cheng Winston L. Y. Yang Contemporary Asian Studies Series School of Law University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland 1990 DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF THOSE WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES FOR DEMOCRACY IN THE DAYS OF TIANANMEN. TIANANMEN: CHINA'S STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY ITS PRELUDE, DEVELOPMENT, AFTERMATH, AND IMPACT Edited by Winston L. Y. Yang and MarshaL. Wagner TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Dedication . 1 Map of China . iv Map of Beijing . v Map of Tiananmen and Vicinity . v1 Preface . vii Introduction . 1 Winston L.Y. Yang, Seton Hall University 1. The Case of Wei Jingsheng, the Pioneer of the Democracy Movement................................. 7 Hungdah Chiu, University of Maryland 2. Fang Lizhi and His Act of Defiance . 23 Orville Schell 3. Prelude to Tiananmen-The Reasons Why China Erupts................................................. 33 Nicholas D. Kristof, New York Times 4. The Strategies of the Student Democracy Movement in BetJmg................................................. 43 MarshaL. Wagner, Columbia University 5. The Battle of Beijing . 81 David Aikman, Time 6. Beijing Bloodbath . 121 Russell Watson et al, Newsweek 7. The Crackdown . 127 Sandra Burton, Time 8. A Fortnight Later. 157 Harrison Salisbury, New York Times 9. How the Hardliners Won . 171 Nicholas D. Kristof, New York Times 10. The Fall of Zhao Ziyang . 185 John Fincher, Australian National University/Harvard University 11. Youth and Students in China Before and After Tiananmen. 203 Stanley Rosen, University of Southern California 12. China and America: Beyond the Big Chill.............. 229 Winston Lord, Council on Foreign Relations 13. The Impact of Tiananmen on the Chinese Economy . 253 Chu-yuan Cheng, Ball State University 14. Tiananmen and Its Impact . 263 Winston L. Y. Yang, Seton Hall University Notes on the Editors and Contributors . 291 Index................................................... 295 MAP OF CHINA Boundanes where d•spuled are drawn to represent the actual control ~)( ~ U.S.S.R. MONGOLIA ~ ~ s, (j ~I» INDIA Map of Beijing Beijing University' MILES 1 ' .•-k~ / ...........__ ,. ---- ,_ L..___j 0 f N e, oO :j ~oo.cD CJI \".--.r I Diplomatic Quarter ~ ~ o. e. ~ PREFACE In early June, 1989, the Communist Party of China and its government used force to suppress the growing student democracy movement in Beijing. Hundreds of tanks and thousands of troops were deployed on the streets and around the city's central square, Tiananmen. It was the "people's army" against the people. When the smoke cleared, hundreds of students and others lay dead. This book, consisting of previously published and unpublished ar ticles, offers a comprehensive account of China's recent pro-democ racy movement, its prelude, unfolding of events, brutal suppression and aftermath, and analyses of political, economic, and diplomatic set backs suffered by China following the massacre. The articles, au thored by prominent journalists and eminent scholars, offer not only eyewitness accounts of the events in China in the April-June period of 1989 by the Beijing correspondents of Time, Newsweek, and The New York Times, but also critical analyses of the democracy movement by China experts. Even though several books on Tiananmen have been published, ours remains the first and only one that provides both eye witness accounts and scholarly analyses. A definitive work on the events leading up to the brutal killings in Beijing in early June, 1989, this book offers an insightful look at why it happened, how the world has responded, and what the future holds for China, the world's most populous nation. Obviously, a book of this magnitude could not have been pub lished without the assistance and cooperation of many institutions and individuals. We are grateful to all the contributors who either pre pared original articles, granted us permission to use their published essays, or revised and updated their previously published articles for this book. Thanks are also due to Time, Newsweek, The New York Times, the University of Maryland, Seton Hall University, and the Council on Foreign Relations for their generous support and coopera tion. In particular, we wish to thank Jill F. O'Connell, Judy Pearl man, Stephanie A. Terry, Joanne A. Pello, John Brewer, Peter Hutberg, and Tracy Jaros. Thanks are also due to Erik Gartzke, Mar garet Chiang, Louisa Perimenis, and Dawn Dall for their efficient typ ing, editing, and proofreading. Last but not least, we wish to express our profound gratitude to Professor Hungdah Chiu, without whose assistance this book could not have been prepared or published. The Tiananmen tragedy has changed the history of China. Even (ix) X CoNTEMPORARY AsiAN STUDIES SERIES though the incident is now part of the history of mankind, China's democracy movement is not yet dead; it cannot be suppressed forever. Those who perished during China's struggle for democracy did not die in vain; their efforts have now been carried on by millions of others in China and other parts of the world. The democracy movement is con tinuing. To all those who sacrificed their lives for this historic move ment, this book is humbly dedicated on the first anniversary of Tiananmen. Winston L. Y. Yang Marsha L. Wagner June 4, 1990 INTRODUCI'ION Winston L. Y. Yang Since the return of Deng Xiaoping to power in 1977 following the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, China has made, despite occasional setbacks, steady progress in its economic reforms. 1 Although little political liberalization has been achieved, the economic life of the Chi nese, especially those in rural areas, has greatly improved. Economic advances, however, have failed to meet the growing demands of Chi nese students and intellectuals for political reforms. The Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Communist government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) have adamantly refused to respond to such demands. Thus, an ever-growing democracy movement began to emerge in the mid-1980s and reached its peak in April-June of 1989 following the death of ousted CPC General Secretary Hu Yaobang on April15. Thousands of Chinese college students demonstrated by occupying Tiananmen Square, a symbol of China's political power, for well over one month to dramatically demonstrate their demands for democracy and freedom. Instead of engaging in a genuine dialogue with the students and instituting fundamental political reforms, the Beijing government imposed martial law on May 20 and used troops and tanks to suppress the movement on June 4. As a result, hundreds of students and others died and thousands were injured. A great historic tragedy had taken place. Following the bloody June 4th Beijing massacre, many countries, including the United States and Japan, adopted economic and diplo matic sanctions against China. Almost overnight China suffered un precedented diplomatic setbacks. At home, the Communist authorities intensified their suppression of the democracy movement by arresting, sentencing, or executing a very large but unknown number of those involved in the movement. A new leadership headed l. Numerous studies of China's post-Mao Zedong economic reforms have been pub lished. Among the earlier books is Doak Barnett and Ralph N. Clough, eds.,