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P. avenae (= P. alboprecipitans) (4), E. of Erwinia stewartii provide more DICKEY, M. GOTO, C. N. HALE, A. C. HAYWARD, A. KELMAN, R. A. LELLIOTT, chrysanthemi, and P. andropogonis. uniform inoculation of individual P. N. PATEL, D. C. SANDS, M. N. SCHROTH, Inoculation of plants by atomizing a cell than the clipper method does, but these D. R. W. WATSON, and J. M. YOUNG. 1975. suspension was comparable to the clipper methods are more time-consuming. Proposals for a reappraisal of the status of the When working with a pathogen that has names of -pathogenic Pseudomonas method for P. phaseolicolabut better for . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 25:252-257. X. translucens. Although the injection little secondary spread or if a high 5. JONES, L. R., A. G. JOHNSON, and C. S. procedure resulted in 100% infection of inoculation efficiency is desirable on REDDY. 1917. Bacterial blight of barley. J. with P. solanacearum, 75% of the individual plants, the investigator must Agric. Res. 11:625-643. decide whether the clipper method is 6. KADO , C. I., and M. G. HESKETT. 1970. plants showed typical wilt symptoms Selective media for isolation of Agrobacterium, after inoculation by the clipper. No superior to other methods. Corynebacterium, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, and disease symptoms were observed on the More inoculum is needed with the Xanthomonas. Phytopathology 60:969-976. controls. clipper method than with injection or 7. KAUFFMAN, H. E., A. P. K. REDDY, S. P. Y. similar methods, but the ease of growing HSIEH, and S. D. MERCA. 1973. An improved technique for evaluating resistance of rice most bacteria should not cause this to be DISCUSSION varieties to Xanthomonas oryzae. Plant Dis. field, concentrated cell The clipper inoculator has been used a problem. In the Rep. 57:537-541. can be stored on ice and 8. KRAUSZ, J. P., and H. D. THURSTON. 1975. successfully in the and field to suspensions diluted as needed. Breakdown of resistance to Pseudomonas inoculate P. coronafaciens and X. solanacearum in tomato. Phytopathology The inoculator is lightweight, inexpen- translucens and in the greenhouse to 65:1272-1274. sive, and easily constructed. It can be a and V. B. inoculate plants with other bacterial 9. MAINO, A. L., M. N. SCHROTH, timesaving device for inoculation with VITANZA. 1974. Synergy between Achromo- plant pathogens. The inoculator should many bacterial plant pathogens. bacter sp. and Pseudomonas phaseolicola be especially useful in field plot resulting in increased disease. Phytopathology inoculations for evaluation of germ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 64:277-283. plasm for disease resistance. We are grateful to Alvin Alexander and Leroy 10. SCHAAD, N. W., and D. BRENNER. 1977. A Hicks for assistance in preparing the figures. and root rot of sweet caused In our field trials with P. coronafaciens by Erwinia chrysanthemi. Phytopathology and X. translucens on rye, infection foci LITERATURE CITED 67:302-308. were created early in the season. Natural 1. CHANG, C., A. L. HOOKER, and S. M. LIM. 11. SUMNER, D. R., and N. W. SCHAAD. 1977. spread from these foci created a uniform 1977. An inoculation technique for determining Epidemiology and control of bacterial blight Stewart's bacterial leaf blight reaction in corn. of corn. Phytopathology 67:1113-1118. level of disease incidence throughout the Plant Dis. Rep. 61:1077-1079. 12. WALLIN, J. R., D. V. LOONAN, and C. A. C. nursery. Therefore, even when the 2. CUNFER, B. M., and N. W. SCHAAD. 1976. GARDNER. 1979. Comparison of techniques inoculation efficiency is somewhat less Halo blight of rye. Plant Dis. Rep. 60:61-64. for inoculating corn with Erwiniastewartii. Plant than that of a hand method, the clipper 3. CUNFER, B. M., N. W. SCHAAD, and D. D. Dis. Rep. 63:390-392. MOREY. 1978. Halo blight of rye: Multiplicity 13. WINSTEAD, N. N., and A. KELMAN. 1952. method can create numerous infection of symptoms under field conditions. Phyto- Inoculation technique for evaluating resistance centers in less time. Two methods pathology 68:1545-1548. to Pseudomonassolanacearum. Phytopathology described recently (1,12) for inoculation 4. DYE, D. W., J. F. BRADBURY, R. S. 42:628-634.

Cucumber Mosaic Virus on in Israel

EDNA TANNE and SARA ZIMMERMAN-GRIES, Virus Laboratory, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel

normal, and streaked with yellow. Some ABSTRACT plants had less than the normal amount TANNE, E., and S. ZIMMERMAN-GRIES. 1980. mosaic virus on eggplant in Israel. of . Plant Disease 64:371-372. These symptoms were observed on some eggplant , mainly in the Jordan was identified from eggplant cultivars in Israel, mainly in the Jordan Valley, where seedlings are planted during Valley. Identification was based on mechanical inoculations of host plants, transmission by Myzus September and November and covered persicaeand Aphis gossypiito eggplant, tomato, and pepper, and electron microscopic detection of with polyethylene sheets a few weeks after spherical particles in purified preparations. M. persicae was more efficient than A. gossypii as a planting. . are grown similarly vector of two isolates of the virus. but less extensively in other areas such as the coastal plain. In all growing areas, CMV symptoms were observed frequently was traditionally grown in Infection of eggplant ( Eggplant in fall-winter plantings but only occasion- ) with cucumber mosaic virus Israel primarily in the spring and ally in spring-summer plantings. In the (CMV) was not common in Israel until summer, but with use of polyethylene latter, symptoms appear, if at all, only the plants, winter recently, although eggplant has been sheets for covering early in May, fade rapidly, and are not possible and wide- reported to be a host of CMV in (7), cultivation became detectable in June. High summer the number of Israel (3,4), Italy (5), Lebanon, and spread. Concurrently, temperatures apparently cause masking Jordan (2). plants with viruslike symptoms increased, of symptoms. and many plants were suspected of This study was done to determine the Contribution 138-E from the Agricultural Research carrying CMV. of infected identity of CMV in Israel. Organization. eggplants showed puckering and faint to severe symptoms of mosaic. Vein necrosis MATERIALS AND METHODS was followed by leaf wilt or deformation. All work was done in a greenhouse 00191-2917/80/04037102/$03.00/0 01980 American Phytopathological Society Fruit also was deformed, smaller than (23-25 C) in which plants were sprayed

Plant Disease/April 1980 371 Table 1. Transmission of cucumber mosaic virus by to eggplant, pepper, and tomato resulting pellet was resuspended, and the virus was further purified by two cycles of Isolate differential centrifugation. Experiment Eggplant Pepper Tomato RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Symptoms typical of CMV infection Fara 5 developed on host plants. Symptoms 1 2/2a 3/4 1/3 were systemic on C. annuum and P. 2 2/3 2/4 1/3 floridana,local on C. amaranticolor,and 3 1/5 2/3 2/5 local and systemic on N. glutinosa, D. 4 "" 3/3 2/5 stramonium, C. sativus, and Control G. globosa. 0/3 0/3 0/3 Six eggplant Mizpe Shalem cultivars were infected by CMV. Cultivars Black Beauty, Black 1 0/4 0/4 0/4 2 0/5 0/4 1/5 Night, Black Queen, Hazera 1, and 3 0/3 2/4 1/4 Hazera 8 showed symptoms of mosaic. 4 0/3 2/3 1/4 Black Queen plants at Jericho and Control 0/3 0/4 0/4 540 at Gilat showed severe symptoms of mosaic, and leaf deformation Myzus persicae was observed on Black Queen plants at Fara 5 Fara, Mizpe Shalem, Fazael, Argaman, 1 3/3 4/4 3/3 and Kaliya. 2 4/4 4/4 3/3 Transmission of CMV. 3 ... 4/4 3/3 M. persicae Control 0/3 0/3 0/3 and A. gossypii successfully transmitted Mizpe Shalem isolates of CMV (Table 1). Transmission 1 1/6 4/4 3/5 rates of the Fara 5 isolate by A. gossypii 2 1/4 2/3 2/3 were 32.5% to tomato, 50% to eggplant, 3 1/3 1/4 2/3 and up to 71% to pepper; M. persicae 4 1/4 3/4 1/2 transmitted this isolate much more Control 0/4 0/3 0/4 efficiently-l00% to all three hosts. M. aNumber of plants infected/inoculated. persicae transmitted the Mizpe Shalem isolate to 61% of tomato, 66% of pepper, and 23% of eggplant plants. A. gossypii once a week with pesticides. was a less efficient vector of this isolate were old or because the hairiness of leaves also, with a Mechanical transmission. Samples 23-26% transmission rate to prevented the aphids from sucking pepper and tomato were collected from different fields, and no transmissions effectively. to eggplant. eggplant cultivars, and locations (Gilgal, Laboratory cultures. Two isolates of Purification of the vector. The purified Nahalim, Jericho, Fara, Mizpe Shalem, CMV maintained on N. glutinosa were preparation was mounted on grids. Fazael, Argaman, Kaliya, and Gilat). The transmitted mechanically to pepper Spherical particles of 28 nm observed in samples were used to inoculate host plants that were a source for acquisition the electron microscope resembled CMV plants including Nicotiana glutinosa, feedings 10-15 days later. Young aphids (6), The absorption ratio was 260:280 or Capsicum annuum, Datura stramonium, were starved for at least 60 min before a Physalisfloridana,Chenopodium amaran- 1.7, which agrees with the value of 1.69 30-sec acquisition feeding. Two apparently reported by Lot et al (1). ticolor, Gomphrena globosa, and viruliferous aphids were then transferred sativus. Infected leaf tissue was to healthy plants (one true leaf) for a 24- LITERATURE CITED ground in 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH hr transmission period. These plants also I. LOT, H., J. P. MARROU, J. B. QUIOT, and C. 7.6) and rubbed on the leaves of indicator were sprayed with sulfate and ESVAN. 1972. Contribution a l'etude due virus de plants that had been dusted with kept in the greenhouse la mosaique du concombre (CMV). II. Methode until symptoms de purification rapide du virus. Ann. Phytopathol. Carborundum. appeared. 4:25-38. Transmission by aphids. Two species Aphid transmission of virus was 2. NIENHAUS, F. 1969. A survey of virus diseases of apterous aphids, Myzus persicae attempted to tomato (Lycopersicon in Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. Ann. Phytopatho- log. 1:361-367. Sulzer and Aphis gossypii Glover, were esculentum 'Maramande'), pepper (cv. used for transmission 3. NITZANY, F. E., and J. P. MARROU. 1970. trials. Naharia), and eggplant (cv. Hazera 1). Virus diseases of plants in the Field material. Eggplants with symp- After symptoms appeared, viral identity Mediterranean region. Phytopathol. Mediterr. toms were potted and kept in the 9:66-70. was confirmed by further mechanical 4. NITZANY, F. E., and R. E. WILKINSON. 1961. greenhouse. Aphids (20-40) in leaf cages transmission to P.floridana. The identification of cucumber mosaic virus from were kept on the plants for 24-hr Purification of the virus. A culture of different hosts in Israel. Phytopathol. Mediterr. acquisition feeding and then transferred CMV maintained on N. tabacum 1:71-76. to pepper plants, 10-15 aphids per plant, 5. RANA, G. L., and L. VOVLAS. 1971. Virus 'Samsun' was used for purification by the diseases of vegetable crops in . V. A mosaic for 12-24 hr of transmission feeding. procedure of Lot et al (1). Leaves were of eggplant. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 10:273-277. Pepper plants were then sprayed with homogenized in a mixture of citrate, 6. SCOTT, H. A. 1963. Purification of cucumber nicotine sulfate and kept in the thioglycolic acid, and chloroform, and mosaic virus. Virology 20:103-106. greenhouse until symptoms appeared. after low-speed 7. SETH, M. L., S. P. RAYCHAUDHARI, and centrifugation, the virus RAM NATH. 1967. A new mosaic disease of These transmission trials failed, was precipitated from the supernatant Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Phytopathol. Z. perhaps because the eggplants sampled fluid with polyethylene glycol. The 59:385-389.

372 Plant DiseaseNol. 64 No. 4