~~ ~ m~tnn~f.A; ¥difill'tQ (~ V ~ 20)
. ~ ~l 'fiT f~ CfiTif mr .~ tpH ~ I
PL RR
DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK
District Census Handbook is being brought out, in two volumes-patt A and part B for each district separately. The part'A' volume consists of village and town directories, giving basic information relating to infra-structure and amenities and'total population of each village and town as thrown up by 1981 Census. The non-census information relates to the year 1979-80/ 1980-81 making it almost synchronous with the 1981 popUlation census. Part 'B' volume· presents primary census data, known in census jargon as 'primary Census Abstraci' (PCA) for each village and town. The PCA gives total population with scheduled' castes/scheduled tribes, literates, main workers by main categories, marginal workers and non-workers break, up. It is important for the readers to acquaint themselves with census concepts of general importance and the scope of village and town directories as have been discussed under separate' heads namely: (a) Census Concepts (b) Village Directory (c) T()WD Directory. A. CENSUS CONCEPTS t. Rural and Uaban Areas The census data are presented by rural and urban areas. A rural area is non-urban consis ting of revenue'villages with well defined boundaries which is the smallest unit· in the hierarchy ()f administrative units. It may comprise of several hamlets. Yet it i~ cpnsidered one unit for the presentation of data. HabitatiOnS in forest areas are also consider~d as villages and each forest range officer:'s beat is considered .as one forest village. ' _ Urban areas have been especially defined for the purpose of population ceQSUS. The -definition is treated ~ith some flexibility with a view to accommodating minor variations for , meeting the exigency of the situation. An urban unit has been defined ·as follows:
(a) 'all places with a municipalty, ci:>rporation or contonment boare! or notified town area~ (b) all other places which satisfied the following criteria: (i) A minimum population of 5,000;
(ii) At least 75% of the ~ale working population engaged in non-agricultural. '- activity; (iii) A population of at 'Ieast 400 per Sq. lan. (or one t1:tousand per Sq. mile). Allied agricultural activities such as fishing, logging etc. have been considered agricultural in 1981 census for determining the proportion of engagement of male population in non-agri -cultural activities for the purpose of declaring a place.a town.
Urban Agglomeration The concept of Urban Agglomeration of the 1971 is also adopted for 1981 census. Very often the growth of towns over-lapped the statutory limits of the city or town. Large railway .colonies, university campuses, port areas,- industrial. areas etc, 'came up outside the limits of the town but they form continuous growth with the town. These outgrowths mayor may not by themselves qualify to be treated as separate towns but thelle outgrowths deserve to be treated as urban areas. Such a town with their outgrowth areas is treated as one urban unit and -called 'Urban ~o\gglomeration' and Urban Agglomeration may constitute: til A city with continuous outgrowths, (the part of outgrowth being outside the statu tory limits but falIing~within the boundaries of the adjoining village or villages) xxviii
(ii) One town with similar outgrowth or two or more adjoining towns with their' , , outgrowths as in (i); or (iii)' A city and one or more adjoining towns with their out growths all of which form il continuous spread.
3. Census Hoose A 'census house' is a building or a part of a building having a separate main entrance from the road or common court yard or staircase etc; used recognised as aseparate unit. It may be vacant or occupied. It may be used for residential or non-re~idential purpose or both.
4. Hoosehold A household is a group of persons who commonly live together and who take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigency of work prevents them from doing so. There may be a household of persons related by blood of unrelated persons or having a mii' of both. Examples of unrelated households are boarding houses, messes, hostels, residential hotels, rescue homes, jails, ashrams etc. These are called institutional households. T.l;lere may be one-member household, two-member households or multi-member households. For census. purpos~, each one of these types is regarded as a household. r
5. Scheduled Castes/S~hedoled Tribes'
A person has been returned as belonging to a scheduled caste or sche.duled tribe if caste or tribe to which he belongs ,is included, in the schedule of the State. Scheduled caste can belong to Hindu or Sikh religion. However, a person belonging to scheduled tribe can profess. any religion.
6. Literates A person who can both 'read and write with understanding iii any language is to be taken as. .literate. A person who can merely rea~ but cannot write, is, not a literate. It is not necessary that a person who is literate should have received any formal education or should have passed any minimum educational standard. 7. Workers In 1981 census, the economic status of a person has 'been classified as : (i) Main Worker (ii) Marginal Worker (iii) Non:.worker The dichotomy of workers and non-workers of 1961.and 1971 census has been discarded. iti 1981 census and time disposition criterion in economic activity with one year reference period is. adopted. A person who has engaged himself in econoPlic activity for major part of the year (at least 183 days) is considered as main worker while those who have worked in for some time during the last year but not major part of ~he year have been treated as marginal worker. Those who have not worked at all during the one year reference periou are non-workers.
Work has been defined as participation in any economically productive activity. Such participation may be physical or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also effective supervion and direction of work. xxix
8. Cultivator. A person is considered a cultivator if he has engaged; in cultivation as a single worker or family worker ofland owned or held from Govt. or held from private persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation includes supervision or direction of cultiva tion. Cultivation involves ploughing, sowing and harvesting and production of cereals and millet drops and other crops such as sugarcane, ground nuts tapioca etc. and pulses, raw jute and kindered fibre crops, cotton etc. and does not include fruit and vegetable growing or keeping of orchards or groves or working on plantation like tea, coffee, rubber etc. 9. Agricultural Labourer A person who work~ in another person's land for wages in money, kind or share should be regarded as an agricultural labourer. He does not have a risk in the cultivation but mere works in another person's land for wage. 10. Household Industry Household Industry is defined as an industry conducted by the head of the household him self/herself ami or by the members of the household at home or within the precincts of the house where the household lives in urban areas. The larger proportion of workers in a house hold industry should consist of members of the household including the head. The 'industry should not be run on the scale of a registered factory which would qualify or has to be registered under the Indian Factories Act. Industry implies production, processing, servicing or repair of articles goods or such as hand loom weaving, dyeing, carpentry, bidi rolling, pottery manufacture, bicycle repairing" blacksmithy, tailoring etc. 11. Other Workers All workers, who are not cultivators or agricultural labourers or engaged in HousehokU Industry are treated as other workers. This category covers factory and plantation workers", government servants, municipal employee, teachers, priests, entertainment artists, workers. engaged in trade, cOIilmerce, business, transport, mining, construction etc. B. VILLAGE DIRECTORY The village directory as the title connotes presents information pertaining to rural areas. The directory of villages is presented for each tahsil in a separate series with the villages arranged in ascending order of the location code serials. The village directory of each tahsil is preceded by a list of villages in which the villages are indexed by Hindi, English alphabets with their location code numbers.
The villages which have been wholly merged in Municipal Boards town areas contonments are not borne on the jurisdictional list of tahsils and consequently they are not covered in the village directory. .
However, the villages treated as an outgrowth of an Urban Agglomeration or town are listed in the village directory but no data are presented against the name of these villages in the village directory. The fact that a viliage is an outgrowth of a town is indicated against the name of such a village. All these villages are listed in the Primary Census Abstract (rural) without presenting their data for providing cross references. The uninhabited or depopulated villages are listed without giving village directory information, except the area of the Villages. A note against such a village indicates the state of its being depopula'ted or uninhabited. xxx
The village directory brings out basic information about a village. These data can be classified into the following categories. 1. Population and households Col. 4 2. Amenities Cols. 5 to 10 W Other infra·structural facilities etc. Cols. 11 to 14 and 20 4. Land use data Cols.3 and 15·19' 1. Population and Households The population of each village as on the sun rise'of March 1981 obtained from the 1981 cenSllS is given in column 4. The number of household is indicated with in th~ brackets. 2. Amenities If an amenity. is available within the village, the kind of amenity~available is indicated by codes. If not available a dash is indicated and the distance range within which available out side the village is given within brackets. Three ranges of distance of availability have been formed for facilitating collection and presentation of data. These ranges are: (a) Below 5 Kms. indicated by (-5), (b) 5·10 Kms. indicated by (5-10) and (c) 10 Kms. and above indicated by (10+). The codes used for depicting amenities are explained in the following paras : (i) Educational Amenities (Col. 5) The type of educational institutions located within the village is represented by the foIlow~ ing codes. The number of each of such an institution is given within brackets: Primary or elementary school Nursery school, Kindergarten, Pre-basic, Pre·primary, Junior basic P Senior basic school, Junior High School. Middle School M Matriculation or Secondary H Higher Secondary, Intermediate College, Pre-university PUC College graduate level & above C Industrial School I Training School TR Adult Literacy Class/Centre AC Other Educational Institutions 0 (ii) Medical Facilities (Col. 6) : The availability of medical facilities within the village is indicated by the following codes. The number of institutions located within the village or serving practitioners is given w~thin brackets. Hospital H Maternity & Child Welfare Center MCW Maternity Home MH Child Welfare Centre ewc Primary Health Centre PHC Health Centre HC Primary Health Sub-centre PHS Dispensary D Family Planning Centre FPC T.B. Clinic TB Nursing Home NH xxxi
Registered Private Practitioner RP Subsidised Medical Practitioner SMP Community Health Worker CHW Other o (Ui) Drinking Water (Col. 7) The potable drinking water supply soorces available within the village are denoted by the following codes : Tap water T Well water W -Tank water TK Tube-well water TW Hand Pump HP River water R Fountain F Canal C Lake L Spring S Nallah N Other o Information not available NA
(iT) Post & Telegraph (Col. 8) The post and telegrahp facilities avalilable within the village are indicated by the following codes: Post Office PO Post and Telegraph Office PTO Telegraph Office TO Telephone Connection Phone (v) Day or Days of the Market (Col. 9) If a weekly or bi-weeklY market is held within the village, the day or days on which it is held is indicated. The days are indicated by Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, and Sat. A market held fortnightly or monthly in a remote village, is also given and this fact is clearly brought out by indicating monthlyIfortnightly. (vi) Communications (Col. 10) If a bus or railway station is located within the village or is served by navigable waterways, the following codes give the kind of facilities available within the village : Bus BS Railway Station RS Navigable water way (including river, canal, back waters etc.) NW 3. Other Wrastructural Facilities, etc. (i) Approach to the village (Col. 11) : The approach to the village is represented by the following codes: Pucca Road PR Kacchha Road KR Navigable River NR xxxii
(ii) Nearest Town (Col. 12) The name of the nearest town to village is indicated and the distance is given in Kms. within brackets.
(iii) Power Supply (Col. 13) The following codes are used for the power supply available within the village: Electricity for domestic purpose ED Electricity for Agriculture EAG Electricity for' other purpose like industrial commercial etc. EO Electricity for all purpose listed above EA (iv) Staple food (Col. 14) The food grains used as staple food in a village for major part of the year are indicated. (v) Remark (Col. 20) The following items of information are furnished in this column and are indicated by the code given against each. (a) Copies of the newspaper coming in the village N (b) Motor cycle/Scooters available in the village M (c) Cars/Jeeps available in the village C (d) Tractors available in the village T (e) Tern-indicates temples of importance.· Other places of importance are given by names. The numerical strength of each item is indicated by numerical appendage to the code. for instance, N 32 indicated 32 copies of newspaper coming in the village.
-4. Land use Data 1. Area of the Tillage (Col. 3) The area of the village is based on village records. 2. Land use classification The standard classification of land use data are given below : 1. Forests 2. Not available for cultivation. 2.1 Lands put to non-agricultural uses. 2.2 Barren and uncultivable lands. 3. Other uncultivated lands excluding fallow lands. 3.1 Permanent pastures and other grazing lands. 3.2 Land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves not included in the net area sown. 3.3 Culturable waste. 4. Fallow lands 4.1 Current fallows. 4.2 Other fallows.
5. Net area sown There is a departure from the standard classification in presentation ot land use data in village directory. However, both classification are indentifiable with each other an given below. xxxiii
3. Village Director1 Standard Classification (with S1. No. of category) .. 1. Forests (Col. 15) Forest (1) 2. Irrigated by sources (Col. 16) Net area sown (5) plus plus 3. Un-irrigated (Col.17) Fallow .land (4.1 + 4.2) 4. Culturable waste (Col.lS) 1. Permanent pastures & other grazing lands (3.1) 2. Land under miscellaneous tree crops etc. (3.2) 3. Culturable .wastes (3.3) 5. Area not available for cultivation (CoI.19) 1. Land put to non-agricultural uses (2.1) 2. Barren and uncultivable land (2.2)
4. Irrigation by sources, (Col. J_6} The sources of net irrigated area are represented by the following code,s: Government Canal "GC Well (without electricity) W Private Canal PC Well (with electricity) WE Tubewell (without electricity) TW Tubewell (with electricity) TWE Tank 1l( "River R Lake L Waterfall WF Others o Total T
Town Directory The Town Directory covers all tbe town in a district. The towns are arranged by English .alphabetical order. The data are presented in seven statements serially numbered I to IV, IVA V and VI.
The following mode of listing of towns has been followed : (i) All the towns having statutory status which are not the"part of an Urban Agglomera tion is listed once in the alphabetical arrangement of the towns. (ii) All the towns which are part of an Urban Agglomeration and enjoy independent status of a statutory town" are listed twice in the alphabetical arrangement of the towns as well as under the main town of an Urban Agglomerations. However, the data are presented separately only once under the main town. In alphabetical arrangement a note is given against such towns that they are part of such and such Urban Agglomeration.
(iii) The outgrowths of a town which do not qualify themselves for being treated as inde pendent towns are not listed in the main body of the Directory. They have been explained by a footnote to the main town and the data relating to outgrowth are merged with the main town. xxxiv
(iv) Census town are also listed in the body of Directory. These are the towns which do not enjoy statutory status but are declared towns for the purpose of population census. The important concepts used in the town directory are discussed in the following paras
'Class of Town: (Statement I Col.-2) The towns are classified into following six groups by population size criterioq : Population Class
l00~~~~ .1 50,000-99,999 II 20,000-49,999 III 10,000-19,999 IV 5,000- 9,999 V Below- 5,000 VI 'Civic Administration (Statement I Col. 2) The civil administration status of a town is indicated by codes explained below; Municipal Corporation M. Corp. Municipal Board M.B. Cantonment Board Cantonment C.B. Notified Area/Notified Area CommitteeI N.A.C. Notified Committee Census Town C.T. Road Length.(Statement IV Col. 6)
The total road length Within each town is to be given by the following codes Pucca Road PR Kachcha Road KR System of sewerage (Statement IV & IVA Col. 7) The system of sewerage and drainage are represented by the following codes: Sewer S Open Surface drains OSD Box Surface drains BSD Sylk: drains SD Cesspool method CD Pit system Pt Two systems in order of importance one following the other are indicated in codes. Method of disposal of Night Soil (Statements IV & IVA CollI) : The various methods of disposal of night soil are indicated by the following codes: Head loads HL Baskets B Wheel barrows WB Septic tank latrines ST Sewerage S Upto two methods in order of their importance in the town one following the other are indicated in codes. xxxv
Protected Water supply (Statement IV Cols. 12 & 13) Water Supply! The following codes are used for indicating protected water supply system/sourcesl (A) Sources of water supply (Col. 12) Tubewell water/Handpump TW Tap water' T Well Water W Tank water TK (B) System of storage (Col. 13) Overhead tank ORT Service reservoir SR River infiltration gal1ery IG Borewell Pumping System BWP Pressure tank "' PT Fire fighting service (Statement IV Col. 14)
'Yes' is recorded if fire fighting services are available within the town. In case not availabl~ within the town the name of the nearest place if in the shple district or name of the nearest ,district if out side the district where fire fighting services are available is indicated. Medical Facilities (Statement V Col. 4 & 5) The following codes are used for representing medical facilities; Hospital H Dispensary D Health Centre . HC Family Planning Centre FC T.B. Clinic TB Nursing Home NH Others o The above classification gives the institutions by type but does not reflect on the system of medicine practised in these institutions. A further distinction is attempted by classifying these institutions by various systems of medicine as represented by the following codes : ~~~ A ~ci U Homoeopathic Hom If none of the above codes is given, an allopathic system of medicine is indicated. The system of medicine practised and number of institutions are indicated within brackets -appended to the code representing the type of medical intstitutions.· For illustration code H '(A~l, 2) indicates one Ayurvedic hospital and two Allopathic hospitals. Educational Facilities (Statement V-Col. 6-9) (i) Arts, science and commerce colleges imparting eduction of degree level and above'are 'fepresented by the following codes: Arts only A Science only S Arts and science only AS Commerce only C Arts and commerce only AC Combined for all categories-arts, science and commerce ASC Law L xxxvi
(ii) Recognized type-writing short hand institutions and other vocational institutes are indicated by the codes given below: (Col. 10) Shorthand SH Typewriting Typ Shorthand & Typewriting Sh. Typ Others .,' 0 (iii) Medical, Engineering Colleges and Polytechnic: The number of each type of institu tion is indicated in the ralevant column by giving the number. If there are more than one educational-institutions, the number is indicated within brackets. appended to the codes. If an educational facility is not available within the town, name of the nearest place within the district or name of the district if outside the district where such a facility is available is. indicated. The dis1:a;nce fro~the town of such a place is given in Kms. within brackets. Public Libraries including Reading Rooms (Statement V Col. 20) These facilities are represented by the following codes : Public Library PL Reading Room RR ANALYTICAL NOTE
HISTORY: The area that constitutes present district of Kanpur seems to have imprints of one of the earllest existence of human cultures-going as far back as to neolithic cult or hand axe of stone age, as gleaned by archeological finds in Moosanagar on the left bank of the Yamuna in tahsil Bhognipur. Traces of further stages of culture are revealed from bronze arrows, spear heads of copper, fragment of stone images, terri cotta objects, bricks, pottery pieces and wares and remains of f,)fIS and temples at different places of the district. In the sixth century BC, it was part of Panehala kingdom with its capital at Ahiehhetra, the sway of which extended from the fqot of Himalayas in the north·east to Chambal river in the south-west. During the medieval period, it was part of the Kannauj empire till its conquest in 1193 by Shahab-ud-Din Ghauri at the battle of Chanda~ar and with it the territory passed under Muslim rules-under Sultanate of Delhi, Sharqi dynasty of Jaunpur, the Mughals with an interruption of the rule of Shere Shah Sufi-an Afghan. The death of Aurangzeb in 1707 triggered off the process of disintegration of Mughal empire and in its wake many battles were fought between Marathas, Pathans and Nawabs of Avadh for its control with the territory going finally to Nawars of Avadh. It remained with them till 1801 when it was made over to the Britishers. The mutiny of 1857 in Kanpur went into full conflagration when Nana Saheb, son of Peshwa Baji Rao TI struck against the Britishers and took control of Kanpur town, taking the Europeans into asylum. Havlock marched against Nana Saheb and restored the British control. Kanpur rose to prominence after its coming into contact with Britishers. Strategically placed, it was made an important military station and was strongly garrisoned. In late 19th century, it developed into an industrial centre with great concentration of textile Indu,lryaptly nicknamed as Manchester of' the East.
LOCATION: The district occupies the central portion of Allahabad division. It belongs to the track known as lower doab and lies between the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers. It is situated bet ween the parallels of 25.26 and 26.58 north latitude and 79.31 and 80.33 east longitude. It is an irregular quadrilateral in shape. The Ganga river forms the north eastern boundry. Across it are the district of Hardoi and Unnao. In the south across the Yamuna river lie the districts of Hamirpur an¢. Jalaun. Etawah and Farrukhabad districts al e situated to the west and north west and the south east boundry is formed by the Fatehpur district.
TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE:
Topography of the district bear~ a slightly sloping form of an alluvial plain tapering away from north-west to south-east direction. The entire district lies in the doab between the Ganges and the Jamuna. The contour along the valleys of the Ganges or Jamuna is ascending but becomes gentle in between. The two rivers deliver but only a little of drainaging. Rather, the subsidiary channels assume substantial task. The full out length along north-eastern and eastern are flanked by the Ganges. The course of Ganges lies in wide and sandy bed. The shores made of sand change occasionally. Apart from sand, the bed is formed by new deposits of alluvium. Alluvium deposits are mostly above flood level. This is known as kachhar. The soil is extremely fertile. The high cliff along the Ganges bears many ravines. Isan is an affluent of the Ganges. The ri,er lies in tahsil of Bilhaur. The valley is winding in 2
nature. It is wide and sandy. Sandy hillocks stand by the sides.Those on the south are steep. The cliff is disfigured much for the deep ravines. Non (allied to the Ganges) river has a deep valley. The river on th~ sides is clustered with ravines. The more severe of the ravines are located near the river's confluence with the Ganges. Pandu completes the Ganges system in the district. This river carries an enormous mas.s of flow coming from several drainage.
Rind is the river allied to Jamuna. The course traverses through man~' twists and bends. Wild and abrupt ravines infest the river sides after some distance from the entrance in the distript. Beyou i the ravines. the hinterland exhibits red s Ji1. The loam is sandy and is much fertile. The left side receives tributaries. Sengar which sepih-ates for some length the tahsils of Akbarpur and Bhognipur meets Jamuna. The river sides contain patches of alluvial tarai all along. Non (of Jamuna system) inherits a shallow bed in the beginning but further down the course gets lapped by alluvial soil. In Ghatampur tahsil the river turns deep. The Jamuna enters into the district by touching first the Bhognipur tahsil along the extreme west border of the district. The;_ route is south·easterly in direction. Towards north, the river depth is pronounced. The confined of cliff starting from river bed contains- stretches of alluvial soil of undoubted fertility. Of this alluvium, the lowland is subject to a,nual spates; while upland, called kachhar is mostly immune to this vagary and is quite fertile. The above described low land is locally known as tiro The river ban'k is full with ravines. Soil is either sand or gravelly, or like that usually occurring around Bundelkhand in south. The country side along the Jamuna appears barren and rugged. It is more so in Bhognipur tahsil and less in Ghatampur tahsil.
North part of the tract which lies between the Ganges and the Pandu: is a level expanse of good loam. Near lsan, the soil is sandy. Near the origin of Non, the clay is in high degree; which is broken in places by usar. A swampy dcpression give rise to Non. In ithe Kanpur tahSil, which lies to the south of this depression, the soil is soft vis·a·vis sandy. Between Pandu and Rind, the soil is aJike to that found in the north part of the previous tract. In this tract, usar is much in existence on the eastern side of the bank. It is so in Bilhaur tahsil. Across the Rind vaIley, near the extreme south, the deposit is red sandy loam. To the south, occur the patches of grey loam with usar. The next tract is broad and lies towards the south of Rind. It is located between the Rind and the Sengar. This strip extends from the east to the banks of the Jamuna. In the western stretch lie most of the Derapur tahsil and about half of Akbarpur tahsil, of which the soil is lighter loam. Here usar is rare and the type is not severe. Formally, this portion was covered under the jungle of dhak. The soil near Seng'ar has pinkish tinge. The region is peculiar for this fact.
Between the Sengar and the Jamuna lies the upland. It is loamy. The rivers flaunt the most developed of the ravines in the district. In contrast, up in the north, the strip is made of good soil.
The climate of the district is characterised by a hot summer and general dryness except in the soutb-west monsoon seasons. The year may be divided into four seasons. The period from March to about the middle of June is the summer season. This is foHowed by the south. west monsoon season which lasts till about the end of September, October and the first half of November form the post monsoon or transition p~riod. The cold season spreads from ab.out the middle of November to.February. The average annual rainfall of the district is 778. 9mm. (30.67"). It varies in the district from 642.3mm. at Narwal to 884.8mm. at Kanpur. About 89 per cent of the total annual rainfall is received during the monsoon season i.e. June to September, August being the raniest month. 3
FLORA AND FAUNA. The district once bountiful i,n vegetation is now devoid of its previous richness. Only patches of dhak, babul, siras and tamarind makes up for the flora in ,the, district., Rim and shisham trees also occur. Among the fauna, the genus inhabiting the area are but few. The importanfwild animals found in the area are wolves, wild pigs, nilgai, chikara, black buck and- hyttena. Hare, porcupine, fox and ubiquitous jackal are the other animals that frequent in the area.
PLACES OF TOURIST INTEREST: 1. Bithoor (Tahsil Kanpur): This old town stands by the Ganges. Here lies the Brahmavartha Ghat which is a place of wor5hip. Besides, Valmiki temple, Sita Rasoi and an antique temple of Kapaseshwar are chief spots of worship at the town. 2 . .Jajmau (Tahsil Kanpur): It is a very old place. It is mentioned by Alberuni~ A small mosque bearing Persian inscription lies ,at this place. Most interesting building is "the shrine of famous saint Makhdum Shah Ala-ul-Haq. Temples of Siddheshwar and Si~dba Devi verge upon Jajmau.' 3. Makanpur (Tahsil Bilhaur) : Shrine of Zinda Pir located here, is a place of worship equally to both Hindus and Muslims. Two old mosques built by Aurangzeb and Daulat Khan enhance divinity to Makanpur. Several fairs also get staged at the tomb of Shah-Madar. tAo Mosanagar (Tahsil Bhognipur) : This site is of an indisputed antiquity. A venerable structure of Mukta Devi Temple is located here. Similar is the Deoj,ani Tank near the .t~mple. Also stand two old forts in the proximi~y of the tankm. Shiwali in Akbarpur tahsil and Sikandra in Bhognipur tahsil are antique places in the dhtrict. The city of·Kanpur also affords a few sites of tourists attraction. ,These include Nana Rao Peshwa Park in Phool Bagb, Kamla Tower and Retreat; Lakshn?i Narain Temple and Allen Forest and Zoo Complex. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS:
The following table presents hierarchy of administrative u~its.
Table-l: Administrative Units Number of r--...._:_---""--~------.. Tahsil/Development Area (in Nyaya Revenue Vi~lages block sq.kms.) Pancha- Gram'r---'-""'--. Towns yats Sabhas 'Total Inhabited 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bilhaur 1,026.9 37 295 463 408 2 1. Bilbaur 284.2 10 75 119 97 2. Kakwan 321.4 9 71 93 90 3. Shivrajpur 236.0 9 77 . 127 118 4. Cbaubepur 207.4 9 72 124. 103 Derapur 1,046.9 39 275 343 324 1 1. 'Rasulpur 261.7 10 69 94 88 2. Jhinjhak 270.6 9 65 76 73 3. Sandalpur 260.2 10 69 92 85 4. Derapur 28n.0 10 72 81 78 4
Akbarpur 955.7 28 229 297 288 3· 1. Metha 368.5 10 85 116 112 2. Akbarpur 298:7' 9 78 10.6 101 3. Sarwan Khera. 288.5 9 66 75 75
I{anpor 1,039.5 27 192 28t. 261 7 1., Kalyanpu17 165.4 7 58 81 70 2. Bidhuna ,276.4 10 68 95 90 3. Sarsaul 307.9 10 71 105 101
Bbognip,ur 981.7 30 258 339 305 3 1- Rajpur' 320.2 10 81 119 102 2. Malasa 302.0 10 90 100' 97 3. A.mraudha 357.3 10 8;7 120 106
Ch~t~m.,ur 1,103.9 31 260 320 299 1 1. Patara 256.7 7 63 72 68, 2. Bhitargaon 345.& .12 102 120 113 3. Ghatampur 521.4 1.2 95 128 118
])jstrict 1fotal 6.176.0 192 1,509 2,043 .1,885 (7
Note: The difference between the sum of the tabsils and the total area of th_e district is, attributable to the varying systems of accounting by two sources. Sour.ces : 1. Bluck aJ:ea -,,- Sankhakiye Patr'ika, Kanpur 1981 2; T;tbsU area' - Bqard of Revenue, U P. 3. District area- Surveyor General, India.
ECONOMY
1. Infrastructure: Communication arteries that connects various parts of the district, other districts of the state and important places of the co.untry make Kaopur one. of the well served district by communiclltion facilities in the state. Two national highways pass through th~ distfict. Sher Shah Suri Marg-Grand Trunk Road, the national high way bearing number two, con.nect's Calcutta on the eas~ and Ddhi/,Punjab on the west running to a totallenglh of 226.6 Kms. Another renowned national high way bearing numbre 25 links this district with Bombay and Lucknow. Slate' high ways thaL connect the district with many par-ts of the state, run to a totallensth of 127.3 kms. The tot.l.tllength of metalled I:oads measures up to' 982.2 kms_ giving an average length Df 429 kms . .of road per thousand sq.kms. Df area well above' the state average of 20 I kms.. Kanpur city is an importaut junction and tracks from many direc tions under as many as three raiI,wa:vs namely northern railways, central railways and nDrth eastern railways, make t);leir ways through the district. Moving alDng the entice Jeogih Df the national high way No.2 Sher Shah Suri Marg, the electrified track under the nDrthern railways connect Kanpur with Calcutta and Delhi. Bombay is linked through the tracks under Central Railways as are metre guage tracks under north eastern connecting Agra and Mathura Dn the west and Lucknow and Gorakhpur on the east. Lucknow is also linked by brDad guuge ;tracks under northern railways via Unnao. Kanpur city- is served by inland air services. There are also' ferr), services along Ganges. 5
Irrigation facilities mainly rest. on government canals (63 %) and tute wells (35%) Canals onder different sy&tems run to a total length of ] ,834 kms. in the district. Of the total ]9,359' tube wells in the district, only 257 are government tube wells. The tube wells make the second largest source of irrigation. in the total net area irrjgated of 230 thousand hectares.
The total consumption of electriCity in the district amounts to 242 million kwh. that gives,per capita average; of 71 kwh., lower than the state average of 88 kwh. Irrigation-cum drainage claims maJor: chunk.(,54%) of tne totul consumption of electricity, follo\ved by civic water used,cum·sanltation, services e20%). The third largest user SectOrs are industries and commerciaUighting, share ab.out 12% of the total. The other heads of consumption inclUded' raisways and :dome:itic consumption. Thermal power is generated in Panki Power StatIOn that meets, not only the needs of the district but also a large part of the area of the state. High tension lines run to a, to,lal length of 1,630 kms. and low1tension lihes tb a length of 1,5),1 kms. il) the district. ,2. Agrieul~re and, Allied Sector5' ; The agaiculture se~tor in the "district does liot show the over bearing prominence, it enjoyS' in other districts of tne state: Kanpur city that is aptly described as industrial capital of the' .state has brought about tremendous expansion- of non agricultural activitit:s. The dominence of agriculture sector is only marginal over the noh·agri cultural sectors a~ the labour force: engage in cultivation either as cultivators or agticultural labour,ers make 50.29 per cent of the total labour force,oIthe district. This proportion is the fifth lowest after Agra (48.64%), Ghaziabad (45.29%), Lucknow (4'4.70%) and Dehradun (3588%). However, it is more to service sectorih Debra Hun and Lucknow that gives low propo! tion of labour force engaged: in, agriculture than to the industrial 'sector as it is in Agra, Ghaziabad and Kanpur. Yet the role of agr.icultur.e. cannot be, under-played as the economy of the rural side of the. district overwhelmingly agricultural. The following table presents land use statistiCS. Table 2 : pistribQtion of villages according to land use
No~ of Percentage of 'Percentage of inhahited. Total area cultiva:b* area irrigated, area to Name of tahsi I villages. (hectares) to total. total culti vabte .area , area 2 3 4 'S
1. Bilhaur 408, 100,945.72 77.77 53.13 2. 'Dccapur 324 103,593.5.9 85:09 45.16 3. Akbarpur 288 93,961.25 79.03 5'1)1 4. Kanpur ~6+ 78',629.64 85.42 48.50 5. :ahognipur 305 96,691.2'5' 85.91' 41'.42' 6. Ghatampur- 299' 109,!48'.54, &8.75 4'L13
Total 1,885 582,969.99 83.72 "16.3.0
It is observed from the above table that 83.72 per cent of the total geographical area is culliv.lblc. Of tbe total cultivable area 46.30 per cent is irrigated. The mOl'lt extensively culti vable tahsil is Ghatampur where as much as 88.7) per Cent. of its area is cultivable. Bhogn:ipur (85.97 p!!r<;nt), Kanl'ur (85.42. per ceQt) and J)erapur (86~09 per. 'cent), folIo\v next occupying almo~t equal proportion of cultiv~hle~area. Howe,Ycr:. the prcp'ortion ofcultiva'ble aretlrops to 77.77 percent-the least among tahsils, in Bilhaur., ;J:h.:: large,&t1vrpport,i9n, of. 53.13 .per'gent s' _ ..,4.... .' _...... ~ , -. of the culfivable 'area irrigated is ob~erved 'in Bilhaur tahsil while the smallest ,of 41.13 per cent in GhatampUl\ 6
There are three crop seasons namely klzarif, rabi, and zaid. Cultivated area in all the seasons gross up to a total of 469 thousand hectares of which 40.54 per cent account for kharif 58.38 per cent for rabi and 1.08 per cent for zaid. The cultivation of cereals claims two thirds of the gross cropped area while pulses account for 16.7 per cent, the overwhelming bulk of the area going to the raising of foodgrains. The cultivation of oil seeds and commercial crops occupy a low level in the agricultural economy of the district. Among the foodgrains crops, wheat takes the lead, alone covering nearly one third of the total cropped area and half of the area under rabi crops. Paddy following next in importance occupies one seventh of the gross cropped area. Other important .foodgrains grown in the district are jowar (10%), barley (8%), bajra (6.5%) and m::tize (8.6%). Cultivation of pulses shows even more dominence of a single crop. Gram is raised in 63 per cent of the area under pulses. Arhar (21.5%) and urad (6.8%) follow next. The pattern is more spectacular in the cultivation of oil seeds. Mustard which runs supreme, is being raised in 96.8 per cent of the, area under oil seeds ..
Tho agriculture shows the \,redominence of subsistence farmiog~ The package of scientific methods of cultivation has been ste~dily percolating to the farmers and the infrastructure deve loped by the government as irrigation fa,ciJities, power storage facilities and the dissemination of information through mass media have been changing the nature of cultivation towards being more productive and remunerative. However, poor operational capacity of the farmers and pressure on land have been obstructing optimum use of scientific methods. There are 268 thousand small, tillers and 185 thousand marginal farmers in the district who normally own a total land of 1.06 lakh hectares under their holdings and account for two thirds of the total holdings. The escape for them from vicious poverty lies in either resorting to advance methods of cultivation or moving to other sector of economy ~ith the rise of opportunity. There are 1,354 tractors in the district used for various agricultural operations. Yet the cultivation continues to be largely done with the traditional agricultur~l implements. There continues to be 151 thousand of traditional ploughs in operation against 95 thousand of meston plough. Considerable expansion has taken place in s,torage facilities. About 280 thousand ton nes of storage worth space is held by 38 ware houses and godowns °In the ,district. The irri gated area rose to 43 per cen~ of the cultivated area. The use of fertilizer has increased to 20 kgs. per hectare but this increased consumption per hectare of cultivated land is quite low. The agriculture is under transition on the move towards gearing up to meeting the increasing require ments of agricultural produce. The role of animal husba;ndry on the rural economy does not seem to be loosening in spite of increasing mechanisation in agriculture. It continues to provide bulk of the draught power for various stages of cultivation. The animal husbandry produce provides avocation to marginal farmers and also to agricultural labourers. As per live stock census 1978, there were 1.4 million heads of live stoclc in the district. Of these 28.78 per cent accounted for cattle, 27.06 p.!r c:nt for buffaloes and 38.32 per cent sheep and goats. The quality of live stock is poor. The government have been trying to improve the quality of live stock in the district through a net work of artificial insemination centres veterinary hospitals and dispensaries and live' stock service centres.
3. Mining, Quarrying and Industry : No important minerals are found in the district. Some of the minerals of local commer cial value found in tl;le ,district are kankar, maurang and brick earth. Kanpur comes on the top of the industrial map of Uttar Pradesh and occupies a place of im,)otance among the industrial cities of the country. The sky line with protruding chimnies, 7
smoke laden air, dust and grime and the clanking sound of the moving wheels make Kanpur an industrial capital of the state. It primarily grew up into a textile town. Tannery and .leather good industry followed next in strengthening the indu~trial structure of Kanpur, The nuclu,s thus created attracted a large variety of industries-large as well as small making the city boom with industrial activities. The city grew phenomenally during the first half of the present century. The Br:tish India Corporation group and JK group of industries were on the forefront in the industrial developmen! of tbe district. A good variety of industries are located in Kanpur. ahe chief among them are textile industries, tannery and leather goods industries, synthetic fjbre engineering, plastic goods, chemical and medicines, fertilizers, food and food products, edible oil, motor and automobile workshops. Some of the important factories in public sectors are British India Corporation Tannery and Foot Wear Corporation, Modern Bakery, Hindus"tan Aeronautics Limited. Artificial Limb Manufacturing Corporation, Indian Field Gun Fact9ry, Ganesh Flour Mills and Units of National Textile Corporation. Among the large scale indus tries under private sectors some of the impoI tant ones are Kanpur Textiles Limiied, II( Manu facturing Limited, JK Jute Mill, JK Cotton and Spinning Mills Limited, JK , lrpn and Steel Compa~y, Kanpur Jute Udyog etc. As per annual survey of industries 1978-79, there were 728 factories registered under Indian Factories Act 1948, out of which 595 were functioning. On the basis of returns submitted by 593 factories, a sum of Rs. 1,601 "million was found inves ted. These factories.provided employment to 75,621 persons including supervisory and mana gerial staff. As per -investment figure, the foremost industry was textile with an investment of Rs. 391.54 million followed by fertilizers (Rs. 332.36 million). Motor and Auto workshops (Rs. 152.31 million) and Tannery and foot wear (Rs. 106.64 million)- The units registered with the Director of Industries, U. P. number 3,684. The total industrial employment provided by various industries is of the order of 290 thousand persons in the district. Thc main industry in tbe rural area is handloom. There are 9,945 handlooms in the district that are run by 20 weavers co-operative societies. The total production under hand loom sector is to the tune of23 million metres of cloth. Pokhrayan and Rura are the main centres of handloom industry in the district.
AMENITIES:
The availability of amenities within easy reach reflects on the infrastructural develop ment of the area. The availability of some of the selected facilities have been discussed for urban ~nd rural areas separately as relevant to each of them. Certain· important aspects of urban areas such as population, growth, finances, import-export and manufacturing activities etc. have also been discussed.
RURAL AREAS:
The rural areas of the district consists of 2,043 villages out of which 1,885 are inhabited and the remaining uninhabited. The larges village in area in the district is Kashipur of Akbar pur tahsil with an area of 2,478.38 hectares. Occupying merely 3:24 hectares is Ajanpur Khurd village of Derapur tahsil the smallest village cf the district. On an average a regenue village-the smallest uflit in the hierarchy of administrative units occupies an area of285.35 hec tares in the district. Tables 3-7 bring, out the distribution of inhabited villages by availability of selected amenities.
The table given below presents distribution of villages according to availabilitx., • .of" different amenities. 8
Table~3-Distribution of Villages according to the availability of different amenities
Name of No. of No. (with percentage) of villages having SI.No. Tahsil Inhabited ~------villages Education Medical Drinking Water 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Bilhaur 408 236(57.84) 33(8.09) 408(100.00) 2 Derapur 324 224(69.14) 40(12.35) 324(100.00) 3 Akbarpur 288 186(64.58) 22(7.64) 288(100.00) _4 Kanpur 261 164(62.84) 24(9.20) 261(100.00) 5 Bhognipur 305 212(69.51) 38(12.46) 305( 100.00) (') Ghatampur 299 216(72.24) 24(8.03) 299( 100.00)
Total ],885 1,238(65.68) 181(9.60) 1,885(100.00)
One or more of the following amenities --~------:------, Post & telegraph Market/Hat Communication Approach by Pucca Road Power Supply 7 8 9 10 II
47( 11.52) 36(8.82) 22(5.39) 176(43.14) 71(17.40) 5105.74) 34(10.49) 25(7.72) 6'8(20.99) 510 5.74) 52(18.06) 26(9.03) 34(11.81) 100{34.72) 70(24.31) 46(17.62) 39(14.94) 54(20.69) 116(44.44) 87(33.33) 33(10.82) 15(4.92) 29(9.51 ) 70(22.95) 6'5(21.31 ) 45(1505) ] 8(6.02) 26(8.70) 105(35.12) 90(30'10)
274(14.54) ] 68(8.91) 190(10.08) 635(33.69) 434(23.02)
It can be seen from the above table that merely two thirds of the inhabited villages have \ one or more educational institutions in the district. The spread of educational facilities has reached most the rural side of Ghatampur tahsil. The villages of this tahSil having one or more educational institutions are account for 72,24 per cent of the tot;:.1 numbn of its villages. The spread of educational facilities has been least extensive in Bilhaur tahsil, the villages of which endowed by educational institutions make 57.84 per cent. Medical facilities as reflected by availability of medical institutions or registered medical or community health worker are available in nearly one tenth of the villages of the district. Bhognipur and Derapur tahsils are most advantageously placed in this respect with a little over 12 per cent uf its villages having medical facilities. The coverage in the ~emaining four tahsils is less thar'i 10 per cent, the least being 7.64 per cent in Akbarpur tahsil. Postal facilities are available in 14.54 per cent of the villages of the district. The highest coverage of 18.06 per cent is observed in Akbarpur tahsil. Kanpur tahsil is nearly equally served by thes~ facilities. In none of the remaining tahsils, the villages having postal facilities account for les~ than 10 per cent. The least coverage of villages rif 10.82 per 4eiit is observed in Bhognipur tahsil. The villages in which markets are held ac couat for -8.91 per cent of the villages of the disfrict. The proportion of villages having market- 9
ing facililies vary greatly from one tahsil to another. Kanpur tahsil shows the most extensive coverage with 1494 per cent of it~ villages having market f~cilities again,t the least coverage of 4.92 per cent obselved in Ahognipur. Communication facilities as reflected by location of com munication head i.e. a railway station or a bus stop are av-ailable in one tenth of the villagf's of the dis:rict. The villages of Kanpur tahsil are most advantageously placed in this respt"ct as one ill every set of five vfllages possesses on an average, either a railway station or a, bl,lS SLOp or both. The proportion of villdges having communication head is less than ten per cent in four tahsils of the remaining five. The ,least proportion of 5.39 per cent is observed in Bilhaur. One third of the villages of the district are approachable by metailed road. Kanpur tuhsil takes the lead in eXlensive coverage of its rural side by metalled roads with 44.44 p_er cent of its villages connected by metalled roads. Bilhaur tahsil trails behind only marginally. Derapur tahsil pre;. 'sents tne poorest coverage with a little over one fifth of it; villages connect_ed by metalled roads. The villages electrified are account for 23.02 per cent oJ the villages of tbe district. The pace of electrification in the rur.al side of the district seems to have been :v~ry slow and Kan pur-the one that takes the lead in rural electrification has only, one third of its. villages electri fied. Derapur tahsil occupie, the rear seat with, nearly 15.74 per cent of it,s vill~ges havin.g power supply.
The table given below gives proportion of population that inhabits villages 'having amenities.•
Table 4: Proportion of rural population served by different amenities Total Proportion of rural population served by the different amenities S1. Name popu- ..-:-______~--A------. No. of lalion ()f Educa- Medi- Drink- Post & Marketl Comwu- Appro- Power tahsil inhabit{"d tion cal iug ·tele- Hat nication ach by supply villages water graph Pucca Road
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 I
Bilhaur 359,412 78;03 17.04 100.00 26.47 18.60 12.84 46.62 26.23 2 Derapur 358,544- 85.60 23.53 IOO.{)O 32.14 24.38 16.55 28.75 26.11 3 Akbarpur 318,651 83.89 13.85 100.00 38.49 18.24 15.69 40.31 28.94 4 Kanpur 306,368 87.94 21.31 100.00 40.34 33.94 32.95 53.32 51.67 5 Bhognipur 303.317 85.65 24.67 100.00 24.82 .10.49 14.67 30.06 25.18 6 Ghatampur 362,439 89.05 19.78 100.00 3S 69 15.78 19.52 48.73 35.41
Total 2,1)08,73 I 84.96 1-9.99 10000 32.92 20.18 18.45 41.33 32.02
It can be observed from the above table that the proportion of population served is higher than the prop,wtion of villages having amenities in all tahsils-showing thereby that the villages with bigger size of population tends to have more amenities. The persons living in villages having one or more educational institutions account for 84.96 per cent of the rural popUlation of the district. More than 85 per cent of the rural population is found living in villages having t medical facilities., The proportion of population that can enjoy these f.lcilities drops in other tahsils, the least be;ng 13 85 per Ct nt in Akbarpur tahsil. About one thi. d of the rural popula tion of the district can have postal facilities within their villages. The population inhabiting villages with postal facilities make more than 32 per cent of the rural population in four tahsils. the highest being 40.34 per cent in Kanpur tah~iJ. In the remaining two tahsils, the proportion cfpopulation served does not show much variation, the least being 24.82 per cent in Bh0gnipuf tahsil. The villages in which markets are hG}d are inhabited by over one fifth of the rural population of the district. The proportion of population set ved by these facilities varies grea tly from one tahsil to another. Over one third of the countrymen are found living in villages with market facilities in Kanpur tahsil while those of Bhognipur tahsil living in su~h villages make a proportion of 10.49 per c~ent. Nearly one fifty of the rurdl population live; in villages that have either a railway station or a bus stop or both. About one third of the rural p,'pula ti,'n of Kanpur tahsil is found living in such villages showing thereby the largest coverage of rural population. The proportion of population served by communication facilities is lees than 20 per cent in the remaining five ,ahsils, the least being 12.54 per cent in Bilhaur. The villages that are approachable by metalled road are inhabited by 41.33 per cent of the· rural population of the district. More than half (53.32%) of the rural population lives in villages that ar.: cunnected by metalled road in Kanpur tahsil shows the largest proportion. The proportion of population living in such villages is more than 40 per cent in three tahsilS out of the remaining five and.. the least proportion of 28.75 per cent is observed in Derapur tahsil. Electrification has hold within its 'one third of the rural population of the district. The villagers of Kanpur tahsil are most extensively covered by electrification as more than thalf of its population inhabit electrified villages. Ghatampur tahsil follows next with a proportion of 35.41 per cent. In the remaining four tahsils, the population inhabiting electrified villages make a proportion of Jess than 29 per cent, the least being 25.18 per cent in Bhognipur tahsil.
The following table presents distribution of villages not having amenities by distance ranges of their availability.
Table 5: Distribution of villages not having certain amenities, arranged by distance ranges from the places where these are available Number of villages where the amenity is not available and avai!able Villages not having at the distance of . the amenity of r------A------. -5 kms 5-10 kms. 10+ kms. Total (cols. 2-4)
2 3 4 5
I. Education 630 12 5 647 2. Medical 1,172 435 97 1,704 3. Post and Telegraph 1,390 167 54 1',611 4. Market/hat 1,408 280 29 1,717 5. Communication 1,240 364 91 1,695
There ,are 647 villages that do not have any educational institution. Of these 630 are placed within 5 kms. of distance, 12 within 5-10 kms. of distance and five at the distance of IO kms. and above from the places of the location of educational institutions. Of 1,704 villa ges not having any medical facilities, as many as 1,172 villages are situated within 5 kms. of distance 435 villages within 5-10 kms. of distance and 97 at the distance of 10 kms. and 11
beyond from the places of their availability. The postal facilities are not available in 1,611 vilJages. The inhabitants of as many as 1,390 villages can have th~se fa~jli_tif_s within 5 kms. of distance, 167 within 5-10 kms. of distance and those of 54 villages from the distance of 10 kms. and beyond. Markets are not held in 1,717 villages. The facilities of these markets can be had in 1,408 villages within the distance of 5 kms., in 280 villages within the distance of '5-10 kms. and in 29 villages from the distance of 10 kms. and beyond. Of 1,695 villages not having either a railway station or a bus stop, the inhabitants of 1,240 villages can avail them selves of either of these facilities within the distance of 5 kms., those of 364 villages within the distance af 5-10 kms and those of 91 villages from the distance of 10 kms. and beyond
The following table presents distribution of villages by distance ranges from the nearest town and by availability of amenities.
Table 6: Distribution of villages according to the distance from the nearest town and' ,., .... availability of diJferent amenities ~i'it 'f
.. ~ .. Number (With percentage) of villages having the amenity of Distance Number r------~------range of in- Educa- Medi- Drink- Post Market/ Communica- Approach Power form the habited tion cal ing and hat tion by pucca supply nearest villages water tele- road town in each graph (in kms.) range,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1~5 339 188 18 339 19 11 35 131 84 (55.46) (5.31 ) (100.00) (5.60) (3.24) (10.32) (38.64) (24.78)
6-15 910 619 107 910 154 85 81 260 204 (68.02) (11.76) (100.00) ( 16.92) (9.34) (8.90) (28.57) '';''{22.42)
16-50' 628 423 56 628 100 71 74 239 145 (67.36) (8.92) (100,00) (15.92) (11.31) (11.78) ('38.06) (23.09)
51+ 8 8 8 1 1 5 1 (l00.00) (100.00) (12.50) (12.50) (62.50) (12.50)
Total 1.8~5 1,238 181 1,885 274 168 190 635 434 (65.68) (9.60) (100.00) (14.54) (8.91 ) (10.08) (33.69) (23.02)
Thelargestnumberof910 viIlagesare situated in the distance range of6-15kms. from the nearest town. There are, howevar, 628 villages that are located at the distance of 16 kms. and above but less than 50 kms. The villages that can be said to be remotely placed fropl the nearest town are eight in number. The extent proportion of the villages covered by different amenities does not show any relationship with the distance from the nearest town.
The following table presents distribution of viJIages by limenities and by population • J ._ ranges 12
Table 7 : Distribufion of villages according to popuiation ranges and amenities available
Number (with percentage) of villages havjng the amenity of Numbc:r· of r------:---.-----"- . -----. POPJlatio'n in'Ja:bited Ed'lC3- Melical Drinking Post'&: Marketl Communica- Approach power range .villages in tion water telegraph Hat tion by supply ea.ch range' Pucca Road
1 2 3 4 I~ 6 7 8 10
1-499 . 537 127 14 537 '1 10 28 149 74 (23.65) (2.61) (100.00) (1.30) (1.86) (5.21) (27.75) (13.78)
500_1,9991,117 883 90 1.117 123 70 90 374 262 (79.05) (8.06) (100.00) (11.01) (6.27) (S.06) (33.48) (23.46)
2.QOO-4i999 114 2tl. 67 2\4 129 76 62 101 83 (98,60) (31.31) (100.00) (60.28) (3S.SI) (28.97) (47.20) (38.79)
]7 17 \ 10 17 J! J:! 10 ·tl IS (IOO.OO) (58.82) (100.00) (88.~4,. ,(70.'9) (58.82) (64.71) (88.24)
Total 1,885 1,238 18J 1,885 274 168 190 635 34 (65.68) (9.60) (100.00) (.14.54) (8.91) (10.08) (33.69) (23.02)
It can be seen from the above table that majority of the villages (1,117) have a popula. tion size of 500 or more but les'> than 2,000. Those which have a lesser popuhtion number 537. These villages altogether make 87.75 per cent of the total number of the inhabited villages of the district. The study of the villages having amenities by population ra9ges shows clearly that higher is the size of population of villages. greater is the coverage by the amenities. The table given below presents combination of foodgrains that form staple food in each of the tahsil in the ,district.
Table 8 : Main staple food in majority of the villages in each tahsil
Name of tahsil Main staple fLod ). 2
1. Bilhaur wheat and rice 2. Derapur wbeat and rice 3. Akbarpur wheat and rice 4. Kanpur whea:t and rice 5. Bhognipllr wheat and hajra 6. Ghatampur wheat and rice
Wheat and ri'ce are consumed as staple food in majority of the villages in five of the 'Six tahsils of "the district while wheat and bajra constitute staple food in one tahsil namely Hnogn'ip Ur.
URBAN AREAS 1'be u,ib-an areas of the district consist of 17 towns out of which One eac'b 1S administered by Municipal Corporation and Cantonment Board, two by MUIlicip111 Boards, nine by 'l'til\n 13
Area Committees and four are the places which have 'been declared -towns for the purpose of population census.
The following table presents growth, density ap.d sex ratio of urban population of the district in contrast to those at the state level.
Table 9 : Growth, density and sex-ratio of urban population in the district in relation to the state:
District State r- --"-- -""'" Census Total Urban Percentage Decadal Density Sex Total Urb,an Pe~entage Decadal Density Sex year popu- popu- of urban percen- (popula- ratio popula popula of urban percen- (popula- ratio lation lation popula- tage tion per (No. tion tion popula- tage tJOn per (No. tion variation sq. of tion variation sq. of in urban kms,) (ema. in urban kms_) fem- po pub- les per popula- ales tion 1,000 tion per males) 1,000 males)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1951 1,939,921 719,385 37.08 +44.58 6,451 :701 63,219,655 8,625,699 13.64 +22.93 2,295 820
1961 2,381,497 976,291 40.99 +35.71 3,284 739 73,754,554 9.479,895 12.85 + 9.90 3,~23 812
1971 2,996,2321,28:>,331 42.80 +.31.'35 4,262 762 88,341,144 12,388,596 14.02 +30.68 4,355 821
1981 3,742,2231,733,492 46.32 +35.18 5.298 806 110,862,013 19,899,.115 17:95 +60.62 4,363 846
As per 1981 Census, there are 1,7.;3J,492 milJion persons who .have returned themselves from the urban area~ of the district accounting for 46.32 per cent of the total population of the district. The degree of urbanization as indicated by {his proportion is spectacl!-lar placing it m xt to Lucknow among the districts of the state. The pace of expansion of urban population ha~ been spectacular and steady from (lne 'decade to another, increasing by 3-4 points _per cent each decade except in ]96 J-71 when it rose, by 1.81 'points per cent. This phenomenon is solely attributThe following table enlists towns th~t have sp,rung up n:ewly:d~ring th~ .last deca.de,~nd those either sprung up newly or decIas&ified. 14
Table 10 New towns added/declassified in 1981 Census Name of town .Population 1981 Census 2
(a) Added: ti) Akbarpur 10,560 (ii) Amraudha 6,013 (iii) Bilhaur 11,380 (iv) Bithoor 5,318 (v) Ghatampur 16,240 (vi) Jhinjbak 9,747 (vii) RUTa. 8,055 (viii) Shivrajpur 5,611 (ix) Shiwali 5,225 (x) Sikandr~ 5,908 (b) Declassified : Nil Nil
It can be observed from the above table that as many as 10 towns have been added newly over the last decade that make a total population of 84,057 persons accounting for 4,85 per cent of the total urban population and 18.63 per cent of the increase in urban population in 1981 over 1971. The table given below presents town-wise per capita receipt and expenditure by broad heads. 1· Table II : Per capita receipt and expenditure in towns Per capita r-- Receipt Expenditure_.._ r-- r-- ~ Class, name & Total Receipt Receipt Total General Expendi- Public Expendi- Other civic status of receipt through from all Expen- adminis- ture on works ture on aspects the town taxes other diture tration public public ins- sources health & titutions conveni- ences
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
IV Akbarpur (T~C.) 16.56 4.30 12.26 15.42 6.49 5.43 3.50 V Amraudha (T.C.) 6.17 6.17 3.06 0.55 0.93 1.58 III Armapur Estate N.A. (C.T.) IV Bilhaur \M.B.) 49.57 45.15 4.42 30.23 835 5.45 10.81 5.62 V Bithoor (T.C.) 30.29 11.28 19.01 25.29 6.56 8.93 . 3.99 5.81 V Chakeri (C. T.) N.A. IV Ghatampur (M.B.) 29.92 1.75 28.17 10.37 0.67 3.82 5.88 V- I.I.T. Kanpur (C;::.T.) N.A. V Jhinjhak (T.C.) 7.80 5.05 2.75 11.30 1.87 0.11 ·4.99 4.33 I Kanpur (M.C~rp.) 63.71 45.15 23.56 60.40 5.14 36.73 3.32 3.63 11.58 II Kanpur Cantt. 53.16 42.29 10.87 51.38 1.47 24.69 7.12 3.12 14.98 (C.B.) 15
III Northern Rly. N.A. Colony (C.T.) IV Pukhrayan (T.e.) 66.09 15.01 51.08 47.40 8.79 15.16 1.74 21.71 V Rura (f.e.) 9.52 0.86 8.66 7.04 1.05 3.64 1.42 0.43 V Shivrajpur (T.e.) 3.33 3.33 3.29 0.55 0.36 2.01 0.37 V Shivali (T.e.) 8.52 1.11 7.41 6.60 2.07 0.27 3.46 0.80 V Sikandra (T.e.) 1.57 1.57 ].00 P.27 0.36 0.37
Total 65.39 . 42.96 22.43 57.43 4.86 34.26 3.49 3.40 11.42
Financial statements have not been received from four towns namely Armapur Estate, . Chakeri, lIT Kanpur and Northern Railway Colony and hence they have not been included in the analysis. The hi~hest per capita receipt of Rs. 68. 71 per~annurri has been observed in Kanpur Municipal Corporation followed by Pukhrayan (Rs. 6~?1 Kanpur Cantt. (Rs. 53.16) and Bilhaur (Rs. 49.57). The lowest per capita receipt of Rs. J.57 is observed in Sikandra preceded by Shivrajpur (Rs.3.33), Amraudha (Rs.6.17) and Jbinjhak (Rs.7;80). ~eceip~;~:"2:.~h taxes exceeds... receipt from all other sources in ·four towns while vice versa follows·in·,·tite ;_~ '!'.' ...... Q. ... remaining nimhowns~' In keeping with per capita receipt, 'he. highest expenditure of- Rs. 60.40 is observed in Kanpu~' Municip~1 Corporatiori followed by Kanpur Cantt. (Rs. 51.38) Pukhra yan (Rs. 47.40), Bilhaur (Rs. 30.23), and Bithoor (Rs. 25.29). The lowest per capita expendi ture of Rs. 1.00 is seen in Sikandra preceded by Amraudha (Rs. 3.06), Shivrajpur (Rs. 3.29) and Shiwali (Rs. 6.60). General administration claim lion share of expenditure in one town, public health and conveniences public works and other aspects in four towns each.
The < following table presents town-wise ratio of-schools per 10,000 of population. Table 12 : Schools per ten thousand population in towns
r ______Number of schools..A.. per ______ten thousand of population -" Class, name and ci vic status of Higher secondary/ Secondary! Junior Primary town Inter/PUC/Junior Matriculation secondary/' college Middle 2 3 4 . 5 IV Akbarpur T. C. 1.89 1.89 L89 3.79 V Amraudha T. C. 1.66 1.66 3.33 HI Armapur Estate C. T. 0.84 1.26 1.26 0.84 IV Bilhaur M. B. 0.88 1.76 2.64 V Bithoor T. C. 1.88 3.76 5.64 V Chakeri C. T. oN.A. IV Ghatampur M. B. 1.23 1.23 1:23 1.23 V lIT Kanpur C. T. 2.66 3.99 V Jhinjhalc T. C. 2.05 2.05 3.08 4.10 I Kanpur M. Corp. 0.37 0.22 0.20 2.89 II Kanpur Cantt. C. B. 0.44 0.11 0.55 0.22 If[ Northern Railway 2.87 Colony C. T. IV Pukhrayan T. C. 1.93 0.96 0.96 0.96 V Rura T. C. 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 V Shivrajpur T. C. .1.78 7.13 5.35 V Shiwali T. C. 1.91 1.91 3.83 5.74 . V Sikandra T. C. 1.69. 1.69 - 3.39 5.08 Total .0.44 0.30 0.35 2.73 16
A rat.o of 2.73 primary schools obtams in the_urban areas of the district for every 10,000 of their population. The highest ratio of 5.14 primary s::hools is observed in Shiwali against of lowesl ratio of 0.22 in Kanpur Cantt. The ratio of junior ~ec, ndary schools works out to 0.35 pedO,OOO of urban population in the district. The ratio ranges between the maximum ()f 7.13 junior se.condary schools in Shivrajpur and the minimum of 0.20 in Kanpnr Municipal Corporation. A ratio of 0.30 school of matriculation standard is obserwd serving every 1'0,000 population in the urban areas of the district. The highest ratio of 2.48 rna' rjcula~ion schools is observed in Rura against the. lowest ratio of 0.11 in Kanpur Cantt. A ratio of 0.44 inter colleges obtains in the urban areas of the district, ranging b'!tween the maximum of 2.66 inter mediate colleges in llT Kanput and the minimum of 0.37 in Kanpur Municipal Corporation. There are' no junior secondary and matriculatiop schools and intermediate colleges in Nonhern Railway Colony. The inl>f.tait;nts of this colony srems to avail themselves of these facilities from the educational in~~Ds situated in the urban agglomeration of Kanpur city. Kanpur Cantt. that shows the lowest ratio of schools in each category except in intermediate colleges ran be' attributed to tlie fact' that these facilities are available in "the urban agglomeration of Kanpur eity can be availed by the inhabitants, of Ksnpur C~ntonment Board.
The table .given below presents town-wise ratio of beds in various types of medical insti tutions per thousand of urban populatiop.
Table 13: Number of beds in medical institutions in towns
Class, name and civic No. of beds in medical imtitution status of town per ItOOO of populatIOn
2
IV Akbarpur T.C. 0.38 V Amraudha T.e. 0.67 III Arrnapur Estate C. T. IV Bilhaur M .B. 0.88 V Bithoor T.e. 0.75 V Chakeri C.T. N.A. IV Ghatampur M.B. 0 .. 62 V lIT Kanpur C:'"f. 0.53 V Jhinjhak T.C. 0.41 I Kanpur M. Corp. 3.46 II Kanpur Cantt. C.B. 4.53 III Northern Railway Colony C.T. 1.17 IV Pukhrayan T.C. 0.58 V Rura T.C. 0.74 V Shivrajpur T.C. 0.89 V Shiwali T.C. V Sikandra 't,
Total 3.27 17
There are 3:27 beds in medica'i institutions of al1 disciplines per thousan(1 of urban I. ' popblatidtl in the district~ The highest ratio 0[4.53 'beas is observed in l(an,pur C~ntt. followed by Karipul" Municipal Corporation 0.64 beds) and Northern Railway Colony (l.i7 beds). The ralio. in other towns' is less tbah one.
The following table presents ,prQpqrti9,n of;· population .in recognis~d or notified slums of class I and Class. II towns.
Table 14 : Proportion of slum population in towns Class, name and Proportion of slum Density in slums civic status of population to total (per sq. km.) the to"n population of the town 1 2 3 I Kanpur M. Corp. 4.83 92,854* II Kanpur Cantt. N.A. N,A.
*Includes the population of those slums for which area has not been reported. The density has been calculated by ~xcluding the population of those slums. There are .one class I town by name Kanpur and one class II town by name Kanpur Cantt. in the district. The slum population in Kanpur accounts for 4.83 per cent. It shows a very high density of population of 92,854 thousand persons per sq. km. of area. The following table presents most important commodities manufactured in, imported into and exported from each town of the district. Table 15: Most important commodities manufactured, imported and exported in towns
Class, name ~nd civic Most important commodities status of towns ~------~------~ Manufactured Exported Imported
2 3 4
IV Akbarpur T.e. leatheI goods leather goods leather V Amraudha T.C. gur gur iron III Armapur Estate C.T. foodgrains IV Bilhaur M.B. shoes potatoes leather V Bithoor T.C. thresher thresher iron V Chakeri C.T. -N.A.- IV Ghatampur M.B. medicine tractor trolly iron V lIT Kanpur C.T. foodgrains V Jhinjhak T.C. rice rice foodgrains I Kanpur M. Corp. leather goods woollen garments yarn II Kanpur Cantt. C.B. handloom cloth mustard oil wheat III Northern Railway hand loom -cloth flour wheat Colony IV Pukhrayan T.C. aluminium utensils alu~inium utensils wheat V Rura T.C. rice foodgrains Iron V Shivrajpur T.e. rice potatoes wood V Shiwali T.C. gur paddy cloth V Sikandra T.C. carpets· raw leather fertilizer 18
The important commodities manufactured in the towns of the district arc leather goods, band loom cloth, medicines, shoes, thresher. aluminium utensils, carpets, guT and rice. The chief commodities exported from each town of the ,district are leather goods, woollen garments, aluminium untensils, raw leather, potatoes, tractor trolly, mustard oil, flour, thresher, gur and foodgrains. The important commodities which are imported into the towns of the district are .leather, iron, food grains, yarn, wood, cloth and fertilizer. ~~ §ectiolID. •
~ o I
)
\ '(
"
o
I
z-..l..-----
0,
c -~T,{ ~t-.: 1 - Bilhaur Tahsil 24
II"') tit ~~ ~:q)
f.r~Qn: ~\1"
.m;1ir;:r ~ ~ 'f;ff qo I I ~n:r 2 3 2 3 .2 3
3Tif.r~cr: ij=lT 89 36 3lhlT~l: lT~ffi 206 71 'li2:~r ~Jf~l: ~t 380 2 ar~T6 ari'J'{ 82 41 'fic:~r are'!"T 367 76 q;;:;'iifcr')~<: 240 7 3i f+rfuQr 401 42 !fiG~T 3i~i1TQ~~ mtrrT 268 77 !fi~\ '+I11 o!~~T~~ \3"i !fi~c(T lf~ 162 46 ifc:l:T ITGi'I~\: 8l"QT\: 87 81 'liVrm'{ 212 12 ar
