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Impact of Urban Activity on Ganges Water Quality and Ecology: Case Study Kanpur

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Impact of Urban Activity on Ganges Water Quality and Ecology: Case Study Kanpur INTERUNIVERSITY PROGRAMME ADVANCED MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ‘TECHNOLOGY FOR INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT’ Impact of urban activity on Ganges water quality and ecology: case study Kanpur Matthias Troch Stamnummer: 01205240 Promotor: Prof. dr. Ludo Diels Promotor: Prof. dr. Colin Janssen Master's dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in ‘Technology for Integrated Water Management’ Academic Year: 2017 - 2018 Acknowledgements Before reading my master dissertation, I would like to seize the opportunity to thank some people who helped and supported me during this study. First of all, I would like to thank my promotor, Prof. Dr. Ludo Diels. You gave me the opportunity to study the astonishing Ganges river. I greatly appreciate your support and readiness to answer my questions. I am very thankful for all your advice and the constructive discussions we had. For this, I am very grateful for having you as a promotor. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Vinod Tare, head of the Civil Engineering Department of IIT Kanpur. I greatly appreciate your hospitality and support during the preparation of the Ganges survey. I would like to express my gratitude to Steven Joosen. I am grateful for your help during the preparation of the Ganges survey and for providing the necessary lab equipment. I would like to thank the entire staff of the Civil Engineering Department of IIT Kanpur, especially Arvind Ashish and Rakesh Mishra. Without them, the practical realisation of the Ganges survey would be impossible. They put a lot of effort and time in helping me organising the presented field study. In addition, they welcomed Camille and me with great hospitality and were always ready to help us. I am especially grateful for their enthusiasm and interest in my MSc research. Finally, I would like to thank my research colleague Camille Heylen for joining me on this great Indian adventure. I am grateful for your practical help, support and advice. We were able to motivate each other during our MSc research and helped each other in finalizing our MSc thesis. The presented Ganges survey was realized within the framework of the VITO (prof. Diels) and IIT Kanpur (prof. Tare) collaboration which resulted from the BICC&I initiative (bic- belgium.com) and the Indian National Mission for Clean Ganga (nmcg.nic.in). Thank you and enjoy reading! Matthias 2 Abstract The Ganges provides ecosystem services which are of vital importance for the inhabitants of the Ganges river basin. However, the water quality of the Ganges river deteriorates downstream. Indian cities, e.g., Kanpur and Varanasi, are local hotspots of pollution and poor water quality. Downstream of these cities the river’s water quality improves, but never restores to its original state. Haentjens (2017) analyzed the physico-chemical water quality of the entire Ganges and identified the city of Kanpur as the major pollution source. This MSc dissertation is a follow up of Haentjens' (2017) study in order to stimulate future discussions and actions on improving the water quality and ecology of the Ganges river. The first objective of this MSc study is to assess the impact of Kanpur’s urban activity on Ganges water quality and to identify and quantify Kanpur’s major pollution sources into the Ganges. The second objective included the search for an existing biotic index which can analyze Ganges ecological status. The results of this study revealed alarmingly high levels of nutrient- and organic pollution in the Ganges along Kanpur. Along Kanpur, the physico-chemical water quality of the Ganges reaches the most deteriorated OECD water quality class. The Sisamau nala, Jajmau industrial tannery zone and the Jajmau wastewater treatment plant effluent are the major pollution sources of Kanpur into the Ganges. Besides these major wastewater drains, a significant amount of smaller drains are diffusively discharging untreated domestic- and tannery wastewater into the Ganges. No biotic index which can evaluate Ganges ecological status was found. As such, this MSc study provides a summarized guideline to construct a Ganges biotic index. Due to the high urgency to evaluate Ganges ecology, it might be useful to first develop a simple, i.e., non-type specific and qualitative, Ganges biotic index by modifying an existing and generally accepted biotic index. Over time, a more complex and representative Ganges biotic index can be developed based on newly obtained data and experience. The results of this MSc study highlight the severely eroded state of the Ganges along Kanpur, however, they also emphasizes the potential of a clean Ganges river if sufficient treatment measures would be realized. 3 Table of content Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 2 Abstract................................................................................................................................ 3 Table of content ................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 6 2. Regional setting ........................................................................................................... 7 Ganges river ...................................................................................................................... 7 Kanpur city ........................................................................................................................10 Existing studies on Ganges river water quality ..................................................................11 Long term monitoring data ................................................................................................13 Major drains of Kanpur ......................................................................................................17 Drains from Bithoor .......................................................................................................20 Wastewater treatment plants of Kanpur ............................................................................21 3. Water quality standards ..............................................................................................23 4. Ganges river ecology and potential biotic index ......................................................24 Ganga River Basin Environment Management Plan: ‘Ecology and Biodiversity report’ .....24 Constructing a biotic index: examples ...............................................................................27 Nile Biotic Pollution Index (NBPI; Fishar & Williams (2008)) ..........................................27 Bangladesh Lake Biotic Index (BLBI; Chowdhury et al. (2016)) .....................................27 Belgian Biotic Index (BBI; De Pauw & Vanhooren (1983)) .............................................28 Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF; Gabriels et al. (2010)) ................30 TM 5. Andicos technology .................................................................................................31 6. Material and Methods ..................................................................................................33 Probe methods .................................................................................................................33 Spectrophotometer ...........................................................................................................33 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) .....................................................................................34 Biological oxygen demand (BOD) .....................................................................................34 1. Standard BOD5 APHA method ...............................................................................34 2. Oxitop method ........................................................................................................34 Sampling campaigns .........................................................................................................35 1. Ganges river transect n°1, February 14th ................................................................35 2. Ganges river transect n°2, February 17th ................................................................36 3. Sisamau drain, February 21st .................................................................................36 4. Wastewater treatment plant, February 22nd ............................................................37 5. Ganges river upstream transect, February 26th ......................................................37 6. Ganges river transect n°3, February 28th ................................................................38 4 7. Results .........................................................................................................................39 Transect n°1 .....................................................................................................................39 Transect n°2 .....................................................................................................................43 Upstream transect ............................................................................................................47 Transect n°3 .....................................................................................................................50 8. Discussion ...................................................................................................................54
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