Final Report

Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-I of Kanpur City, Uttar Pradesh

Prepared for NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA) (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India) Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

© The Energy and Resources Institute 2014

Suggested format for citation

T E R I. 2013 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-I of Kanpur City, Uttar Pradesh New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. [Project Report No. 2010WM13]

For more information Sonia Grover Research Associate – Water Resources Division T E R I Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111 Darbari Seth Block E-mail [email protected] IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145 New Delhi – 110 003 Web www.teriin.org India India +91 • Delhi (0)11

ii Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2 Introduction ...... 2 Project Description ...... 2 Status of sewage generation in District I Kanpur ...... 2 Approach and Methodology ...... 3 Environmental and Social Baseline status ...... 3 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts ...... 4 Environmental Management Plan ...... 5 Social Management Plan ...... 6 Implementation of EMP ...... 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 8 1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives ...... 8 1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project ...... 8 1.2.1 World Bank Assistance ...... 9 1.3 Project Components ...... 9 1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development ...... 9 1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments ...... 11 1.4 Structure of the Report ...... 12 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 13 2.1 About the City ...... 13 2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Kanpur City ...... 14 2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase ...... 15 2.2.2 On-going works under JNNURM...... 16 2.2.3 City Sewerage Plan ...... 17 2.3 Necessity of this project ...... 18 2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project ...... 19 2.5 Proposed Sewerage System ...... 20 2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work ...... 22 2.5.2 Implementation Schedule ...... 23 2.5.3 Financing ...... 23 CHAPTER 3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 25 3.1 Methodology...... 25 3.2 Project Screening ...... 27 3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity ...... 40 CHAPTER 4 REGULATIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 41 4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental...... 41 4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India ...... 41 4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations ...... 41 4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social ...... 44 4.2.1 National Policies and Acts ...... 44 4.2.2 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLAR&R) Act- 2013 ...... 44 4.2.3 Forest Rights Act 2006 ...... 45 4.2.4 Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA ...... 45 4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP ...... 52 4.4 Conclusion ...... 53 CHAPTER 5 BASELINE STATUS ...... 55 5.1 Baseline Environmental Status ...... 55 5.1.1 Physiography and Topography ...... 55 5.1.2 Climate ...... 55 5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features ...... 56 5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality ...... 57 5.1.5 Noise Environment ...... 59

iii Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

5.1.6 Water Environment ...... 60 5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage ...... 65 5.1.8 Waste Water Management ...... 66 5.1.9 Solid Waste Management ...... 69 5.1.10 Biological Environment ...... 70 5.2 Baseline Social Status ...... 73 5.2.1 Details of Social Surveys ...... 78 5.2.2 Access to Basic Services ...... 78 5.2.3 Status of Poverty in Kanpur ...... 78 CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 84 6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 84 6.1.1 Design and Development Phase ...... 84 6.1.2 Impacts during construction ...... 84 6.1.3 Impacts during operation ...... 86 6.2 Potential Social Impacts ...... 87 6.2.1 Social Impacts ...... 87 6.3 Conclusion ...... 91 CHAPTER 7 MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 93 7.1 Environmental Management plan ...... 93 7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN ...... 93 7.1.2 Implementation of EMP ...... 93 7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 105 7.3 EMP Budget ...... 105 7.4 Social Management Plan ...... 117 7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase ...... 117 7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase ...... 119 7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities ...... 119 7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan ...... 122 7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures ...... 123 7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes ...... 124 CHAPTER 8 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES AND ISSUES ...... 125 8. 1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project ...... 125 8.2 Social development issues in project vicinity and social services to be provided by the project ...... 126 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION ...... 128 ANNEXURE 1 QUESTIONNAIRE ...... 129 ANNEXURE 2 MINUTES OF MEETING WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 131 ANNEXURE 3 CENSUS DATA ...... 136

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List of Tables

Table 2.1 Descriptions of sewerage district (I to IV) in Kanpur city ...... 18 Table 2.2 District wise (I to IV) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Kanpur ...... 18 Table 2.3 Type and size of various types of manholes proposed to be used in the project ...... 22 Table 2.4 Abstract of Cost of Works Proposed ...... 24 Table 3.1 Findings from Environment and Social Screening ...... 28 Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations...... 41 Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4.3 Entitlement Matrix ...... 47 Table 5.1 Historic Temperature and Rainfall Data for Kanpur (A) Station ...... 56 Table 5.2 Geological succession ...... 56 Table 5.3 Summary of Noise Level Monitored at selected location in Kanpur city ...... 59 Table 5.4 Water consumption in sewerage district-I ...... 60 Table 5.5 Water quality at selected locations upstream and downstream of Kanpur ... 62 Table 5.6 Water quality analysis of few nallas passing through sewerage district-I of Kanpur city ...... 68 Table 5.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in mg/L Concentrations in Influent and Effluent Streams of Kanpur STPs ...... 69 Table 5.8 Solid waste generation in sewerage district-I, Kanpur city ...... 70 Table 5.9 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use ...... 74 Table 5.10 Ward wise details of the survey ...... 81 Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact category Investments ...... 95 Table 7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 107 Table 7.3 Cost information of EMP ...... 110 Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 116 Table 7.5 Social Management Plan ...... 120 Table 7.6 Role of stakeholders in implementation and mitigation ...... 124

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List of Figures

Figure 2.1 Location of Kanpur City ...... 13 Figure 2.2 City Sewerage plan for Kanpur, GPCU, UPJN, Kanpur ...... 17 Figure 2.3 Map of sewerage district-I of Kanpur city ...... 21 Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Environmental and Social Assessment ...... 25 Figure 5.1 Geology map of Kanpur ...... 57 Figure 5.2 Ambient RSPM concentrations at Jajamau, Kanpur during year 2006 to 2009 ...... 58 Figure 5.3 Month wise variation of SO2, NO2 and RSPM at Jajmau station in Kanpur . 59 Figure 5.4 Location of Kanpur Zoo Lake, adjacent to Azadnagar locality ...... 61 Figure 5.5 Total coliform profile of river Ganga during rainy season of year 2010 and 2011 ...... 63 Figure 5.6 Location of Nalas emerging from Kanpur and emptying into the River Ganga ...... 66 Figure 5.7 Map of trees in Kanpur sewerage District I ...... 71 Figure 5.8 Satellite image showing agricultural areas (green points) in Kanpur District-I (top) and zoomed in area at Nawabganj (left) and land between Westgate and Ghasiyari Mandi (right), within Kanpur sewerage district ‘I’ ...... 72 Figure 5.9 Map showing some of the nearest eco-sensitive areas around Kanpur city ...... 73 Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for Kanpur District-I ...... 83 Figure 6.1 GIS map showing the road network of Kanpur District-I, with highlighted regions of dense road network...... 88 Figure 7.1 Broad Institutional arrangements for implementation of EMP ...... 94

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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Executive Summary

Introduction As a major first step in achieving the Ganga Clean up Initiatives, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. In regards to this initiative, the World Bank has been formally requested by GOI to provide long-term support to NGRBA through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of several phases of support aims at: i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi-sectoral river water quality improvement program. ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments. In continuance with the pollution abatement programs by NGRBA, sewerage works for Kanpur sewerage district I have been recently proposed, as this un-sewered area contributes to the pollution of the River Ganga via sewage flows into open drains which lead into the holy river.

Project Description Currently, approximately 70% of District-I households have sewer connections. At the same time, Kanpur city is currently undergoing sewerage system improvements under the JNNURM scheme. Considering the density of population, lack of sewerage network and proximity to the Ganga River, it becomes even more important to provide sewerage and treatment infrastructure in this sewerage district.

Status of sewage generation in District I Kanpur

Design Year 2050

Population Sewage Generation Sewerage District (MLD)

District-I 1306000 172.44

In order to improve the overall sewerage facilities in Kanpur, following has been proposed. New sewer network of 101.882 Km length have been proposed to take care of sewage load of the year 2050, out of which 93.279 Km length of mains, sub-mains and laterals sewers with minimum size of 150 mm dia. to 700 mm dia. RCC (Class NP3) and HDPE pipes of 160 mm dia. Class PN 6.0 for length 8.603 Km are also considered for initial stretches after start/end M.H for speedy laying works in very congested area and narrow lanes. Thus, total length of 395.359 Km sewers have been proposed including 293.477 Km length for rehabilitation of existing sewers of small sized (150/200 mm dia) by De-silting & GRP liner or other latest technology except proposal of old trunk sewers of 6.179 Km length for rehabilitation of identified stretches by GRP liner or other latest technology. Furthermore, the existing sewers of small sized (150/200 mm dia) about 29.026 Km length which are functioning

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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

smooth, shall also be used in present condition to avoid public inconvenience during project execution. Total designed length of sewer network is 424.385 Km. Sewage flow through these sewers would require to intercept with four numbers of sewage pumping stations and two lift stations namely  Sanjay Puram SPS 6 MLD (Design Peak Flow)  Near Maqdoom Shah Baba mazar SPS 10.70 MLD (Design Peak Flow)  Behind Siwaan Tannery LIFT PS 2.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)  Gandhi Park SPS 16.10 MLD (Design Peak Flow)  Near Chacha Nehru Hospita (Old Lahi Mandi) SPS 9.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)  Patkapur LIFT PS 2.20 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

Approach and Methodology The methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included secondary data analysis, conducting scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. Thereafter, environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed and a mitigation plan was developed in response to identified impacts. The screening checklist included criteria that detailed out the impact level of various activities during the construction and operation phases. These criteria included environmental factors such as the presence of eco-sensitive regions in and around the project area, clearance of tree cover, improper storage of excavation spoils, flooding of adjacent areas, elevated noise and dust levels, emissions from fuel use in machines and on-site vehicles, damage to existing utilities. Social criteria included factors such as requirement for land acquisition, displacement of tribes/local population, loss of livelihood and gender issues. Based on the criteria-wise screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of sewerage works in Sewerage District I in Kanpur City falls under low impact category, which requires only land acquisition not resulting in loss of income, loss of livelihood, relocation of households. This project has an overall positive impact by tapping the wastewater and preventing its flow into the river Ganga.

Environmental and Social Baseline status As a part of ESAMP, baseline study of the sewerage district-I was prepared to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. The baseline information forms the basis to analyze the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental/social status of the core study area. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of environmental entities like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality, waste management and existing green cover in the study area. As per the findings of this assessment, wastewater generated from sewerage district-I is observed to be from domestic, commercial as well as industrial sources. The current state of wastewater management in the district is well gauged by the fact that 21 out of 23 nallas in

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Kanpur are present in the district -I area. These include nallas such as the Sisamau nalla, Ganda nalla and COD nalla. Summary of wastewater quality analysis conducted by UP Pollution Control Board for some select nallas passing through sewerage district-I, showed signs of high levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) which has been re-affirmed by foul odour and smell. Such occurrences of pollution impact not only on the drinking water but also other sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreational bathing, all of which are majorly dependent on the River Ganga. In terms of surface water quality of the river in Kanpur the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at the downstream monitoring stations are often above the permissible 3.0 mg/l for outdoor bathing waters and, both upstream and downstream stations indicated BOD above the water quality criteria (Class A) of 2.0 mg/l for the drinking water without treatment but after disinfection (as per CPCB’s surface water classification for Designated Best Use). Total coliform at downstream monitoring stations are more than 18 times the total coliform count at upstream monitoring locations in all seasons and all years. Total Coliform count is higher in most of the season at Kanpur section As far as air quality is concerned the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) near Jajmau area have violated the annual average standards of 60µg/m3 and indicates an upward trend from 2006 to 2009. Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide levels are within the permissible standards of CPCB. For noise level assessment, 4 stations in Kanpur are monitored of which 1 (Ghantaghar) falls in district 1 and other 2 (Kidwai Nagar and Hallet hospital station) are close to it. The noise levels were observed to be above the permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and night time) in most of the monitoring stations. With respect to solid waste presently there is no waste processing plant at Kanpur and the total waste is taken to disposal sites, which are generally in open. Based on field surveys, stakeholder consultations and assessment of the baseline status, in the context of upcoming future sewerage works and also keeping in view the already underway JNNURM sewerage work in the city, potential environmental and social impacts were identified and analyzed. It was found that although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts; there may be certain temporary impacts on water resources, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental damage to public utilities and infrastructure such as water pipes, telephone lines, etc.

Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts, but will have temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity. The identified environmental impacts were further classified under the heads of air quality, noise quality, water environment, soil quality and ecology. Certain sensitive areas prone to a higher degree of inconvenience and impact were identified. These included schools and colleges such as Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, ICFAI National College, DAV College, hospitals such as RK Devi eye hospital, Gastro Liver Hospital, Chandhini Hospital, Sahani Hospital and areas with narrow lanes and crowded streets such as Patkapur, Chowk Sarafa, LIC Chauraha, General Ganj, Cooper Ganj and Collector Ganj among others.

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Social assessment clearly defines that no significant issues arise from the land to be acquired for pumping stations in Kanpur District-I. This explicitly implies that there will be no loss of income, loss of livelihood or need for relocation of households or displacement of encroached settlements. However, if any loss of livelihood would be noticed during implementation of this project, then the affected party will be compensated according to Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused to the local public has been reported along with the local mitigation plan which is to be adopted to overcome any inconvenience during the ongoing JNNURM project. A prominent suggestion which was received during the consultations was execution of construction work within a scheduled time frame with provision of prior notice to residents and shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. A section chalking out institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation mechanism is also presented.

Environmental Management Plan For all the identified issues a mitigation measure is suggested and of the measure is not included in the DPR, lumpusm cost estimation has been done and given as EMP cost. The table below briefly describes the Environmental Management Plan.

Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures Environmental Construction Environmental There are no environmental - - Phase sensitive areas sensitive areas in the proposed project area. Further the small residential parks and road side trees which will not be affected, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. Air quality Probable increase in the dust levels Sprinkling of water at (RSPM and SPM), during the regular intervals to control construction may temporary dust especially places where deteriorate the air quality, causing soil is stockpiled and health problems like respiratory provision of top cover for ailments, eye, ear, nose and throat vehicles involved in disposal infections and related discomfort. of the excess soil material Emissions from fuel use in Ensuring use of low fume construction equipment and emitting. Newer generators vehicles deployed at the site and vehicles with well- maintained engines and control devices. Noise levels Increased noise levels due to Providing curtains or sound construction activities like plying barriers (polysheets/ sheets) of construction vehicles, pumping all around the construction machines, machinery such as site. cranes, riveting machines, Proper maintenance of hammering etc, may cause general construction equipment and disturbances to the human vehicles habitations like sleeplessness in

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Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures case construction activity is extended into the night hours. Water resources Contamination of nearby water Suggestion to ensure proper bodies via storm drains (during handling and disposing off rainfall) by un-managed construction wastes at construction related material like identified refusal sites. suspended particles, pollutants like Proper stock piling of oil, grease, cement etc, There may excavated soil and not in any also be temporary blockage of storm drains or any other drains due to unmanaged material areas where water would and construction debris. naturally accumulate causing flooding. Operation Noise air quality No air and noise problem from Proper handling and regular Phase sewer line as they will be laid maintenance of operating Water quality underground. machines at SPS including Inappropriate handling at IPS pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc.

Social Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no But suggested if noticed impact on livelihood of any during construction, then permanent shop-owners, licensed should be compensated kiosks according to ESMF Land acquisition No impact, as no fresh land is - required for any construction Inconvenience to There will be some minor Public notice to be circulated, public inconveniences to the public due to construction should be construction like access to their completed in the given time, premises, etc. debris should be cleared in time Health issues-due During construction dust and noise Use of acoustics and water to dust, noise generated, can cause nuisance to sprinkling pollution people especially elderly and children, but impact is very limited.

The identified temporary impacts may be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have been suggested as well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. A lump-sum cost of probable environmental management plans, which were not a part of the DPR was estimated to be approximately Rs.7595630/- (approximately 76 Lakhs).

Social Management Plan Some social concerns are associated with the environmental issues and for them a social management plan has been developed comprising of mitigation measures. Table below describes the social issues and mitigation measures as a part of social management plan.

Key temporary impact Key mitigation measures

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Impact on human health Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the proposed sites Traffic Congestion Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police to manage the traffic movement. Impact on livelihood The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always have access to shops, vendors, etc. Additionally, clean- up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence immediately after project completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that might prevent customers from accessing businesses or other disruptions Impact on existing utility services Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the work site. Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the utility services and ensuring prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure

Implementation of EMP In general the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from contactor and Independent Engineers/Supervision Consultants) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in ESAMP are carried out. Though the project envisages having some environmental and social impacts, however they are temporary in nature and can be mitigated with the implementation of the EMP and social management plan designed for the project along with effective monitoring of the implementation. The larger environmental and social value of the project greatly outweighs these impacts. The project is expected to benefit the Kanpur city, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga River will be captured, treated.

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Chapter 1 Introduction

The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the Himalayas and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more than 2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga basin – which also extends into parts of Nepal, China and Bangladesh – accounts for 26 per cent of India’s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its population. The Ganga also serves as one of India’s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance transcends the boundaries of the basin. Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures from increasing population and industrialization pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of the Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Discharge of untreated sewage and industrial wastewater, non-point pollution sources from religious activities along the river, agriculture and livestock as well as poor solid waste management are the main causes for pollution in river Ganga.

1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken numerous clean-up initiatives in the past. The most prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later complemented by a similar plan for the Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing the rate of water quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main shortcomings of these initiatives were: (1) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions, including the absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (2) little effort made in addressing systemic weakness in the critical sectors of urban wastewater, solid waste management, environmental monitoring, regulation and water resources management; and (3) inadequate scale, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis on ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay enough attention to the social dimensions of river clean-up, failing to recognize the importance of consultation, participation and awareness-raising. The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach:  Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions);  Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan, implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and,  Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with emphasis on sustainable operations and mobilization of community support)

1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project As a major first step in achieving the above, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA will adopt a river-basin approach and

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has been given a multi-sector mandate to address both water quantity and quality aspects. The NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluents will be discharged into River Ganga. Building on the high-level dialogue with GoI on Ganga, The World Bank has been formally requested to provide long-term support to NGRBA, through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. While, the overall technical assistance and program development under the proposed project will focus on the entire Ganga main stem, the initial emphasis of the specific investments under the first project will focus on main stem of Ganga flowing through five basin states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal in India. These pollution abatement programmes in cities on the banks of these States, would include a range of municipal investments such as sewer networks, waste water treatment facilities, industrial pollution control measures, river front management and solid waste disposal. This is expected to be enabled through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of such several phases of support aims at: i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program and; ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments. To achieve the above, the proposed World Bank assisted National Ganga River Basin Project (NGRBP) envisages two main components.

1.2.1 World Bank Assistance The Government of India has sought programmatic assistance from the World Bank to support the NGRBA in the long term. This project is the first operation under this agreement, and aims to support the NGRBA in establishing its operational-level institutions and implementing priority investments.

1.3 Project Components The project will have two components relating to institutional development and priority infrastructure investments. The first component would seek to build the institutional capacity to effectively implement the overall NGRBA program, including infrastructure investments funded by the second component.

1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development

1.3.1.1 Objective The objectives of this component are to: (i) build functional capacity of the NGRBA’s operational institutions at both the central and state levels; and (ii) provide support to associated institutions for implementing the NGRBA program. The activities financed under this component are grouped under the following sub-components: a. Sub-component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management b. Sub-component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Providers

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c. Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulators

1.3.1.2 Sub Component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management This sub-component is aimed at supporting the nascent operational institutions established for implementing the NGRBA program at the central and state levels on a full time basis. The NGRBA’s operational institutions comprise the Program Management Group (PMG) at the central level, and SGRCA Program Management Groups (SPMGs) at the state level. The PMG is being established as a fully owned society of the Government of India, with suitable structure, staff, powers and leadership, to lead the planning and program management of the NGRBA program at the national level. It is supported and housed by the MoEF as the nodal Ministry. Similarly, the SPMGs are being established in the form of registered societies1, to ensure effective planning and program management at the state level. Separating Program Management from Investment Execution: The rationale for establishing the PMG and SPMGs is to have institutions with single point responsibility for the NGRBA’s program planning, management and long-term sustainability Program Management for the Entire NGRBA Program: The sub-component will provide for initial setup costs of office infrastructure and equipment, as well as provision of critical consultancies, incremental staffing, training, and operation costs. Key NGRBA program management activities included under this sub-component are described below2: a. Enhancing Ganga Knowledge Resources b. Communications and Public Participation c. Innovative Pilots d. Program of Action for Carbon Credits

1.3.1.3 Sub component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Provider The long term operation and maintenance of the NGRBA-funded assets is the responsibility of the ULBs and local service providers, and this sub-component is aimed at providing assistance that can gradually enable them to take on their role.

1.3.1.4 Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulator This sub-component is aimed at addressing the key constraints faced by the CPCB and SPCBs related to their functions regarding the Ganga. The subcomponent will support: a. Capacity building of the CPCB and SPCBs b. Up-gradation of Ganga Water Quality Monitoring System

1 With exception of Jharkhand, where instead of establishing a dedicated SPMG, the nodal state department (Department of Urban Development) will implement the NGRBA program. This is because a dedicated agency is not justified given the small stretch of the Ganga River in Jharkhand.

2 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.

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1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments

1.3.2.1 Objective The objective of this component is to finance demonstrative infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads in priority locations on the river.

1.3.2.2 Four Investment Sectors The majority of investments are expected to be in the wastewater sector, particularly in wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks. Investments will also be supported in industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. common effluent treatment plants), solid waste management (e.g. collection, transport and disposal systems), and river front management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river stretches, improvement of small ghats and electric crematoria, and the conservation and preservation of ecologically sensitive sites). Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of these sectors.

1.3.2.3 The Framework Approach In lieu of defining and appraising specific investments, the project preparation has focused on developing investments framework covering all four key sectors of intervention under the NGRBA program. This single framework will apply to all investments under the NGRBA program. The objectives of the investments framework are to: a. provide a filter for all the NGRBA investments, for ensuring that the selected investments are well-prepared and amongst the most effective in reducing the pollution loads; b. make transparent the decision-making process on investments selection; and c. ensure that the investments are implemented in a sustainable manner. 1.3.2.3.1 Framework Criteria The investments framework prescribes the criteria and quality assurance standards covering various aspects including eligibility, prioritization, planning, technical preparation, financial and economic analyses, environmental and social management, long term O&M sustainability, community participation, and local institutional capacity3.

1.3.2.4 Investment Execution The investments program will be planned and managed by the NGRBA PMG and SPMGs, while the execution of specific infrastructure investments will be done by the selected existing and qualified state-level technical agencies. To foster competition and tap private sector efficiencies, the state governments with significant infrastructure investments are setting up a public-private joint venture infrastructure company, to execute NGRBA and other similar investments in the respective states in the medium to long term.

3 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.

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1.3.2.5 Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure Investments involving rehabilitation of existing infrastructure will be included on priority, due to their intrinsically higher returns in terms of reductions in pollution loads entering the Ganga.

1.4 Structure of the Report The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. This report deals with the Environment and Social Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works in Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It rolls out the baseline status of the existing sewage situation and analyses the situation if the proposed project is implemented, with its possible implications and to negate those implications management plan is advised which is as per the Environment and Social Management Framework. The present ESAMP report is described in following 9 chapters as given below: Chapter 1 is an introduction about the programme to clean up River Ganga and various mechanisms to implement the project. This chapter details out the functionalities of the institutions involved in the project. Chapter 2 details put specific project description pertaining to the proposed sewerage project in District I of Kanpur. Chapter 3 of the report talks about the methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment. Chapter 4 of the report presents the applicable laws and guidelines related to such kind of projects. Chapter 5 presents detailed baseline scenario of the information available for city and for sewerage district A for both environmental and social aspects. Thereafter, Chapter 6, discusses associated environmental and social impacts. For the identified impacts, mitigation measures have been suggested in Chapter 7 of the report. Chapter 8 is a presentation of social development outcomes of the proposed project and related issues. Chapter 9 finally concludes the inferences brought out from the environmental and social analysis of the project activities in Kanpur District ‘I’. It also highlights the conclusion based on the analysis which shows that the proposed project can be categorized as ‘Low Impact’.

12 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Chapter 2 Project Description

2.1 About the City4 Kanpur city lies on the 26°28’ North latitude and 80° 21’ East longitude. The main land of the city is surrounded by river Ganga on north side at 125.6m above MSL and river Pandu, on south side. Kanpur is the biggest city in Uttar Pradesh and is main centre of commercial and industrial activities. Formerly known as Manchester of the country is now also called the commercial capital of the state. It is a burgeoning city on the banks of the river Ganga, sprawling over an area of 260 sq km. The location of Kanpur is shown in the Figure 2.1 below:

Figure 2.1 Location of Kanpur City5

4 Draft Detailed Project Report of Laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-I of Kanpur City 2010 by U P Jal Nigam.

5 Kanpur City Development Plan, Kanpur Nagar Nigam, 2006

13 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

The city is known for its textile and leather industries, and is one of the biggest producers of these products. Other prominent industrial activities in the city include fertilizer, chemicals, two wheelers, soaps, pam masala, arms and other engineering industries. Additionally, Kanpur is also an important pilgrimage destination, and home to several globally recognized institutions such as IIT Kanpur, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (HBTI) and GSVM Medical College.

Plate 2.1 J. K Temple (left) and Japanese garden (right)6

2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Kanpur City The sewerage system in the Kanpur city was first introduced in the year 1904 by providing the facility in Civil Lines area only. The facility was subsequently extended in the year 1920 to cover more areas of sewers. The trunk sewer which had its outfall into the river Ganga near Sidhnath Temple was extended up to Jajmau. Since 1952, there has been a tremendous increase in the population of the town which made the system to fall short of requirements for provision of sewerage system. In response to this, Kanpur Development Board formulated and implemented complete re-organization of the sewerage system. New sewers were added including intermediate sewage pumping station at Parmat Ghat and main sewage pumping station at Jajmau. Aiming to address the pollution of the river Ganga, it was planned to utilize the wastewater on the sewage farm in Jajmau, in an area of about 3080 hectares. With the passage of time, water supply was augmented thereby increasing the sewage. The previously installed systems were facing the problems of breaking down, resulting in choking, leading to insanitary conditions with sullage overflowing into the road-side storm water drains and ultimately into the several storm water nallas in the town. The pumping capacity at Jajmau became inadequate and also the efficiency of pumps got run down, which made most of the sewage finding its way into the river Ganga, through the bypass channel. Presently about 60% area of the city is sewered. The total length of main and trunk sewers is 74 kms whereas branch sewer lines are 875 kms.7 Brick sewers, which are the lifeline of the Kanpur sewerage system, laid between 60 to 100 years ago, have been collapsing due to being

6 The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific website, http://www.unescap.org/esd/environment/kitakyushu/urban_air/city_report/kanpur.pdf assessed December 2011.

`

14 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

old. These problems are further aggravated by the dilapidated conditions of sewers in some parts of the city. The rapid developments of the city in the peripheral areas are still lacking the sewerage facilities. UPJN (Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam) is the agency responsible for pollution prevention and planning capital projects for sewerage. UPJN also operates and maintains large pumping stations and the treatment plant. Kanpur Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance of trunk sewers, lateral sewers and collection of revenue from house connections. The brief details about the completed/ on-going/ approved sewerage projects in Kanpur city are described below.

Plate 2.2 Filled up Man hole (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right)

2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase With the objective of pollution to improve the river water quality and to reduce the environmental degradation, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 by Ministry of Environment & Forest, Government of India. The main focus of the Plan was on Interception & Diversion and treatment of sewage through 261 schemes spread over 25 Class I towns of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Nearly 34 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a treatment capacity of 869 mld have been set up under the Plan, which was completed in March 2000 at a cost of Rs. 452 crores.8 The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Kanpur city are summarized below:  To treat the domestic sewage and tannery effluent 3 treatments plants of following capacities were constructed at Jajmau:  5.0 MLD UASB (based on up flow anaerobic sludge blanket process)  130 MLD ASP (Based on Activated Sludge Process)  36 MLD UASB (Common Effluent Treatment Plant, to treat industrial waste with domestic waste). A separate collection system of 12.00 Km conveys the wastewater from industries to 36MLD treatment plant  The treated effluent from 130 MLD and 36 MLD STP’s is pumped to sewage farm channel and used in land irrigation by the farmers. The treated effluent of 5.00 MLD STP finds its way to river Ganga through open drain.

8 Status Paper on River Ganga (2009), National River Conservation Directorate, MoEF.

15 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

2.2.2 On-going works under JNNURM In order to encourage the cities for taking up the initiative to bring about improvement in the existing services levels in a financially sustainable manner, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was launched in December 2005 by the Government of India. The primary objective of the JnNURM is to create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities. With reference to Kanpur city, the under mentioned works have been sanctioned under JNNURM Part I, II & III for improvement of sewerage infrastructure of the Kanpur city. • Projects approved under JNNURM (Part – I)  Renovation/Rehabilitation of existing Common Sewage Pumping Station (CSPS)  Renovation/Rehabilitation of existing 5 MLD & 130 MLD sewage treatment plants and 36 MLD tannery waste water treatment plant.  Renovation/Rehabilitation of existing 7 Nos. intermediate sewage pumping stations.  Renovation/Rehabilitation of existing 4 Nos. tannery sewage pumping stations.  Renovation/Rehabilitation of existing rising mains of 4 Nos. tannery waste water pumping stations.  Laying of 350 mm to 2000 mm diameter trunk sewers in 69.00 Km length in core area of the city.  Augmentation of 130 MLD capacity Jajmau STP by constructing another unit of 43 MLD based on ASP technology.  15 MLD capacity MPS and STP at Baniyapura in Sewerage District III based on the topography of this sewerage district. As per projections, 124 MLD STP shall be required for sewerage district – III. As 15 MLD STP has already been sanctioned, the proposal of remaining required STP of 109 MLD is under preparation • Projects approved under JNNUM (Part-II) Sewage treatment plant of 210 MLD at Bingawan. New DPR for balance requirement of 105MLD STP and MPS are under sewerage system. • Project approved under JNNURM (Part - III) Comprehensive proposals have been made in this project to provide sewerage facilities in sewerage district IV of Kanpur for 4 wards namely Chakeri (10), Sanigawan (19) Delhi Sujanpur (53) and Shyam Nagar Sujatpur (77). Works proposed in this project include  Intermediate sewage pumping stations of 14 and 40 MLD respectively  42 MLD main sewage pumping station and a STP of 42 mld capacity laying of 130.90 km RCC sewers and other allied works.

16 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

2.2.3 City Sewerage Plan As per the recent sewerage master plan, Kanpur city has been divided into four sewerage districts as shown in Figure 2.2. The District wise (I to IV) arrangements and status of sewage treatment in Kanpur city is given in Table 2.1.

District I

District III District II

District IV

Figure 2.2 City Sewerage plan for Kanpur, GPCU, UPJN, Kanpur

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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Table 2.1 Descriptions of sewerage district (I to IV) in Kanpur city Sl. Sewerage Description No. District 1. Sewerage This district is bounded by the Ganga river to the North, H.B.T.I. and roadways District – 1 workshop to the West, Armapur Estate, Dada Nagar, Kidwai Nagar and COD in the South. This district further has city central zone including old city area and eastern part of city core including cantonment, The sewage generated from central and east zone drains into exiting Jajmau STP in district -I. 2. Sewerage This district is bounded by the sewerage district-I to the North, Jhansi railway District – II line to the west and Pandu river to the South. The Eastern boundary has been arbitrarily drawn to the east of Hamirpur road to include those areas which are already more heavily populated. 3. Sewerage The district is bounded by the Pandu river to the South, development master District – III plan boundaries to the West and North and the Kanpur – Jhansi railway line to the East city and sewerage district-I and II are its adjoining neighbours on the eastern flank. 4. Sewerage The district is bounded by the Delhi Calcutta railway line to the North, Pandu District – IV river to the South and the city Master Plan boundary in the East. It is sparsely populated and has no sewerage system at present. The district wise projected population and sewage generation in design year 2040 have been shown in the Table 2.2 below.

Table 2.2 District wise (I to IV) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Kanpur Sewerage Mid-year 2025 Design Year 2040 District Population Sewage Generation Population Sewage Generation (MLD) (MLD)

District-I 1630274 195.63 2231224 267.44

District-II 2588609 310.63 3596544 431.58

District – III 1033890 124.06 1968178 236.18

District – IV 347226 41.67 836054 100.32

Total 5599999 673.00 8632000 1035.00

Source: Draft Detailed Project Report of laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District- I of Kanpur City 2010 by U P Jal Nigam.

2.3 Necessity of this project NGRBA is the authority working under the nodal Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF). NGRBA has formulated a mission named “Mission Clean Ganga” for preventing, controlling and effective abatement of pollution happening for river Ganga and is taking measures for controlling pollution. Under the ‘Mission Clean Ganga’, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluent would be allowed to be discharged into the river Ganga by the year 2020.

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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Presently, sewer network exists mainly in core areas of city and in some part of southern and western area of the city and was laid in piece meal manner right from 1904 till date depending upon need and availability of funds. Many of laid trunk sewers were constructed in brick masonry and are in dilapidated condition. Further due to improper cleaning, sewers get chocked and are giving frequent trouble. The inadequacy of sewerage facilities have led to unhygienic conditions as manholes and inadequate size of sewers back flow and the domestic sewage accumulates in depressed localities of the city causing health hazards. Thus the present system of sewerage network needs an immediate attention to be redesigned and extended to uncovered area. The City is currently undergoing sewerage system improvements under the JNNURM scheme. Considering the increasing population, absence of sewerage network, dilapidated condition of existing old sewers, proximity to the Ganga river, it becomes more important to provide sewerage infrastructure in the district-I. With view to Mission Clean Ganga objective of NGRBA, it is proposed to provide sewerage system of laterals, branches and trunk sewers in Sewerage District –I in this DPR. It will include new sewer network of 101.882 Km length have been proposed to take care of sewage load of the year 2050, out of which 93.279 Km length of mains, sub-mains and laterals sewers with minimum size of 150 mm dia. to 700 mm dia. RCC (Class NP3) and HDPE pipes of 160 mm dia. Class PN 6.0 for length 8.603 Km are also considered for initial stretches after start/end M.H for speedy laying works in very congested area and narrow lanes. Thus, total length of 395.359 Km sewers have been proposed including 293.477 Km length for rehabilitation of existing sewers of small sized (150/200 mm dia) by De-silting & GRP liner or other latest technology except proposal of old trunk sewers of 6.179 Km length for rehabilitation of identified stretches by GRP liner or other latest technology. Furthermore, the existing sewers of small sized (150/200 mm dia) about 29.026 Km length which are functioning smooth, shall also be used in present condition to avoid public inconvenience during project execution. Total designed length of sewer network is 424.385 Km. Besides 4 IPS and 2 lift stations are also proposed as per the following detail.  Sanjay Puram SPS 6 MLD (Design Peak Flow)  Near Maqdoom Shah Baba mazar SPS 10.70 MLD (Design Peak Flow)  Behind Siwaan Tannery LIFT PS 2.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)  Gandhi Park SPS 16.10 MLD (Design Peak Flow)  Near Chacha Nehru Hospita (Old Lahi Mandi) SPS 9.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)  Patkapur LIFT PS 2.20 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project As per the latest sewerage master plan, Kanpur city has been divided into four sewerage districts I-IV. Out of four, sewerage district-I lies at 26°26'59.72" North latitude and 80°19'54.75" East longitude9, located in the north part of the city and adjoining the river Ganga in the upstream side. District-1 has 34 wards and has an area of 33.2 Km2. It includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as 1910 and the tannery district located east of the cantonment area, Jajmau. The district is bound by the Ganga river to the

9 Google Earth

19 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

North, roadways workshop to the West, Armapur estate, Dada Nagar and Kidwai Nagar to the South. The sewage generated from this district drains into existing Jajmau Main Pumping Station, and then pumped to existing Jajmau STP located in District – 1 (East). As mentioned earlier around 70%% of the district-I households have sewer connections and 100 % coverage will be achieved under the on-going JNNURM project and proposed projects under NGRBA. The area is mixed residential and commercial area with industrial area mostly existing at the north east part of the sewer district-I.

2.5 Proposed Sewerage System The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UP Jal Nigam and TERI has been working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. The proposed sewerage network in sewerage district-I covers the following area in Kanpur city shown in Figure 2.3.  Sewerage District – 1: This sewerage district is bounded by the Ganga River to the North, H.B.T.I. and roadways workshop to the West, Armapur Estate, Dada Nagar, Kidwai Nagar and COD in the South. The area extends along the east axis of the city taking in the area north of Delhi-Calcutta track beyond COD gate up to the master planning boundary in the east.  City central zone: Central part of city core including old city area. The sewage generated from this district drains into existing Jajmau Main Pumping Station, and then pumped to existing Jajmau STP located in District – 1 (East). In this district four pumping stations were commissioned for nala interception and diversion. One pumping station is proposed in this Master Plan  East Zone: Eastern part of city core, including cantonment. The sewage generated from this district is conveyed to Jajmau STP same as District -1 (Central). New trunk sewer is proposed to convey domestic wastewater generated in tannery zone contaminated by tannery industrial wastewater to UASB unit of Jajmau STP separately from domestic wastewater from District- 1 (Central) The proposed sub-project aim to provide complete sewerage facilities in the sewerage district- 1 of the Kanpur city through laying of sewerage network including all required trunk/ branch/ lateral sewer.

20 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Figure 2.3 Map of sewerage district-I of Kanpur city

Source: Draft Detailed Project Report of Laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-I of Kanpur City 2010 by U P Jal Nigam.

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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work Comprehensive sewerage network is proposed for ‘sewerage district-I’ to cover entire area with sewerage system, so that sewage flows can be collected in an integrated manner and conveyed to STP for treatment. The proposed sewerage system is designed for 30 years period i.e. 2040.

A. Sewer system A sewerage network of 424.385 km has been proposed including mains, sub-mains, and lateral sewers. Since most of the area included in this estimate is inner and old portion of the city, having dense population branch sewers of diameter 200 dia to 500 dia. RCC S/S NP3 class pipes concrete pipes are proposed to be used. Design of sewer has to be amended as per prevailing site conditions/parameters before execution of work.

B. Manholes Table 2.3 below gives the type and size of various types of manholes proposed to be provided for different diameters and depth of sewers. Spacing of manholes will be as per I.S. Code 411 - 1957 i.e. 30m for sewers up to 500 mm dia., 60m for sewers ranging between 500 mm to 800 mm diameter and 90m for sewers above 800 mm diameter. Besides this, manhole is to be provided at junction points of sewers, change in gradient, change in direction, change in size of sewers and at places of drops etc.

Table 2.3 Type and size of various types of manholes proposed to be used in the project

Type of manholes Size of manholes Depth of sewer Slab Type 900 mm x 800 mm 0.9m Circular Manhole 900 mm dia. 1.65m

1200 mm dia. 2.30m

1500 mm dia. 5.00m

1500 mm dia. 9.00m

C. House connecting and sewer connecting chambers Intermediate shafts of 0.6m * 0.6 m between the manholes is proposed to be provided in areas where the sewers run through inhabited areas and to provide points of house connections in addition to manholes.

D. Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations Sewage flow through these sewers would require to intercept with five numbers of sewage pumping stations and a lift station namely 1. Sanjay Puram SPS 6 MLD (Design Peak Flow) 2. Near Maqdoom Shah Baba mazar SPS 10.70 MLD (Design Peak Flow) 3. Behind Siwaan Tannery LIFT PS 2.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow)

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Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

4. Gandhi Park SPS 16.10 MLD (Design Peak Flow) 5. Near Chacha Nehru Hospita (Old Lahi Mandi) SPS 9.50 MLD (Design Peak Flow) 6. Patkapur LIFT PS 2.20 MLD (Design Peak Flow) TERI team did a field reconnaissance survey at the proposed IPS sites and consulted UPJN officials and local people in this regard. IPS at Sanjay Puram. Land of this pumping station belongs to private land owner and he has agreed to hand over the land to U.P. Jal Nigam after getting compensation. Rate will be according to District Magistrate circle rate. Accordingly amount required for the land has been sent to Nagar Nigam, Kanpur and this amount will be released by Govt. of U.P. At Gandhi Park: Process for land acquisition has been initiated and availability of land is yet to be finalized by Nagar Nigam, Kanpur. Near Chacha Nehru Hospital: Process for land acquisition has been initiated and availability of land is yet to be finalized by Nagar Nigam, Kanpur. Near Maqdoom Shah Baba mazar: Process to aquire premise has been initiated with Nagar Nigam, Kanpur and possession is yet to be finalized. Overall, none of the proposed site of land will face the issue of displacement or resettlement.

2.5.2 Implementation Schedule It has been presumed that the proposed works would be completed in first three years i.e. 36 months. The operation and maintenance of proposed sewerage system is also considered for five years after commission of the system.

2.5.3 Financing Detailed Project Report (DPR) of ‘Laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-I of Kanpur City’, 2013 by U P Jal Nigam. The total cost of the project, under NGRBA, is budgeted for an amount of Rs. 397.31 crores. Under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), the Central Government will provide financial assistance of 70% of the total project cost. The remaining 30% of the project cost will be borne by the State Government of UP and the ULB/ Allahabad Municipal Corporation. The share of the Central Government shall accordingly be Rs. 261.36 crore. Balance amount of Rs. 135.95 crore will be shared by the Govt. of UP. Table 2.4 gives the summary of cost of the proposed sewerage work in sewerage district-I of Kanpur city.

23 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Table 2.4 Abstract of Cost of Works Proposed S. No Item Amount (Rs in Lakhs)

(A) Basic cost 1 Sewage pumping station, including rising main 2297.08

2 Sewer laying 27024.32 3 Pile work 445.55 4 Communication & Public outreach 80 5 GAAP 20 6 ESAMP 76.86 Sub Total (A) 29943.81 (B) Centage charges

1 Cost of Project preparation @ 4% (maximum) 1197.75 2 Cost of supervision of project @ 4% as per NGRBA 1197.75 programme guidelines (maximum) 3 Cost of supervision of project @ 4.5% borne by U.P. 1347.47 Govt. as admissible Sub Total (B) 3742.97 (C) Contingency @ 2% of Basic Cost i.e. Sub Total of (A) 598.88 (D) Labour cess charges Cess charges @1% of Basic cost i.e. Subtotal of A 297.67 (E) Cost of work on which no centage is admissible 1 Cost of Land 150.00

2 Power Connection & Allied Works 766.08 3 Cost of Sewer Cleaning Equipments 153.07 4 Cost of Mobile Flushing Van 100.00 5 TPI charge @ 0.1% of Basic Cost i.e. Sub Total of (A) 29.94

Sub Total (E) 1,199.09 (F) O&M for first 5 years of commissioning of project 3,948.96

Sub Total (F) 3,948.96 Grand Total (A+B+C+D+E+F) 39,731.38 Total Cost (Rs. In Crore) 397.31 Central (GOI) Share @ 70% (Rs. In Crore) 261.36

State Govt. (GOUP) Share @ 30%, (Rs. In Crore) 135.95

24 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology

3.1 Methodology The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011) 10 , the river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social problems. Hence, an environmental and social assessment with corresponding management plans for the proposed project of laying of branch sewers and allied works in sewerage district –I of Kanpur City has been conducted using the following methodology:

Secondary data analysis Field survey

Brief description & analysis of the sub-project activities Discussion with host population and key stakeholders

Detailed environmental and social profile of the project influence area

Screening activity

Identification and assessment of environmental/ social impacts

Developing management plan

Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Environmental and Social Assessment

a. Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their Sources): All the available information and data (quantitative, qualitative) regarding the proposed project was collected mainly from the Detailed Project Report (DPR), consultation with

10 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.

25 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

stake-holders and other secondary sources including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of UP Pollution Control Board, City Development Plan of Kanpur City, District Brochure of Kanpur District by CGWB and many others. Through this secondary information, a description and analysis of the sub-project activities along with baseline environmental profile of the project influence was established. Based on initial understanding, the list of additional required information was drafted before conducting the field survey. b. Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: The team undertook field surveys and transect walks of the sewerage district-I area to better understand the proposed project. GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted. Field visits helped gain insight on the local knowledge and were valuable in finding alternatives that help avoid or minimize the magnitude and severity of impacts. c. Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people were interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were interviewed in District-I including street vendors, residents of households, residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital staff, etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their awareness of the project, their response to it and the project is affecting them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after completion phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they have adopted or are planning to adopt, suggestions for improvement and any public grievances. Surveys were conducted along the path of construction site. Questionnaire used for the survey is attached as Annexure (2).

Plate 3.1 Consultation with local community and shopkeepers

d. Discussion with the key stakeholders: Interactions with most of the important key stakeholders were done during informal and formal discussions with them. All the associated government departments were visited to collect the relevant data and their feedback on the project activities. Minutes of meeting for all these discussions are attached as Annexure (3). e. Conduct of Screening: Screening is undertaken in the very beginning stages of project development. The purpose of screening is to screen out “no significant impacts” from those with significant impacts and get a broad picture of the nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Team conducted screening process using the screening

26 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA, which is described in subsequent section. f. Identify and assess the impacts: Based on the analysis of the data gathered from field survey, stakeholder interaction/ consultation and secondary sources, issues related to the environmental and social sectors were been identified. The impacts so identified were compared with the existing baseline environmental and social condition of the study region. g. Develop a mitigation plan: Based on the identified environmental and social issues, the mitigation plan recommends measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for identified impacts and improve environmental performance. The mitigation plan may be suggested for different stages, as applicable: designing phase, construction phase and, operation and maintenance phase.

3.2 Project Screening The project screening was carried out to understand the nature, scale and magnitude of environmental and social issues associated with the project. The screening activity was conducted as per the guidelines provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA (NGRBA, 2011)11 and on the secondary data analysis, field assessments and stakeholder interaction/ consultation. The detail of screening is summarized in the Table 3.1 below.

11 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.

27 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Table 3.1 Findings from Environment and Social Screening (Format attached as Annexure 1)

Project Title: Laying of Branch Sewers and Allied Works in Sewerage District-I of Kanpur City, Uttar Pradesh Implementing agency: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, U. P. Jal Nigam, Kanpur Project cost: 397.31 Crore Rupees Project components: The sewerage network includes laying and rehabilitation of 424.385 km of sewer lines and construction of 4 nos. of sewage pumping stations and 1 sewage lift station Project location (Area/ district): Sewerage District-I in Kanpur This district is bounded by the Ganga river to the North, H.B.T.I. and roadways workshop to the West, Armapur Estate, Dada Nagar, Kidwai Nagar and COD in the South. This district further has city central zone including old city area and eastern part of city core including cantonment, The sewage generated from central and east zone drains into exiting Jajmau STP in district -I.

Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and S. No Screening Criteria of category categorization references 1 Is the project in an No There are no eco-sensitive Figure 5.9: Map showing eco-sensitive area areas in the project. some of the Eco-sensitive or adjoining an eco- A zoological park known as areas closest to Kanpur sensitive area? Allen Zoo Park exists in the sewerage district-I. (Yes/No) If Yes, north-west side of sewerage which is t h e district-I of Kanpur, which will area? Elaborate not be effected by this Field visits, secondary i m p a c t proposed project work as information and interaction accordingly. sewer lines will be laid in the with U.P. Jal Nigam and centre of the roads and will not other Government officials. pass through this area. 2 Will the project create significant/limited/no social impacts?

2.1 Land No social Land acquisition is required Figure 5.11: indicating that the acquisition impacts but will not result in loss of sewer line will pass through resulting in income. the residential colonies, loss of income As per first hand observation commercial areas of the district from in the field and through and would not enter or pass agricultural interviews of key through agricultural fields. land, stakeholders, residents, local plantation or people, and other sources like other existing DPR, it has been established Field visits, consultation with land-use. that 4 plots of land would be stakeholders, like local people acquired for construction of (for JNNURM projects), local new SPS. residents, government These include: officials. 1. Vishnupuri (Sanjay Puram) 2. Gandhi Park (Krishna Nagar)

28 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and S. No Screening Criteria of category categorization references 3. Near Chacha Nehru Hospital 4.Near Maqdum Shah Baba Mazar Sewer line would be laid on the public roads. Therefore no loss of income from agricultural land is expected. Also there exist no squatters or encroachers in and around the premises who could get affected by the project. 2.2 Loss of No Loss of livelihood is not Consultation with livelihood expected and since mobile stakeholders, like (for vendors can change their JNNURM projects), location, there would be no DPR & CRR loss. There could be minor disruption in terms of access to shops. 2.3 Land No social Land acquisition required but Field survey, Consultations acquisition impacts no relocation of households with stakeholders, like local resulting in required since identified plots people (for JNNURM projects), relocation of of land do not have any local residents, government households. habitations or settlements. officials. As per the first hand observation in the field and through interviews of key stakeholders, residents, local people, and UPJN, has been established that 4 plots of land would be acquired for construction of new SPS. These include: 1. Vishnupuri (Sanjay Puram) 2. Gandhi Park (Krishna Nagar) 3. Near Chacha Nehru Hospital 4.Near Maqdum Shah Baba Mazar Also there exist no squatters or encroachers in and around the premises which will be affected.

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Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and S. No Screening Criteria of category categorization references 2.4 Any reduction No social No access problem to river Field visits and consultations of access to impacts with the shop keepers, mobile traditional and vendors, expert opinions river dependent communities (to river and areas where they earn for their primary or substantial livelihood). 2.5 Any No social There are no tribal settlements Consultations with displacement impacts in the project area. stakeholders, like local people or adverse (for JNNURM projects), local impact on residents, government tribal officials. settlement(s). 2.6 Any specific No social No gender issues were Consultations, interviews, gender issues. impacts reported during survey. which were taken up with females specifically. 3 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the construction stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)

3.1 Clearance of No Inner core area (such as Old Field visits and Interaction vegetation/ environm Kanpur, Kasimganj, Collector with UP Jal Nigam, Nagar tree-cover ental Ganj, Talaq Mahal, Parade, Nigam department. impacts Mulganj, Hatia, General Ganj, Patkapur, Krishna Nagar) of Figure 5.10: GIS map of ward district-I is highly populated localities in District I. has insignificant tree cover, whereas the tree/ vegetation Figure 3.2: Satellite image cover in other areas (Civil showing the alignment of trees lines, Jail Chauraha, Company along the sides of the roads in Bagh Chauraha) are aligned District I. along the road sides and will not be affected as the sewer Figure 5.7: GIS map of lines will be laid in the centre identified tree clusters in of the roads. Kanpur District I. There will also be no impact on the residential parks such as Mahatma Gandhi Park and Anand Bagh Park, in Colonelganj area Central park in Sarojini Nagar area, Valmiki Park, and Japnese garden in Harsh Nagar area

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Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and S. No Screening Criteria of category categorization references and Phool Bagh in Naughara region. 3.2 Direct Limited Possibility of temporary Interaction with UP Jal Nigam discharge of flushing away of un-managed and other Government officials construction spoils and construction and consultation with local run-off, wastes during rainfall to river residents of sewerage District improper Ganga via storm water drains. I. storage and If not appropriately managed, disposal of there may be potential for excavation temporary effect on storm Figure 5.6: Schematic figure spoils, wastes water flows by obstruction to showing the drainage outlets and other flows and blockage of drains, emptying into the River construction especially during rainfall. This Ganga. materials may cause floods. adversely Plate 5.1 showing storm affecting water drainage system in Kanpur quality and District-I. flow regimes. Plate 5.2(right) showing an overflowing drain due to blockage.

3.3 Flooding of Limited For sewerage works in the Final Report: Kanpur City adjacent areas entire sewerage district-I, Development Plan Under flooding could be an issue JNNURM, JPS Associates (P) during the monsoons, Ltd. Consultants, 2006) especially in the congested regions like Kasimganj, Plate 5.2: Image showing Collector Ganj, Talaq Mahal, blocked storm water drain and Parade, Mulganj, Hatia, improper solid waste General Ganj, Patkapur. This management. issue may further aggravate due to blocked drains and Plate 3.3: Image showing an poor solid waste open drain loaded with solid management. waste. 3.4 Improper Limited The storage of construction Plate 3.2 and Plate 3.7: Image storage and related material will not cause showing the condition of roads handling of any contamination since these due to sewerage construction substances materials would typically work. leading to include: Concrete, pipes, Plate 3.6: Image showing work contamination masonry, rubber pipes. related to upgradation of of soil and The project area contains one sewer lines. water water body i.e. Kanpur Zoo Figure 5.4: Satellite image Lake situated in north west showing the location of corner of District-I. However Kanpur Zoo Lake, adjacent to this water body will not be Azadnagar locality. affected as sewer lines are not

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Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and S. No Screening Criteria of category categorization references planned to be laid through this area. However, with other finer materials such as construction Section 5.1.10.1 provides powders, fluids and greases, if details about agricultural land not appropriately managed or in the project area. in the event of an accident, there may be potential for temporary contamination of the river Ganga via the various drains and nallas in sewerage District-I, during rainfall. Figure 5.8: Satellite image The agricultural land in showing agricultural practice sewerage district I is limited to is mainly limited to area situated near Ghasiyari Nawabganj (left) and land Mandi and near Nawabganj between Westgate and and may be temporarily Ghasiyari Mandi (right), contaminated via powders, within Kanpur sewerage fluids and greases if district ‘I’. construction material is not handled appropriately. 3.5 Elevated noise Limited For sewage works, Consultation with local and dust construction is likely to residents, and interaction with emission increase dust and noise levels UP Jal Nigam and other temporarily. Government officials. Temporary impacts may especially be felt at educational facilities like schools/colleges (Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, ICFAI National College, DAV College, BNSD Shiksha Niketan Inter College, Kanpur Paramedical College, PPN Degree College, Air Force school ), hospitals (RK Devi eye hospital, Gastro Liver Hospital, Chandhini Hospital, Sahani Hospital), cultural/religious centres including all temples, mosques, churches and Gurudwaras in the Kanpur Sewerage District-I.

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Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and S. No Screening Criteria of category categorization references Provided that construction works near schools and colleges are carried out during vacations and preferably during night and works near hospitals are completed on Refer to ‘Construction priority basis (in shorter time schedule’: DPR for Laying of period with alternate Branch Sewers and Allied provision of traffic, works in Sewerage District – I accessibility of exit/entry gates of Kanpur City Volume I’, 2009- etc.), the impacts may be 2010 by UP Jal Nigam. limited. If construction schedule is followed, then impacts will be temporary as 1 km of sewer line is approximated to be completed within 2.6 days. (since total length = 424.385 km and time = 3 years) 3.6 Disruption to Limited Sewer construction leads to Figure 6.1: GIS map showing traffic the temporary tearing-up of the road network of Kanpur movements roads and increase in large District-I, with identified construction vehicles, which regions of dense road network. might impair traffic movement, especially in the Plate 3.9: Image showing a congested areas as seen typical busy street market in mainly in Mutthiganj, the Chauk Sarafa area, of Rambagh, and Malaka region. Kanpur sewerage district-I. Traffic disruption can also be expected in busy areas such as Harjinder Nagar and Chauk Sarafa. 3.7 Damage to Limited If not appropriately managed, Field visits and interaction with existing there may be potential for U.P. Jal Nigam and other infrastructure, temporarily affecting the Government officials and public utilities, existing public utilities like consultation with local amenities etc. water supply, telephone, residents. electricity cables etc. However, it is expected that main utility lines might run along main roads such as Mall Road, Nai Sarak Road, Parwati Bagla Road, Ganga Barrage Road, Narona Road and Tagore Road and hence impact would be limited and temporary.

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Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and S. No Screening Criteria of category categorization references 3.8 Failure to Limited From field visits and as per Field visits and interaction with restore JNNURM project U.P. Jal Nigam and other temporary reinstatement of dismantled Government officials and construction roads after filling and proper consultation with local sites compaction was observed. residents. Although temporary, concerns regarding failure to Plate 3.8: Image shows the restore construction sites good practice of fencing-off including failure to close and construction areas; this was appropriately fence-off open followed in the JNNURM pits were cited as safety phase sewerage project in concerns especially for Kanpur. children. 3.9 Possible Limited For the laying of sewer works, Consultation with local conflicts with there will be temporary people. and/or disruption to the local disruption to community in terms of access local to roads, (especially in dense Refer to Figure 6.1, which community areas and narrow roads), shows the road network of shops and residences. Kanpur District –I and Conflicts/disruption to local identifies areas with dense community was inferred as road network including (LIC limited based on survey Chauraha, General Ganj, responses which indicated the Cooper Ganj, Collector Ganj, community’s ability to adapt Chowk Sarafa, Parade in the to temporary disruptions, and West and Om Purwa, Jajmau their overall preference for the South and Harzinder Nagar in project. the east). Refer to Plate 6.1, showing an example of a narrow street in the Patkapur area. 3.10 Health risks Limited Field visits and as per due to JNNURM project no worker unhygienic camps were seen. However conditions at there might be small camps workers camps within which, if hygienic conditions are not maintained, there may be temporary impacts.

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Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and S. No Screening Criteria of category categorization references 3.11 Safety hazards Limited From field visits and as per Consultation with local during JNNURM project practices for residents of Kanpur sewerage construction safety precautions such as district-I and interaction with fencing-off construction areas, UP Jal Nigam and other sign posts etc. were observed. Government officials. If not appropriately managed, there may be potential for temporary hazards such as Plate 3.8: Image shows the injuries and damage to good practice of fencing-off property during the construction areas; this was construction phase. followed in the JNNURM phase sewerage project in Kanpur. 4 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the operational stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)

4.1 Flooding of Limited Due to the construction of Interaction with UP Jal Nigam adjacent areas sewer lines, raw sewage that and other Government officials. currently flows into the river and/or overflows into the streets will now be routed to the STP. This will prevent flooding of open sewerage water into adjacent areas. However, accidental leakages during the operational stage may lead to flooding and possible contamination of groundwater. Additionally, overloading and blockage of sewage lines will also lead to backlogging of sewers and flooding of branch sewers. 4.2 Impacts to No There will be a significant Table 5.7: Sewage flow quality water quality impacts improvement in water quality values before and after existing due to effluent due to effluent discharge STPs of Kanpur. section 5.1.8 discharge being treated. 4.3 Gas emissions No There will be reduction in gas impacts emissions from open sewage drains since the proposed sewage networks will be underground. 4.4 Safety hazards No There will be minimum safety impacts hazards since the sewer lines will be underground.

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Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and S. No Screening Criteria of category categorization references 5 Do projects of this No Project such as these have an Environmental Impact nature / type clearance overall positive impact for the Assessment Notification, 2006. require prior at all environment and society. environmental Hence no clearance would be clearance either required under the from the MOEF or Environmental Impact from a relevant Assessment Notification, state Government 2006. department? (MOEF/ relevant State Government department/ No clearance at all) 6 Does the project No As the project is in urban Refer to Figure 3.2, showing involve any prior provinces and does not alignment of trees along the clearance from the require any forest land of tree- side of the roads. MOEF or State cutting, hence no prior Refer to Plate 5.4 Forest department clearance is required from for either the relevant authorities (MoEF conversion of forest and State Forest departments) land or for tree- under the Forest cutting? (Yes/ (Conservation) Act, 1980. No).If yes, which?

Plate 3.2 Condition of roads in Kanpur due to current sewerage project

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Plate 3.3 Open drain system in Kanpur

Plate 3.4 Un-burnt human remains at ghat as per tradition

Plate 3.5 Untreated wastewater pouring into river Ganges at Kanpur

Plate 3.6 Business as usual amidst sewerage line upgradation

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Plate 3.7 Conditions of roads in local bazaar

Plate 3.8 Sewerage upgradation (with fencing and barricades) in process under JNNURM scheme

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Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the

sides of the roads in Kanpur District I (Source Google Earth)

Plate 3.9 Busy market street (Topi Gali) in the Chauk Sarafa area of Kanpur sewerage District-I

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3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising from the proposed projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report, NGRBA 2011)12 has grouped the pollution abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories high and low.  High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact on the environmental and social aspects of the project influence area (including land acquisition). This category projects will also include mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification.  Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts on human populations. Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District-I in Kanpur City falls under low impact category since no significant issues arise from the land to be acquired for pumping stations in Kanpur District-I. In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP), relevant to the project. Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, there may be temporary impacts like traffic blockages, dust, noise, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences.

12 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF.

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Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework

4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental The following laws and regulations are applicable to the environmental and social aspects of the investments implemented under the programme:  Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI)  Environmental Policy and Regulations of the respective State Governments  Legislations applicable to construction activities

4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations pertaining to environment. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is umbrella legislation for the protection of environment. As per this Act, the responsibility to administer the legislation has been jointly entrusted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)/ State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs).

4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the NGRBP are given in Table 4.1. The key environmental regulations can also be accessed at www.moef.nic.in/rules-and-regulations.

Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations S. Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Reason for Authority No Yes/ No Applicability 1 Environment To protect and Yes As all environmental MoEF, Gol, Protection Act- improve overall notifications, rules DoE, State Gov. 1986 environment and schedules are CPCB, SPCB issued under this act. 2 Environmental To provide No The present project is MoEF, EIAA Impact environmental only a sewerage Assessment clearance to new network project and Notification development hence as per the 14th Sep-2006 activities following notification including environmental its amendments does impact assessment not attract requirement of environmental clearance as per the notification. 3 The Municipal To manage the Yes The present project MoEF, EIAA, Solid Wastes collection, involves solid waste CPCB, SPCBs (Management and transportation, management Handling) Rules, segregation, measures. 2000 treatment, and

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S. Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Reason for Authority No Yes/ No Applicability disposal of municipal solid wastes 4 Coastal Protection of fragile No The project does not Regulation coastal belt fall within CRZ areas. Zone(CRZ) Notification 1991 (2002) 5 The Forest To check No No forest land Forest (Conservation) deforestation by diversion is required Department, Act. 1980 restricting in the project. State conversion of Government forested areas into and Ministry of non- forested areas Environment and Forests, Government of India 6 Wild Life To protect wildlife No The project does not Chief Protection Act through certain of pass through any Conservator 1972 National Parks and national Wildlife, Sanctuaries park/sanctuary are Wildlife Wing, nor fall within 10km State Forest radius of such Department and protected areas. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India 7 Air (Prevention To control air Yes This act will be SPCBs and Control of pollution by applicable during Pollution) Act, controlling construction. 1981 emission of air pollutants as per the prescribed standards. 8 Water Prevention To control water Yes This act will be SPCBs and Control of pollution by applicable during Pollution) Act1974 controlling construction. discharge of pollutants as per the prescribed standards 9 The Noise The standards for Yes This act will be SPCBs Pollution noise for day and applicable for all (Regulation and night have been construction Control) Rules, promulgated by the equipment deployed 2000 at worksite.

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S. Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Reason for Authority No Yes/ No Applicability MoEF for various land uses. 10 Ancient Conservation of No This act will be Archaeological Monuments and cultural and applicable, only if any Department Archaeological historical remains investment is in Gol, Indian Sites and Remains found in India proximity to any Heritage Society Act1958 Ancient Monument, and Indian declared protected National Trust under the act. for Art and Culture Heritage (INTACH). 11 Public Liability Protection form Yes Contractor need to SPCBs and Insurance Act hazardous stock hazardous 1991 materials and material like diesel, accidents. Bitumen, Emulsions etc. 12 Explosive Act Safe transportation, Yes For transporting and Chief Controller 1984 storage and use of storing diesel, Oil and of Explosives explosive material lubricants etc. 13 Minor Mineral For opening new No Regulate use of minor District and concession quarry. minerals like stone, Collector Rules soil, river sand etc. 14 Central Motor To check vehicular Yes This rule will be Motor Vehicle Vehicle Act 1988 air and noise applicable to vehicles Department pollution. deployed for construction activities and construction Machinery. 15 National Forest To maintain No This policy will be Forest Policy, 1988 ecological stability applicable if any eco Department, through sensitive feature State preservation and exists in and around Government restoration of the investments and Ministry of biological diversity. Environment and Forests, Government of India 16 The Mines Act The mining act has No The construction Department of been notified for activities for mining, State safe and sound investments will Government mining activity. require aggregates. These will be procured through mining from approved quarries.

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4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues, need directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate actions. These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This section includes the National policies and Acts as detailed under: National Policies and Acts  Environmental and Social Management Framework for NGRBA  National Tribal Policy, 2006  Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013  Forest Rights Act, 2006

4.2.1 National Policies and Acts  The National Tribal Policy (2006) The Policy has the following objectives: Regulatory Protection  Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different ST communities, and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development with these.  Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of wrongfully alienated lands.  Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights including ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages into revenue villages.  Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to minimize displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth in the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and opportunity cost in addition to market value of the land and rights over common property (NPV).  Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and self-rule as per the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.  Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of tribal peoples in political bodies at all levels.

4.2.2 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLAR&R) Act- 2013 The Act is very progressive and lays downs processes and procedures to ensure “fair, fast and final” delivery of compensation and R&R services that is based on the principle of participation, consultation and transparency. The Act fully incorporates or exceeds many of

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the Bank’s long-standing policy and practice requirements. In that respect, the Act’s salient features include: a) mandatory ex-ante social assessments to determine whether an acquisition serves a public purpose ; b) requirements to ascertain the minimum land requirements, assess the impact of the acquisition on livelihoods, shelter, public infrastructure , and community assets ; c) provisions to minimize adverse impacts, assessment of cost and benefits of acquisition, enhanced land-loss compensation formulas; livelihoods support for affected persons; comprehensive resettlement and rehabilitation benefits and assistance; census of the affected families to record their socio-economic profile and potential losses, and inventory of affected public and community assets, options and choices for affected families and special provisions for disadvantaged groups; and a legal mandate that affected persons must receive compensation and assistance before their property is taken; and; and d) Consultations and disclosure, and post-implementation audits. At the same time, there are a few notable differences between the Act and the Bank’s policy requirements: a) a three-year residency requirement for affected persons to receive resettlement and rehabilitation benefits (the Bank uses the date on which the project was notified or census survey of the affected people undertaken as the cutoff date); b) persons who live or depend on rights-of-way or public lands seem to be excluded from the Act’s benefits and entitlements; and c) the valuation of assessing buildings and structures under the act remains based on depreciation method as under previous Act (rather than their replacement cost without depreciation under the Bank policy). The Act significantly reduces differences between India’s national standards for land acquisition and R&R and the Bank’s policy requirements regarding involuntary resettlement. As such it could greatly ease the application of OP 4.12 in Bank-assisted projects.

4.2.3 Forest Rights Act 2006 The Act basically does two things:  Grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities, partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws.  Makes a beginning towards giving communities and the public a voice in forest and wildlife conservation

4.2.4 Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA Project has prepared an Environmental and Social Management Framework to ensure socially and environmentally sustainable development in NGRBA’s endeavour of Mission Clean Ganga by effective management of environmental and social issues in all the investments with a special focus on the following:  ensure that all investments adhere to the national, state and local regulatory requirements during the design, implementation and operation stages

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 ensure that best environmental and social practices are mainstreamed/ integrated during design, implementation and operation of the investments  strive to enhance environmental conditions wherever feasible  undertake to develop communication strategy, capacity building and training initiatives for all stakeholders such as the SPMGs, EAs, ULBs, NGOs and common citizens. The purpose of the ESMF is to facilitate the management of environmental and social issues of the river pollution mitigation investments. The Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF), therefore, would be used as an umbrella by the NGRBA program (the PMG and SPMGs) and all implementing agencies while preparing and/ or appraising, approving and executing the investments. The ESMF includes a Resettlement Policy and Land Acquisition Framework (RPLAF), which specifies the procedures, eligibility, grievance redressal and other measures to be followed in the event that resettlement or land acquisition is required for any sub-project. As part of the ESMF, a Gender Development Framework has been designed which will help to analyze gender issues during the preparation stages of the sub-project, and to design interventions to address women’s needs. Gender analysis will be part of the social assessment at the sub-project level. The RPLAF, has a screening checklist to identify any adverse impact. The project has also prepared an entitlement matrix to address the adverse impacts as given below. The entitlement matrix is based on NPRR 2007 is under revision now. The revised entitlement matrix will be based on RFCTLAR&R Act 2013.

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Table 4.3 Entitlement Matrix Type of Impact/Loss Unit of Entitlements as per Policy Entitlement Agricultural Land Acquisition of Land Holder Each affected family owning agricultural land in the agricultural land affected area and whose entire land has been acquired or lost, may be allotted in the name of the khatedar(s) in the affected family, agricultural land or cultivable wasteland to the extent of actual land loss by the khatedar(s) in the affected family subject to a maximum of one hectare of irrigated land or two hectares of un-irrigated land or cultivable wasteland, if Government land is available in the resettlement area. This benefit shall also be available to the affected families who have, as a consequence of the acquisition or loss of land, been reduced to the status of marginal farmers. (NPR&R 2007, Ref 7.4.1) This benefit shall also be available to the affected families who have, as a consequence of the acquisition or loss of land, been reduced to the status of marginal farmers. (NPR&R 2007, Ref 7.4.1) In case of allotment of wasteland or degraded land in lieu of the acquired land, each khatedar in the affected family shall get a one-time financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than fifteen thousand rupees per hectare for land development. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.9.1) In case of allotment of agricultural land in lieu of the acquired land, each khatedar in the affected family shall get a one-time financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than ten thousand rupees, for agricultural production (NPR&R, 2007 Ref 7.9.2) In case of a project involving land acquisition on behalf of a acquiring body, each affected family which is involuntarily displaced shall get a monthly subsistence allowance equivalent to twenty-five days minimum agricultural wages per month for a period of one year from the date of displacement. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.16) Each affected family that is displaced and has cattle, shall get financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than fifteen thousand rupees, for construction of cattle shed. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.10) In case of a project involving land acquisition on behalf of an acquiring body, the stamp duty and other fees payable for registration of the land or house allotted to

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the affected families shall be borne by the acquiring body. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.6) House i) Acquisition of House Affected May be allotted free of cost house site to the extent of of non BPL category Family actual loss of area of the acquired house but not more than two hundred and fifty square metre of land in rural areas, or one hundred and fifty square metre of land in urban areas, as the case may be, for each nuclear family. In urban areas, a house of up to one hundred square metre carpet area may be provided in lieu thereof (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.2) Right to salvage material from the demolished structures Three months’ notice to vacate structures One-time financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than ten thousand rupees, for shifting of the family, building materials, belongings and cattle. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.11) Each affected family that is displaced and has cattle, shall get financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than fifteen thousand rupees, for construction of cattle shed. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.10) Each affected person who is rural artisan, small trader or self-employed person who has been displaced shall get a one-time financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than (Rs. 25,000/-) twenty-five thousand rupees, for construction of working shed or shop.( NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.12) In case of a project involving land acquisition on behalf of an acquiring body, the stamp duty and other fees payable for registration of the land or house allotted to the affected families shall be borne by the acquiring body. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.6) ii) Acquisition of House Affected May be allotted free of cost house site to the extent of of BPL category Family actual loss of area of the acquired house but not more than two hundred and fifty square metre of land in rural areas, or one hundred and fifty square metre of land in urban areas, as the case may be, for each nuclear family. In urban areas, a house of up to one hundred square metre carpet area may be provided in lieu thereof (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.2) Right to salvage material from the demolished structures Three months’ notice to vacate structures In case house site is not given in rural/urban areas or house is not given in urban areas, affected family shall

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get a suitable one-time financial assistance for house construction, and the amount shall not be less than what is given under any programme of house construction by the Govt. of India, for example Indira Awas Yojana or Integrated Housing Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)/ Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) in urban areas One-time financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than ten thousand rupees, for shifting of the family, building materials, belongings and cattle. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.11) Each affected family that is displaced and has cattle, shall get financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than fifteen thousand rupees, for construction of cattle shed. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.10) Each affected person who is rural artisan, small trader or self-employed person who has been displaced shall get a one-time financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than (Rs. 25,000/-) twenty-five thousand rupees, for construction of working shed or shop.( NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.12) In case of a project involving land acquisition on behalf of an acquiring body, the stamp duty and other fees payable for registration of the land or house allotted to the affected families shall be borne by the acquiring body. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.6) iii)BPL without Affected Has been residing in the affected area continuously for a homestead land and Family period of not less than three years preceding the date of residing in the area for declaration of the affected area and which has been not less than three years involuntarily displaced from such area, shall be entitled to a house of minimum one hundred square metre carpet area in rural areas, or fifty square metre carpet area in urban areas (which may be offered, where applicable, in a multi-storied building complex), as the case may be, in the resettlement area. Provided that any such affected family, which opts not to take the house offered, shall get a suitable one-time financial assistance for house construction, and the amount shall not be less than what is given under any programme of house construction by the Govt. of India, for example Indira Awas Yojana or Integrated Housing Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)/ Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) in in urban areas (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.3)

49 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

One-time financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than ten thousand rupees, for shifting of the family, building materials, belongings and cattle. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.11) Each affected family that is displaced and has cattle, shall get financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than fifteen thousand rupees, for construction of cattle shed. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.10) Each affected person who is rural artisan, small trader or self-employed person who has been displaced shall get a one-time financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than (Rs. 25,000/-) twenty-five thousand rupees, for construction of working shed or shop.( NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.12) In case of a project involving land acquisition on behalf of an acquiring body, the stamp duty and other fees payable for registration of the land or house allotted to the affected families shall be borne by the acquiring body. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.6)

Livelihood losses i) Rural artisan, small Each affected Will get a one-time financial assistance of such amount trader or self-employed person as the appropriate Government may decide but not less Person displaced than (Rs. 25,000/-) twenty-five thousand rupees, for construction of working shed or shop.( NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.12) ii) Employment Affected The acquiring body shall give preference to the affected Assistance Family families – at least one person per nuclear family - in providing employment in the project, subject to the availability of vacancies and suitability of the affected person for the employment; Wherever necessary, the acquiring body shall arrange for training of the affected persons, so as to enable such persons to take on suitable jobs; The acquiring body shall offer scholarships and other skill development opportunities to the eligible persons from the affected families as per the criteria as may be fixed by the appropriate Government; The acquiring body shall give preference to the affected persons or their groups or cooperatives in the allotment of outsourced contracts, shops or other economic opportunities coming up in or around the project site; and

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The acquiring body shall give preference to willing landless labourers and unemployed affected persons while engaging labour in the project during the construction phase.( NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.13.1) Other Benefits i) Additional Assistance Each Person The project authorities shall, at their cost, arrange for to vulnerable persons annuity policies that will pay a pension for life to the (Disabled, destitute, vulnerable affected persons of such amount as may be orphans, widows, prescribed by the appropriate Government subject to a unmarried girls, minimum of five hundred rupees per month. (NPR&R, abandoned women, or 2007;Ref 7.17) persons above fifty years of age; who are not provided or cannot immediately be provided with alternative livelihood, and who are not otherwise covered as part of a family (Ref 6.4 V) ii) Additional assistance Affected Preference in allotment of land –for-land for schedule for Tribal families Family caste families (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.21.3) In case of land being acquired from members of the Scheduled Tribes, at least one-third of the compensation amount due shall be paid to the affected families at the outset as first instalment and the rest at the time of taking over the possession of the land. (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.21.4) In case of a project involving land acquisition on behalf of an acquiring body, each Scheduled Tribe affected family shall get an additional one-time financial assistance equivalent to five hundred days minimum agricultural wages (500 MAW) for loss of customary rights or usages of forest produce. (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.21.5) In case of a project involving land acquisition on behalf of an acquiring body, the Scheduled Tribes affected families resettled out of the district will get twenty-five per cent. higher rehabilitation and resettlement benefits in monetary terms (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.21.8) iii)Who have not been Affected Shall be entitled to a rehabilitation grant equivalent to provided agricultural family seven hundred fifty days minimum agricultural wages land; or employment (750 MAW) or such other higher amount as may be prescribed by the appropriate Government (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.14 ) Exemptions from stamp duty etc.

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In case of a project involving land acquisition on behalf of an acquiring body, the stamp duty and other fees payable for registration of the land or house allotted to the affected families shall be borne by the acquiring body. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.6) Trees and standing crops Trees on land being Land holders Market value of the trees to be computed as per the acquired provisions of Horticulture and Forest Department. Standing crops at the Land holders Advance notice to harvest crops time of acquisition , if Market value of standing crops to be computed as per any provisions of Agriculture Department.

4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The construction agencies therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land, which include inter alia, the following: 1. Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case of injury by accident arising out of and during the course of employment); 2. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act on satisfaction of certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed 5 years); 3. Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for monthly contributions by the employer plus workers); 4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits to women employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.); 5. Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour); 6. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the Minimum Wages fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act); 7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be paid, when it will be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of the workers); 8. Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for work of equal nature to Male and Female workers and not for making discrimination against Female employees); 9. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus subject to a minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages); 10. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure for resolution of industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out becomes illegal and what are the requirements for laying off or retrenching the employees or closing down the establishment); 11. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying down rules governing the conditions of employment);

52 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

12. Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of trade unions of workers and employers. The trade unions registered under the Act have been given certain immunities from civil and criminal liabilities); 13. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age in certain occupations and processes and provides for regulation of employment of children in all other occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building and Construction Industry); 14. Inter-State Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 (the inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which this Act becomes applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as housing, medical aid, travelling expenses from home to the establishment and back, etc.); 15. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the establishments who carry on any building or other construction work and employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the workplace, etc.); 16. The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans before setting up a factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions, working hours and rendering information-regarding accidents or dangerous occurrences to designated authorities); 17. Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2008 (the Rules govern handling, movement and disposal of hazardous waste); 18. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, amended 1994 and 2000 (the Rules provide indicative criteria for hazardous chemicals and require occupiers to identify major accident hazards and prepare on-site and off-site emergency plans). 19. All the laws and regulations set by different authorities (MoEF, NGRBA, CPCB, etc.) have been reviewed to understand the applicable laws in the context of this proposed sub-project in Kanpur District I. All the applicable laws enlist the responsible authority and reasons for its applicability. It is therefore proposed that during the implementation of this project responsible authorities should be contacted acted by the implementing agency for monitoring the law and regulation.

4.4 Conclusion The applicable laws and regulations pertaining to environment and social safeguards for the present project are listed below: 1. Environment Protection Act 1986; 2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 3. Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act1974 4. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 5. Public Liability and Insurance Act 1991

53 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

6. Explosive Act 1984 7. Central Motor Vehicle Act 1988 8. Other legislations are mentioned in section 4.3

54 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Chapter 5 Baseline Status

The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. Information and data presented in this section is based on field surveys, stake- holder interaction/consultation and secondary data collection which majorly include the draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage work in Kanpur city, City Development Plan (CDP) report under JNNRUM by JPS associates (P) Ltd., Water/ Air quality monitoring report of UP Pollution Control Board, City census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study area.

5.1 Baseline Environmental Status

5.1.1 Physiography and Topography Kanpur metropolis forms a part of Ganga alluvial plain. It exhibits more or less a flat topography with the master slope from northwest to south-east with average land surface elevation of about 125 m above mean sea level. The area is drained by the river Ganga and its tributary Pandu. The proposed sewerage district-I is located in north-eastern part of the city, adjoining the river Ganga on north side. The terrain of Kanpur is differentiated into lowland and upland. The upland lies in Yamuna – Ganga interfluves with elevations of 125 to 141 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL). The lowland with elevations of 110 to 135 m. about MSL consists of older flood plain and active flood plain. Sewerage district-I of Kanpur city fall under the low land or Younger Alluvial plain, which is being identified as flat to gently sloping and slightly undulating terrain of large areal extent. This low land area is formed by river deposition, and is limited along river Ganga with the breadth not exceeding 5 km.

5.1.2 Climate Kanpur district experiences sub-tropical climate with average normal annual rainfall as 851 mm which is mostly received through the south-west monsoon. There is a large range of variation in temperatures of day and night. Kanpur experiences both very dry hot summers and very cold winters every year. Dust storms in summer and cold north winds in winter are common. The mean maximum monthly temperatures 41.3°C has been recorded during May and minimum of 8.5°C in January. The climate information of Temperature and Rainfall at Kanpur is given in Table 5.1 below.

55 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Table 5.1 Historic Temperature and Rainfall Data for Kanpur (A) Station

Month Temperature (o C) Mean rainfall Maximum Minimum in mm

January 23 8.5 15.4 February 26 11 16.4 March 32.3 16.2 7.9 April 38.2 21.9 5.3 May 41.3 26.4 8.4 June 39.9 28.5 66.3 July 34.2 26.7 244.6

August 32.5 25.9 273.2 September 33.1 24.9 161.7 October 33 19.6 40 November 28.9 12.7 4.6

December 24.2 8.8 7.1

Source: India Metrological Department data from 1901-1995

5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features The sewerage district I and whole city of Kanpur exposes quaternary sediments differentiated into older alluvium consisting of oxidized, brown, yellow and khaki colour sediments. The generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2. Geomorphologically, the soil of low land zone is alluvial, highly productive and constitutes one of the most fertile belts of India. The age of these older alluvium formations range from lower to Upper Pleistocene period to Recent. The newer alluvium was deposited during Upper Pleistocene to Recent period mostly occurring along the course of rivers. The generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Geological succession

Period Age Land Form Rock Type (Geomorphology) QUATERNARY Upper Pleistocene to Newer Alluvium Fine Sand and Clays Recent Lower Pleistocene to Older Alluvium Sand of different Upper Pleistocene grades and clay mixed with Kankar ------Unconformity------Bundelkhand Granite (Archean), Vindhyan Sandstone (Proterozoic)

Source: District brochure of Kanpur Nagar district, U.P, 2008-09. CGWB

56 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

Figure 5.1 Geology map of Kanpur Source: S. Srinivasa Gowd, M. Ramakrishna Reddy, P.K. Govil, Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at Jajmau (Kanpur) and Unnao industrial areas of the Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh, India, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (2010) 113–121.

5.1.3.1 Soil13 Soils in sewerage district-I usually comprises of alluvial deposits of the Gangetic Plain, which are mainly composed of sand, silt and clay. The sediments are micaceous and show varying colour from unoxidised grey to oxidized yellowish brown. The soil particles are moderately to well sorted, very coarse to finely skewed and are alkaline in nature with pH value ranging between 8.05 to 8.35.

5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality Air quality is a measure of the condition of air relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and/or to any human need or purpose. Presently, air quality monitoring is conducted by the NAMP (National Air Monitoring Programme-CPCB) and UP Pollution Control Board at six locations: Fazalganj, Jajamau, Deputy Ka Padao, Kidwai Nagar, Sharda Nagar and Dabauli in Kanpur city. Out of these six monitoring stations, Jajamau is the nearest station for describing the air quality status of sewerage district ‘I’ region. The available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) have violated the annual average standards of 60µg/m3 and indicates an upward trend from 2006 to 2009. The sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentration is well below the permissible CPCB limit of 50µg/m3 during 2006 to 2009 as shown in Figure 5.2. The nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

13 S. Srinivasa Gowd, M. Ramakrishna Reddy, P.K. Govil, Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at Jajmau (Kanpur) and Unnao industrial areas of the Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh, India, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (2010) 113–121.

57 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

concentrations, though not violating the standards of 40µg/m3, may exceed in future due to urbanization and rise in vehicular traffic.

SO2 35 NO2 8 30

7 ) 3

) 25 3 7 20

15 7

Conc (µg/m Conc 10 Conc (µg/m Conc 7 5 7 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009

RSPM 202

200 ) 3 198 196

194 Conc (µg/m Conc

192

190 2006 2007 2009

Figure 5.2 Ambient RSPM concentrations at Jajamau, Kanpur during year 2006 to 2009 Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011

Month wise variations of SO2, NOx and RSPM at the Jajmau monitoring station is presented in Figure 5.3 below. Although the concentration of SO2 and NOx are within the permissible limits, but violate the permissible standards of RSPM during all the months. Lowest pollutant concentrations are observed in monsoon months and maximum were observed during winters due to inversion conditions.

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SO2 NO2 12 35

10 30

) ) 3 3 8 25 20 6 15

4 10

Conc (µg/m Conc (µg/m Conc 2 5 0 0

RSPM 250

200

) 3 150

100

Conc (µg/m Conc 50

0

Figure 5.3 Month wise variation of SO2, NO2 and RSPM at Jajmau station in Kanpur Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011

5.1.5 Noise Environment Noise, in general, is sound that is composed of many frequency components of varying loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Increasing ambient noise levels in public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, fire crackers, sound producing instruments, generator sets, loud speakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices may have deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well-being of the people; hence it is considered necessary to regulate and control any such noise pollution. Noise level monitoring at selected locations in Kanpur city conducted by UP State Pollution Control Board at four locations: Kidwai Nagar, Ghantarghar, Dada Nagar and Hallet Hospital is shown in Table 5.3 below. Out of these four monitoring stations only Ghantaghar station falls within the sewerage district-I area with Kidwai Nagar and Hallet hospital station are located close to the study area. The noise levels were observed to be above the permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and night time) in most of the monitoring stations except Dada Nagar which is an industrial area. Factors/agents such as generators, loud speakers, automobile horns and fireworks/ crackers are said to be responsible for noise pollution in the city14. Similar kind of noise levels can be expected in sewerage district-I, which is a mix of residential, industrial and commercial areas.

Table 5.3 Summary of Noise Level Monitored at selected location in Kanpur city

14 Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM, JPS Associates (P) Ltd. Consultants, 2006)

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S. Monitoring Category Average Sound Levels recorded No. Location (dB) Day Night 1 Kidwai Nagar Residential 63.07 60.79 2 Ghantaghar Commecial 78.02 71.80 3 Dada Nagar Industrial 75.07 69.49 4 Hallet Hospital Sensitive 63.02 59.16 Note:  Permissible limit laid down by CPCB: Residential area (55 day time and 45 night time), Commercial area (65 day time and 55 night time), Industrial area (75 day time and 70 night time) and Sensitive area (50 day time and 40 night time)  dB denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. Source: Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM, JPS Associates (P) Ltd. Consultants, 2006

5.1.6 Water Environment Both surface water and groundwater sources are utilized for satisfying drinking water requirement of the city. These water sources are also used for industrial purposes, irrigation purposes and other domestic usage of the city. Kanpur Jal Sansthan is responsible agency for drawing water from river Ganga and Pandu for supply to residential colonies after complete treatment. Presently the drinking water demand of the city is about 600 MLD of which 385 MLD is being supplied by Kanpur Jalsansthan with breakup of 255 MLD from surface water and 130MLD from ground water sources. Considering the per capita water consumption of 150 litres, as provided in the detailed project report (DPR) for sewer works in sewerage district-I by UP Jal Nigam, the total water consumption in sewerage district-I per day is approximately 169.05 million litres as shown in Table 5.4 below. This consumption is expected to increase with growing population and urbanization.

Table 5.4 Water consumption in sewerage district-I Location Population (as of Per capita water Total water 2010) consumption per consumption in day as per DPR million litres per day Sewerage District-I of 11.27 lacs 150 169.05 Kanpur city

5.1.6.1 Surface Water The important source of surface water in the city is from the catchment of river Ganga and Pandu. The water flow in Ganga varies between a mean minimum of 72.6 m3/s and a mean maximum of 88.6 m3/s. The quality of water at the intake is said to be satisfactory during the year 1997 to 2001 with DO ranging between 7.5mg/l to 9.1mg/l, which has been decreased to

60 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

4.5mgl to 7.0mg/l in year 200615. There is a surface water body in the North-Western corner of the District –I. This is known as the Kanpur Zoo Lake and lies adjacent to the Azadnagar area.

Figure 5.4 Location of Kanpur Zoo Lake, adjacent to Azadnagar locality (Source: Google Earth)

Surface Water Quality As per the results of latest water quality monitoring conducted by UP Pollution Control Board, evidence of organic pollution has been found in the river. Table 5.5 is a summary of selected water quality parameters at selected locations upstream and downstream of Kanpur. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at the downstream monitoring stations are often above the permissible 3.0 mg/l for outdoor bathing waters and, both upstream and downstream stations indicated BOD above the water quality criteria (Class A) of 2.0 mg/l for the drinking water without treatment but after disinfection (as per CPCB’s surface water classification for Designated Best Use). However, the water quality parameter of dissolved oxygen (DO) is below the CPCB water quality criteria (Classes A & B) which sets a minimum limit of 5.0 mg/l for outdoor (organised) bathing and minimum of 6 mg/l for drinking water without conventional treatment but after disinfection. This drop in DO is seen occurring during and after the month of August which could be attributed to the discharge from storm drains during monsoon.

15 Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM, JPS Associates (P) Ltd. Consultants, 2006)

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Table 5.5 Water quality at selected locations upstream and downstream of Kanpur Colour (Hazen units) pH DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Month-Year U/S D/S U/S D/S U/S D/S U/S D/S Apr 2010 40 40 8.16 7.38 7.8 6.1 4.6 7.8

May 2010 40 40 8.23 7.84 7.6 5.4 3.5 6.4

Jun 2010 20 20 7.86 7.54 7.1 5.8 3.9 5.2

July 2010 20 20 8.39 8.04 7.5 6.1 3.0 6.4

Aug 2010 Turbid Turbid 7.65 7.31 5.5 4.7 2.7 5.0

Sept 2010 Turbid Turbid 7.34 7.88 6.1 5.3 2.4 7.4

Oct 2010 Turbid Turbid 7.65 7.50 6.5 5.3 2.6 4.6

Nov 2010 Turbid Turbid 7.42 7.33 8.9 7.3 2.2 5.2

Dec 2010 20 20 8.04 8.16 10.7 9.4 3.0 7.0

Jan 2011 40 40 8.47 8.58 12.2 9.7 5.2 8.6

Feb 2011 50 50 8.10 8.24 13.7 11.5 2.2 8.8

Mar 2011 40 40 8.12 7.96 10.2 7.6 3.8 9.2

Apr 2011 30 30 8.55 8.38 11.0 8.9 2.7 8.0

Note:  U/S refers to the upstream sampling location at Ganga barrage  D/S refers to the downstream sampling location at Jana village (Source: Lab records of Water Quality Lab at State Pollution Control Board, Kanpur)

Total coliform at downstream monitoring stations are more than 18 times the total coliform count at upstream monitoring locations in all seasons and all years. Total Coliform count is higher in most of the season at Kanpur section (Refer Figure 5.4).

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TC (MPN) TC profile of river in summer season TC (MPN) TC profile of river in rainy season (April, May and June-2010) (July, August, September and October-2010) 80000 120000 70000 100000 60000 50000 80000 40000 60000 30000 40000 20000 10000 20000

Concentration(MPN)

Concentration(MPN) 0 0

Ganga

Ganga

Barrage

Barrage

Ranighat

Ranighat

Kanpur d/s Kanpur

Kanpur d/s Kanpur

(Kanpur u/s) (Kanpur

(Kanpur u/s) (Kanpur

Budhiyaghat

Budhiyaghat

(Intake point) (Intake

(Intake point) (Intake

(Java village) (Java

(Java village) (Java

Sarsaiyaghat

Sarsaiyaghat

TC profile of river in winter season TC (MPN) TC profile of river in winter season TC (MPN) (November and December-2010) (January and February-2011) 120000 120000

100000 100000 80000 80000

60000 60000 40000 40000

20000 20000

Concentration(MPN)

Concentration(MPN) 0 0

Ganga

Ganga

Barrage

Barrage

Ranighat

Ranighat

Kanpur d/s Kanpur

Kanpur d/s Kanpur

(Kanpur u/s) (Kanpur

(Kanpur u/s) (Kanpur

Budhiyaghat

Budhiyaghat

(Intake point) (Intake

(Intake point) (Intake

(Java village) (Java

(Java village) (Java

Sarsaiyaghat

Sarsaiyaghat

TC profile of river in summer season TC (MPN) (March and April-2011) 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000

Concentration(MPN) 0

Ganga

Barrage

Ranighat

Kanpur d/s Kanpur

(Kanpur u/s) (Kanpur

Budhiyaghat

(Intake point) (Intake

(Java village) (Java

Sarsaiyaghat

Figure 5.5 Total coliform profile of river Ganga during rainy season of year 2010 and 2011 (Source: Data provided by Kanpur regional office of UP pollution Control Board)

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5.1.6.2 Ground Water According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the stage of groundwater development in the Kanpur Nagar district is about 67.33% 16 and the dependence on this resource has increased over the years mainly due to rapid urbanization and increasing population levels. With reference to the exploratory drilling data of CGWB and state tube well department, it is evident that there are three distinct granular zones at Kanpur city  Shallow aquifers ranging up to 150 mbgl17  Middle aquifer ranging from 150 to 250 mbgl and  Deeper aquifer lies below 250 mbgl. Although the extension of individual zones might be variable over the Kanpur district, the sewerage district-I comes under deeper aquifer zone. Past 10 years (1998-2007) data of National Hydrograph Stations of Kanpur Nagar district shows a declining water level with about 4 to 63 cm/year decline in pre-monsoon period. In the city water level has gone down to 36.0 mbgl. The depth to water level at Nirala Nagar, Fazalganj, Juhi depot, Kidwai Nagar, Babupurwa, Rawatpur and Defence Colony are more than 20.0 mbgl18. Ground Water Quality19 Pre Monsoon water quality As per groundwater quality monitoring conducted by CPCB, the pH levels in the groundwater at sewerage district-I, is said to be ranging between 6.7-6.8 which is well within the standard limit (IS 10500-1991) for drinking. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration the groundwater is between 673-980 mg/l which is higher than the standard limit (IS 10500-1991). COD ranges from 6.2 to 4.6 mg/l and the BOD ranges 1.4 to 2mg/l, which is though being negligible but slightly higher than the industrial area, indicating that this increase is due to higher organic content in the effluents from residential area. The values of Fluoride are ranging between 0.01 to 0.92 mg/L which are within the IS 10500-1991 standard limits except near Ghandigram area near Airport side of sewerage district-I which is about 1.16mg/l. Total coliform was nil in most of the locations in sewerage district-I, except area nearer to Gandigram where about TC of 4 MPN/100ml was observed, indicating possibility of bacteriological contamination. No pesticides were found in this area. Post Monsoon water quality The average value of pH in groundwater during post monsoon period in most of the locations in the sewerage district-I almost neutral ranging between 6.6-7.3 which is well within the standard limit for drinking water. In regard to sewerage district I the values of TDS lie in the range of 595-749 mg/L. COD ranges from 5.8 to 4.0 mg/l and the BOD ranges 1.6 to 1.2 mg/l, which is comparatively lesser than the pre-monsoon water quality status. Total coliform presence was nil in most of the locations in sewerage district-I during post monsoon period.

16 District brochure of Kanpur Nagar district, U.P, 2008-09. CGWB 17 Meters below ground level 18 District brochure of Kanpur Nagar district, U.P, 2008-09, CGWB 19 Source: Status of ground water quality in India part-2, CPCB 2008

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5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage Storm water drainage system is not proper throughout Kanpur city. Rainwater flows through storm water drains to nearby nallas, eventually falling into river Ganga. Out of the 23 nallas in Kanpur, about 21 are located in District – I.20 These drains/nallas are discharging waste water in river Ganga. Sisamau nalla has the biggest catchment area of 1985 hectares and discharges about 138.44 MLD sewage water into the Ganga. The animal waste accumulated on the surface is flushed by runoff and carried to rivers by these nallas thereby polluting river waters. Further the problem of choking of storm drains due to polythene bags and solid waste causes water logging during the off-season rains and flooding during monsoon especially in the slum area21.

Storm drains

Plate 5.1 Example of storm drainage system in residential area in Kanpur District –I

20 DPR for proposed sewerage system in Kanpur District-I (11 wards), January 2012 21 Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM, JPS Associates (P) Ltd. Consultants, 2006)

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5.1.8 Waste Water Management

Figure 5.6 Location of Nalas emerging from Kanpur and emptying into the River Ganga Source: Uttar Pradesh State Pollution Control Board

As mentioned earlier in the section 2.2 of this report, the sewerage system in the Kanpur city is old and covers only 60% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city. As of 2010, about 135.24 million liters of waste water is generated every day in Kanpur sewerage district-I with an average per capita wastewater discharge of 120 litres. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance and collection of revenue from house connections for whole of Kanpur city. Sewerage district ‘I’ is located in the north-eastern part of the city, with river Ganga on its north side. As per the detailed project report, the city is currently undergoing sewerage system improvements under the JNNURM scheme. Although at present, about 45%

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of District I is sewered, once the JNNURM project is completed, 50% of all households in District-1 will be provided a sewer connection22. Wastewater generated from sewerage district I includes wastes discharged from residential, commercial and industrial wastes. Summary of wastewater quality analysis conducted by UP Pollution Control Board for some select nallas passing through sewerage district-I, is presented in Table 5.6 below. High level of BOD along with presence of unpleasant odour and colour indicates possible contamination from domestic/ industrial wastes. The major issue of wastewater disposal is the associated environmental impact which is derived from worsening of water quality and causing direct impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation.

22 As per personal communications with UP Jal Nigam staff

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Table 5.6 Water quality analysis of few nallas passing through sewerage district-I of Kanpur city Date of Name of Nalla/ Sampling Point Status of Nalla Colour Odour pH BOD TS TDS TSS Sampling (Tapped/ Untapped)

11.05.11 Police Line Nalla, KNP Untapped Blackish Un pleasant 7 130 1682 1128 262

11.05.11 Tefko Nalla Parmat, KNP Tapped Completely Tapped

11.05.11 Guptar Ghat Nalla, KNP Tapped Blackish Un pleasant 8 220 3852 3318 534

11.05.11 Panki Thermal Power Nalla, KNP Untapped Light grey Un pleasant 7 340 512 324 188

11.05.11 Meyour Mill Nalla, KNP Tapped Completely Tapped

12.05.11 Parmat Nalla, KNP Tapped Light grey Un pleasant 8 140 730 526 204

12.05.11 Sismau Nalla, KNP Untapped Light grey Un pleasant 7 400 2720 2160 560

15.05.11 Glof Club Nalla, KNP Untapped Blackish Un pleasant 7 130 1156 1016 140

11.05.11 Bangali Ghat Nalla, KNP Tapped but overflow Light grey Un pleasant 8 480 4456 3800 656

11.05.11 Buriya Ghat Nalla, KNP Tapped but overflow Light grey Un pleasant 7 320 3648 3066 582

11.05.11 Wajidpur Nalla, KNP Tapped but overflow Blackish Unpleasant 8 360 3800 3086 714 15.05.11 Bypass Nalla, KNP Blackish Un pleasant 7 140 1320 1200 112 Note: BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand TS: Total Solids TDS: Total Dissolved Solids TSS: Total Suspended Solids (Source: UP pollution control board, 2011)

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The following Table 5.7, provides information about the performance of the STPs in Sewer district-I. The influent and effluent parameters are monitored by both the UP Jal Nigam and the State Pollution Control Board. As it can be seen from the table below, BOD removal efficiencies in all STPs range from approximately 50-80 percent. Therefore, significant reduction in pollution load occurs due to treatment of wastewater in the STP. This project will direct presently untreated flows into STPs and provide treatment. Thus, a significant and proportional decrease in pollution load in the river is expected.

Table 5.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in mg/L Concentrations in Influent and Effluent Streams of Kanpur STPs

STP 5 MLD 130 MLD 36 MLD Month/Year Influent Effluent Influent Effluent Influent Effluent BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) 27 April 2010 430 205 440 160 1850 620 21 May 2010 470 215 380 195 1450 560 2 June 2010 300 125 350 155 1300 500 24 June 2010 280 120 360 150 1200 480 5 July 2010 320 140 380 135 1250 490 August 2010 400 125 380 115 900 370 (unspecified date) September 2010 380 120 320 110 850 340 (unspecified date) October 2010 340 105 370 110 800 360 (unspecified date) November 2010 280 65 220 60 900 320 (unspecified date) December 2010 290 70 260 50 1200 480 (unspecified date) 25 January 2011 410 130 270 46 1160 520 3 February 2011 310 100 300 50 950 280 March 2011 380 80 320 40 1600 380 (unspecified date) 7 April 2011 490 85 220 55 1250 410 (Source: U P State Pollution Control Board)

5.1.9 Solid Waste Management23 As per city development plan Kanpur, about 1500 MT of solid waste is generated every day in Kanpur city. Organic waste constitutes the largest component followed by inert material and debris etc. Apart from the solid waste generated from households, commercial establishments and institution, Kanpur also has few industries and other business like health care facilities that generate different type of wastes like Biomedical waste, industrial waste produced by tanneries, textile, rubber and other industries, dung, waste straw and other waste

23 Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM, JPS Associates (P) Ltd. Consultants, 2006)

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from dairies, silt from nallas and drains, etc. The total quantity of solid waste generated from sewerage district-I, is estimated by considering the average quantity (350gms) of solid waste generated per capita per day (pcpd), which comes to about 394 MT as shown in Table 5.8. With growth in population, the per capita waste generation is also expected to increase thereby increasing the solid waste.

Table 5.8 Solid waste generation in sewerage district-I, Kanpur city Location Population (as of Average solid waste Total solid waste 2010) generation per capita generated in MT per day Sewerage District-I of 11.27 lacs 350 gms 394 Kanpur city

The solid waste management in sewerage district-I is handled by Kanpur Nagar Nigam, which involves primary and secondary collection, transportation of wastes and disposal at landfill site. Issues related to primary and secondary collection of garbage include dumping of wastes along roadside and into drains leads to choking of drains, lack of segregation of bio-degradable and non-degradable waste at source, large scale public littering leading to inattentiveness of street sweeping and cleaning activities. Presently there is no waste processing plant at Kanpur and the total waste is taken to disposal size. Representative pictures of observed open dumping of solid waste in sewerage district-I, is shown in Plate 5.2. As a result of such practices the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and poses a serious threat to the environment and to the public health. Open dumping of wastes also causes choking of sewers which in turn leads to water logging throughout the city. Plate 5.2 Open waste dumping (left) and blocked overflowing drain at Chauk Sarafa

ward (right)

5.1.10 Biological Environment

5.1.10.1Green cover Gardens/ Parks: There are no ecologically sensitive identified gardens/ parks in sewerage district-I. However the region has small residential parks, which will not be threatened by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and

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will not pass through these areas. Some of the residential parks include Mahatma Gandhi Park and Anand Bagh Park in Colonelganj area, Central park in Sarojini Nagar area, Valmiki Park, and Japnese garden in Harsh Nagar area and Phool Bagh in Naughara region. Tree Cover: Trees can be seen along the road side in almost all parts of sewerage district I, especially near the flood plain area, Civil lines, Jail Chauraha, Company Bagh Chauraha and less in residential area like Purana Kanpur area, Sauter Ganj area, Colonel Ganj area. A map of the tree clusters in Kanpur District –I is shown in Figure 5.6. Practically none of the trees will be disturbed nor damaged (tree cutting), since they are located on the edges and sides of roads, away from the centre, along which the sewers are planned to be laid as shown in Plate 5.3.

Figure 5.7 Map of trees in Kanpur sewerage District I Plate 5.3 Road side tree in Civil lines area (left) and Company Bagh Chauraha area (right)

Agriculture: The agricultural practice in sewerage district I of Kanpur city is limited to the area situated near Ghasiyari Mandi and near Nawabganj area as shown in Figure 5.7. Crop

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rotation and mixed cultivation practices are common features of locals in Kanpur district, and locals in sewerage district I generally grow seasonal vegetable. As shown in Figure 5.7, the agriculture area in district I is located away from the proposed sewer work area and will not be affected.

Figure 5.8 Satellite image showing agricultural areas (green points) in Kanpur District-I (top) and zoomed in area at Nawabganj (left) and land between Westgate and Ghasiyari Mandi (right), within Kanpur sewerage district ‘I’ (Source: Google Earth)

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5.1.10.2 Flora Kanpur city and Dehat as a whole has around 5400 hectares of reserved forest area falling under the jurisdiction of the state forest department. Consequently, much of the natural flora and fauna has disappeared over the years due to various anthropogenic pressures. However, the city currently has negligible area under forest. The Allan Forest which originally had 200 hectares now reduced to 50 hectares only. Interestingly this natural forest patch harbours the Kanpur Zoological Garden (Allen Forest Zoo). The project site is mostly residential area and does not have any protected or reserved forest area (except for Allen Zoo forest). The site also does not fall under India’s notified ecological sensitive areas. This is evident from Figure 5.8, which shows few of the nearby eco-sensitive zones and their average distance from Kanpur.

Figure 5.9 Map showing some of the nearest eco-sensitive areas around Kanpur city (Source: Google Maps)

5.2 Baseline Social Status Kanpur is a burgeoning city surrounded by the river Ganga (on the north), and the river Pandu (on the south). For implementation of sewerage works, the city has been divided into four sewerage districts. This project is being implemented in District 1, which has 34 wards. The total area of the wards is 33.20 km2. As per the Census of India (2011), the total population of Kanpur City is 45.72 lacs. Of this, in 2010, the population served in District 1 is only 11.27 lacs (as per the DPR). It is projected that the population will increase to 14.13 lacs in 2025 and 18.97 lacs in 2040. Provided in Table 5.9 is the list of 34 wards that will be affected by this project, the observations made about the ward in the field, and the population ward from the DPR.

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Kanpur Nagar is a relatively urban district and, correspondingly, it has a large and highly stratified population. Its literacy rate is almost 75%. Non-workers outnumber workers by more than two-to-one, but 83% of those employed have regular employment. In terms of education, Kanpur Nagar has very few people (less than 5%) with no education, and the largest group is in the Diploma range; however, those with Middle level education or below outnumber those with Diploma or above by about 400,000 people. The vast majority (65%) have permanent residences. Kanpur Nagar has a relatively small SC population, mostly from the Chamar caste. Tribal populations are also relatively small, with the three largest tribes accounting for only 0.04% of the total population. Drinking water facilities and safe drinking water also are relatively available, especially with electricity access. Paved roads also outnumber mud roads by over 60%, in terms of number of villages. Medical facilities and communication facilities (post office, telephone facility, etc.) appear fairly common. Full demographic details are available as Annexure 4. Kanpur has some sewage system, but its reach is not vast enough and much of it is too old (and in parts, defunct). Overall, 30% of Kanpur city, by area, is sewered. In District 1 (the project area), 2668 ha is sewered while 2957 ha is not. The unsewered area is located primarily in the eastern part of the District 1, which includes part of the city core and the cantonment. A new trunk sewer to take waste from the tannery zone to the Jajmau STP aims to account for the future projected pollution load of 267.44 MLD by 2040. As for the quality of the sewers, many of them are old brick sewers laid between 50 and 100 years ago. The last major sewer renovation project took place in 1952, and was meant to support a population of 9.25 lakhs and is clearly inadequate for the present population of 11.27 lakhs, let alone the projected increases in the future.

Table 5.9 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use S. Ward Wards Land use observation Population Projected Population No Ref. in field (Source: DPR) No. 2001 2010 2025 2040 1 1 Old Kanpur Extremely congested, 24158 31500 42300 72600 mix of residential and commercial uses. 2 2 Laxmipurwa Both residential and 26440 35700 49600 84704 commercial uses. The main roads are fairly wide, but interior lanes are very narrow and congested. Presence of mobile vendors in the streets. 3 4 Gwaltoli Mixed use with 21130 25600 31800 50900 commercial and residential buildings. The buildings are old and have houses on top, and shops below. 4 5 Chunniganj Residential and 21735 26300 32800 52400 commercial, very congested area.

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S. Ward Wards Land use observation Population Projected Population No Ref. in field (Source: DPR) No. 5 9 Vishnupuri Mixed use with 26377 34400 46200 79300 institutional and residential. 6 13 Khalasiline Also called Tilak 19717 24800 32100 55300 Nagar. Purely residential area with very high income housing. 7 15 Parmat Mixed use with 22091 27800 36000 62000 commercial and residential. 8 28 Krishna Nagar Primarily a residential 26137 29885 46560 72539 area. 9 29 Safipur Mixed use with 19757 22590 35194 54831 commercial and residential. 10 37 Harjinder Congested market area 22730 25989 40490 63082 Nagar with a few houses. 11 40 Anwarganj Old residential 23858 27800 33000 52700 neighbourhood constructed in the British era. Contains the railway quarters. Brick footpaths are ubiquitous. 12 44 Ompurwa Commercial and 23726 27128 42265 65847 residential. Markets are along the main roads and residences are in the interior lanes. Predominantly low income housing. 13 45 Nawab ganj Commercial and 26588 35900 49800 85200 residential, not very congested. Many two lane roads are seen. Presence of a few slums. Nalas are overflowing. A large mandi (vegetable market) area is seen. 14 59 Civil Lines Residential and hotels. 25418 34300 47600 81400 Roads are wide. Area seems wealthy.

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S. Ward Wards Land use observation Population Projected Population No Ref. in field (Source: DPR) No. 15 66 Jajmau South Industrial area home to 23430 27900 41738 65026 leather and textile industries. 16 70 Tiwaripur Institutional and 21081 24104 37553 58506 residential area. 17 71 Gandhigram Primarily residential 20227 23127 36031 56135 neighbourhood with middle income housing. 18 76 Sooterganj The main roads are 24717 32200 43300 74300 wide, and interior roads are narrow. The area contains some old abandoned factories. 19 84 Dalelpurwa Highly congested area 21283 25800 32100 51300 predominantly populated by Muslims. Presence of mosques, shops, and houses. 20 85 Cooperganj Residential and 23098 26930 32000 51100 industrial area, highly congested. 21 86 Jajmau North Industrial area home to 24650 28185 43911 68412 leather and textile industries. 22 92 Chatai Mohal Extremely congested 22206 26900 33500 53500 area with both residential and commercial spaces. 23 95 Chandari Mainly a residential 26611 30427 47404 73854 area with predominantly Muslim population. Presence of several slums noted. 24 97 Harbans The main road is fairly 21652 25100 29900 47700 Mohal wide but interior lanes are extremely congested. Some shops have extended their display of wares on to the road since the space is so limited. 25 100 Patkapur Very congested with 23871 27800 33100 52800 mixed income groups living in this neighbourhood. It is

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S. Ward Wards Land use observation Population Projected Population No Ref. in field (Source: DPR) No. predominantly populated by Hindus. An old temple (built in 1907) is present here. 26 101 Maheswari Extremely congested, 24012 29100 36200 57900 Mohal mix of residential and commercial uses. 27 102 General Ganj Very congested market 25132 30500 37900 60600 area. 28 103 Parade Congested market area. 21437 25000 29700 47400 Some very old houses are present. 29 104 Heeraman ka Extremely congested, 20074 24300 30300 48400 Purwa low income area predominantly populated by Muslims. It is considered to be a high crime neighbourhood. Presence of mosques, shops, and houses. 30 105 Danakhori Very narrow congested 24043 28100 33300 53200 streets. A water line was being constructed when the field visit was conducted and this was causing severe obstructions. 31 106 Chowk Sarafa Very congested area 20354 24700 30700 49000 with very old buildings. Typically the houses were on the top floor and the shops were below. 32 107 Talak Mohal Very congested area 23914 27900 33100 52900 with markets and residences. 33 109 Collector Ganj Congested commercial 22481 26200 31100 49700 and residential area. There are schools and temples as well. 34 110 Colonel Ganj Residential and 23183 27000 32100 51300 commercial mix. Small shops everywhere.

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Cultural Significance Holy Ganges passes through the city and people consider taking bath in the river as a pious ritual. During certain festival and occasions, more people take a holy bath in the river.

5.2.1 Details of Social Surveys The approach and methodology followed for social survey and social baseline study has been discusses in the Section 2.6 Household surveys, group discussion and stakeholder consultations were performed during the field surveys to assess the situation and get the feedback about the project from all the concerned stakeholders. Household owners in 33 out of the total 34 wards were consulted, additionally other important set of locals interviewed or consulted were pedestrians, shop- owners, mobile vendors, members of sensitive places like hospital staff, school teachers, slum dwellers etc. Several wards have mixed residential and commercial land use patterns. There were no tribal population in the surveyed areas. Several members of the local community have already experienced the construction impacts of sewerage projects during the on-going execution of JNNURM projects. The need for improving the sewerage facilities in Kanpur, and reducing pollution into the river is acknowledged almost universally by all. However, local stakeholders have provided a few suggestions on improvement of the project implementation process such that the inconveniences caused to their lives are minimized. Households surveyed included respondents across the socio-economic spectrum, both male and female. The average household size in the study area is 6. Most of the household have access to drinking water facilities and electricity and have toilets as well, but most of the toilets are not connected to sewer networks. They have pit toilets as disposal system. But most of them responded that they are not aware that whether their household will be connected to sewer network or not.

5.2.2 Access to Basic Services Out of total houses, still 33 percentage houses are not covered by electricity, 17 percent by safe drinking water and 36.5 percent by toilet. Still 10 percent houses are not covered by any of basic services. Little over half of the households in Kanpur enjoy the facility of electricity; drinking water and toilet 24 . Approximately 20 percent of households have sewer connectivity25.

5.2.3 Status of Poverty in Kanpur26 Though no recent study is available to accurately assess the extent of poverty levels in Kanpur but from the discussions with various stakeholders we understand that poverty levels are quite high in Kanpur. Kanpur was an industrial town having a dozen textile mills, shoe manufacturing units, tanneries, a scooter unit, spice packaging units and various other small and medium scale industries. Many of the industries have closed down in recent past. This

24 Source: Kanpur Development Authority Vision Document, Draft Final Report, November 2003 25 Source : Primary survey data 26 JP Associates (2006) Citi Development Plan of Kanpur City

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along with many other sick units has led to large unemployment and increase in urban poverty. In addition to this, more than twenty percent of the population in Kanpur stays in areas marred with unhygienic living conditions and lack of civic amenities. The urban infrastructure is not satisfactory enough to bring homogenous development in new areas. The growth of housing stock is not able to keep pace with the population growth. This has increased the housing stock deficit which has given rise to slum dwellings.

5.2.4 Slums in Kanpur As per the survey conducted by DUDA and documents from KNN, total slums in Kanpur are 390. According to census 2001, the slum population was 3.68 lakh i.e. 14.5 percent of total Population. As per the survey conducted by D.U.D.A in 1997-98, the population was 4,19,859 and total households were 98,208. As per K.N.N estimate, slum population is about 5.0 lakh in 2006 which is twenty percent of total population. A large number of below poverty line (BPL) population (about 60%) also live-in slums. 5.2.5 Employment In slum areas, more than 24 percent (1,02,763) are unemployed out of total eligible people for employment. Out of total employed persons (15%), 39 percent people are self-employed. 25 percent are working in private offices whereas about 20% have government jobs. The maximum percentage of slum dwellers (about 39 %) is self-employed which shows that either they have their own small establishments or work as casual labourers. It has also been observed that a large number of women’s are also employed. They are working mainly as maid in nearby colonies. The child labour is also in existence as one can see children’s working in the collection of solid waste and its segregation etc. 5.2.6 Sanitation Facilities Presently, access to sanitation services is markedly less than access to other basic services. The proportion of people having access to sanitation in urban areas is considerably greater when compared to their rural counterparts; the problems are more exacerbated in slums. Urban sanitation is perceived as being important because of the health factor. In case of alums, the sanitation facilities are worst and in alarming condition. Majority of households use public toilets followed by households using individual flush. Even then open defecation is still at a large scale. To minimize open defecation and to bring improvement in overall sanitation, two schemes have been introduced: a) Low Cost Sanitation Scheme b) Construction of Community toilets. Centrally sponsored low cost sanitation schemes continue to remain a key component of urban sanitation not only for urban poor or slum populations, but it is also an appropriate intervention wherever the costly option of underground drainage is not feasible. Under Low Cost Sanitation Scheme of KNN, 2430 off-site toilets and 2366 on-site toilets were provided beneficiating 12490 and 12161 population respectively. In totality, 105138 slum dwellers have been benefited under this scheme. However, during visits to slum areas it has been observed that low cost sanitation scheme for building individual toilets was not widely accepted by the individuals due to lack of space in their houses and not in a position to pay their share.

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5.2.7 Sewerage System and Solid Waste Management In most of the slums, sewerage system is either non-existent or is chocked. The problem of blocked sewerage also exists in the slums where people stay in pucca houses. The open drains in the slums are of very small size and are mostly blocked due to lack of cleaning and solid waste finding its way into drains. There is no proper way of solid waste disposal which exists at the slum level. In 40% of the slums solid waste is collected by govt. or private persons but disposal sites are either non-existent or are poorly managed. In many slums solid waste can be seen flowing in the drains leading to chocked drains and health hazardous situation.

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Table 5.10 Ward wise details of the survey Consulta No. of Place Date Nature of participants Key issues raised tion no. participants 1 Old Kanpur 25 August 2011 7 Women Inconvenience 2 Laxmipurwa 26 August 3 Residents Dust, inconvenience and traffic congestion 3 Gwaltoli 25 August 2011 4 Shop owners Problem of traffic and inconvenience 4 Chunniganj 25 August 2011 12 Residents & shop owners Dust is too much and at times debris is not clear on time. Road is dug up at bus stand, so inconvenience 5 Vishnupuri 25 August 2011 8 Bank employees and Inconvenience residents 6 Khalasiline 25 August 2011 6 Women Dust 7 Parmat 25 August 2011 5 Residents & shop owners Overall satisfies if this project completes in time 8 Krishna Nagar 25 August 2011 7 Residents Satisfied with the project. 9 Safipur 25 August 2011 9 Residents Inconvenience to daily life routine. Problems to pedestrian 10 Harjinder Nagar 25 August 2011 3 Shop keepers Dust, traffic congestion, access to shop is inconvenient, very narrow lanes 11 Anwarganj (Near 25 August 2011 2 Residents and shop owners Heavy traffic, inconvenient for train passengers Railway Station) 12 Ompurwa 26 August 2011 5 Shop keepers Inconvenience in access 13 Nawab Ganj 25 August 2011 7 Local vendors, visitors to Inconvenience in access, traffic, congestion zoo, residents 14 Civil Lines 25 August 2011 8 Shop keepers & residents Work doesn’t finish in time, debris is not cleared on time 15 Jajmau South 25 August 2011 4 Industrial Dust, inconvenience 16 Tiwaripur Not visited 17 Gandhigram 25 August 2011 3 Residents Narrow lanes, inconvenience 18 Sooterganj 26 August 2011 7 Residents and shop keepers Dust 19 Dalelpurwa 26 August 2011 5 Residents Congestion 20 Cooperganj 25 August 2011 10 Residents and shop owners Existing infrastructure is not well maintained. So can’t trust executing agency

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Consulta No. of Place Date Nature of participants Key issues raised tion no. participants 21 Jajmau North 25 August 2011 4 Industrial Dust, inconvenience 22 Chatai Mohal 26 August 2011 8 Residents and Institutional Traffic member 23 Chandari 25 August 2011 2 Residents Satisfied if project is properly implemented for their area 24 Harbans Mohal 26 August 2011 5 Residents Congestion, traffic 25 Patkapur 26 August 2011 2 Shop owner Inform public before excavation 26 Maheswari Mohal 26 August 2011 3 Residents Congestion, traffic 27 General Ganj 26 August 2011 3 Shop owners Congestion, traffic and dust 28 Parade Churaha 26 August 2011 4 Shop owners Congestion and inconvenience to access 29 Heeraman ka Purwa 26 August 2011 6 Residents Congestion, traffic 30 Danakhori 26 August 2011 2 Residents Congestion 31 Chowk Sarafa 26 August 2011 2 Shop owners Congestion, dust and inconvenience to access 32 Talak Mohal 26 August 2011 4 Residents Congestion, traffic 33 Collector Ganj 25 August 2011 3 Shop owners Congestion, dust and traffic 34 Colonel Ganj 25 August 2011 1 Residents and shop keepers Inconvenience in access and daily routine

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Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for Kanpur District-I

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Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts

Pollution abatement projects may prove beneficial for the environment and society or they may have some adverse impacts as well. Planners and decision makers have realized the importance of understanding the consequences of any such projects on both environmental and social sectors, and have started taking steps to prevent any potential adverse impacts. Based on the major findings obtained from the field visits and secondary data analysis, the possible environmental and social issues with reference to the proposed sewer works in sewerage district- I of Kanpur city have been discussed in these sections.

6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district I would influence the environment in three distinct phases: • During Designing phase • During the construction phase which would be temporary and short term; • During the operation phase which would have long term effects

6.1.1 Design and Development Phase

Sewer lines All sewer lines including trunk, lateral and branch sewer lines must be designed considering the future population and waste generation rate. Otherwise the constructed sewer may not carry the waste load, leading to failure and financial loss. The alignment of sewer lines and sewerage pumping station must be properly planned; else it may lead to both technical and social problems along with environmental issues of back flow creating foul smell and unhygienic conditions.

6.1.2 Impacts during construction The sewerage network includes laying and rehabilitation of 424.385 km of sewer lines, and construction of 4 nos. of sewage pumping stations and 2 sewage lift stations. The construction activities would generally include earthworks, (excavation, filling, shuttering, compacting), temporary diversion of existing sewer lines, civil construction (sewer lines, SPS, etc) and E & M installation and commissioning. The impacts of these construction stage activities on the various environmental and social parameters are examined below: 1. Environmental parameters i. Air quality Based on the field observation of ongoing JNNRUM projects and interaction/consultation with stake-holders, it is expected that the levels of dust (RSPM and SPM), carbon mono-oxide (CO), hydrocarbons and NOx (NO &NO2) is likely to increase during the construction phase mainly because of:  Excavation, backfilling, compaction activity and movement of vehicles on un-paved roads (increases dust level)

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 Vehicle exhausts from construction machinery and from light and heavy vehicles for transportation of pipes and construction material like cement, etc (increases NO2).  Use of portable diesel generators and other fuel fired machinery, and (increases CO). Further these construction activities cause temporary deterioration of the air quality, causing health problems of respiratory ailments such as bronchitis and asthma due to increased suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the air. A high concentration of SPM could also be a leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat infections and related discomfort. Laying of sewerage lines mainly falls in the residential area, hence temporary impact on air quality in these areas is of greater concern. ii. Noise levels Noise levels in the vicinity of any construction activity rise due to plying of transport vehicles and use of portable generators, mechanical machinery such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. These activities may occur round the clock and the noise pollution thus created may affect human habitations, particularly during the night time. The increase in noise levels may thus be a major concern at the project site, since it is located in the urbanized area of the city and close to habitation. The primary impact of noise level would be mainly on workers operating high noise generating machines if appropriate control measures are not adopted. Schools and educational institutes such as Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, ICFAI National College, DAV College, BNSD Shiksha Niketan Inter College, Kanpur Paramedical College, PPN Degree College, Air Force school and hospitals like RK Devi eye hospital, Gastro Liver Hospital, Chandhini Hospital, Sahani Hospital may suffer temporarily due to the elevated noise levels. Increase of noise level at night may produce disturbances, causing sleeplessness in people in the vicinity of the site in case construction activity is extended into the night hours. However, these impacts are of temporary nature, lasting only during the construction period. iii. Water environment The natural water bodies/drainage channels of the project area are likely to be affected in the following ways:  By wastewater from construction activities – This would mostly contain suspended impurities. Other pollutants, which may find their way to it, are likely to be in insignificant concentrations and may be safely disregarded.  Flooding is likely during monsoon as drainage paths could be obstructed by the excessive debris noted during field visits; this concern was also voiced by residents. If adequate arrangements are not made to ensure proper drainage of wastewater from the construction sites, such waters may form stagnant pools, which might promote breeding of mosquitoes and create generally unsanitary conditions.  Due to the diversion of sewer lines during the desilting/rehabilitation/replacement works to be carried out for the existing sewers. The above wastes are likely to be discharged to the nearby surface drains and would hence temporarily increase the pollution load of these drains/nallas.

2. Management and Disposal of Excavated Material during construction

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The proposed project will have lot of construction involved and as such if the management and disposal of excavated material is not properly done, it will impose a problem to local people and residents. This would be a temporary impact but a mitigation measure for this has been suggested. Digging and backfilling of trench for laying sewer lines may render topsoil loose. Soils of the construction area may be contaminated by wastewaters. This contamination may be due to:  Alteration of chemical make-up of the soils, increased acidity/alkalinity  Pressure of pathogens and other organic material in the excavated material These impacts will be minor and limited to the construction phase only. No major impact on soil quality is anticipated. i. Ecology The project site does not involve any forestland / ecologically sensitive areas. Thus, there will be no significant impact on the ecology of the area. The forested area to the west of the district I is Allen Forest area. However, as gathered from discussions with UPJN engineer, the forest area will not be impacted since sewer lines will not be laid through that area.

6.1.3 Impacts during operation i. Water environment Water resources in the project area would be the most positively benefited by the sanitation project since additional sewage will now be routed to the STP. Therefore proper operation and maintenance mechanism must be followed for efficient working of the system. The probably environmental impacts related to water during operation stage may include unpredictable events such as:  Temporary flooding of adjacent areas due to accidental leakages/bursts and also due to blockages and backlogging of lines.  Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line due to leakages/ overflows from the sewer lines  Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to inadequate /inefficient sewage treatment process. ii. Noise and air quality Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity. There will also be minimisation of gas being emitted from the sewage drains, since during operation, most of the works will be laid underground. iii. Sludge Disposal from the Pumping Station It is possible that during the operation of pumping station sludge generated may not be properly handled. This could be a cause of concern from environmental aspect.

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6.2 Potential Social Impacts Based on the surveys, interviews with the key stakeholders, interaction with the coordinating agencies, a screening checklist was prepared to identify the social issues associated with the project during construction phase. The proposed project will only influence social sector during construction phase. During the construction phase, the impacts identified below would be temporary and short term.

6.2.1 Social Impacts

1. Impact on human health One of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects will be on the air quality due to the dust generated during excavation. The amount of dust generated will depend upon the level of digging and the prevailing weather conditions and can have an adverse impact on the health of the persons residing or working near the project sites. Increased dust was witnessed during the field visit during construction of JNNURM-related sewage projects. Since the district has more of residential land use, the number of people who will be affected is more. Residential population includes more vulnerable groups such as elderly and children. Some of the residential colonies include, Vishnupuri, Chunni Ganj, Nawab Ganj, etc.

2. Traffic Congestion Due to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be a disturbance in the traffic movement. People may suffer some inconvenience during the morning and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de-routing of the traffic as the mitigation measure. Main traffic congestion related problem was witnessed in wards like Colonel Ganj, Cooper Ganj, LIC Chauraha, etc. Many of the roads in the district are as narrow as in the range of 7-12 feet. Any excavation in these areas would disrupt traffic and already most of them witness traffic congestion during peak hours.

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Figure 6.1 GIS map showing the road network of Kanpur District-I, with highlighted regions of dense road network.

Plate 6.1 Narrow congested roads of Patkapur

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3. Impact on livelihood The excavation will lead to road blockage and as a result the commercial establishments and vendors will have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis. But there will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as and when required. So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey. On a better note, most of the interviewed shop-owners and vendors are satisfied with proposed project and suggest that it should be completed well in time to minimize their inconvenience.

4. Impact on existing utility services The road opening activities may damage the underground water pipelines or electricity poles in the vicinity of the site for the proposed sub-projects. This will lead to water supply interruptions, disruption in electricity supply and will involve expensive repair costs. Flooding of areas could also occur. One water supply interruption was witnessed during the field visit; in this instance, flooding of one street did occur near Civil Line area. With no other alternative source readily available, people have to buy water from private tankers or buy bottled water for drinking purpose till the time service is restored to normal. The DPR also notes impacts on utility services as a potential issue.

5. Safety hazards There are potential hazards for the workers as well as for the pedestrians. Additionally, there have been reports, gathered during the field visit, of children falling into holes left open by construction crews on JNNURM projects, and children were seen playing around active construction sites. Safety equipment for workers is provided as part of the DPR.

6. Damage to buildings Interviews with city officials brought to notice the potential issue that some old houses have used the cities nearly century’s old sewer system as the foundation for their homes. It is feared that should this sewer system be disturbed as part of the reconfiguration and laying of new sewer lines, that the houses built on top would be adversely affected in the form of settling or cracks. It is not expected, however, that cracks will develop in housing for any other reason but this. Areas where these old buildings exist are Gwaltoli, Anwar Ganj, Collector Ganj, etc.

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Plate 6.2 Old building along Halsey road, Collector Ganj

7. Elevated Noise Levels Increased noise pollution was noted during JNNRUM construction from construction equipment. This will disturb residences, and especially sensitive areas like schools and hospitals.

8. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites Excessive debris, trash or construction remnants (e.g. dirt piles) would create problems related to drainage, unhygienic conditions and poor aesthetics; however, clean-up and debris clearance is budgeted in the DPR so this should not be a concern.

9. Effect to daily life Residents of Heeraman ka Purwa, Laxmipurwa complained that during construction in JNNURM projects, they were not able to take out their vehicles and also access to their house also is problematic.

10. Land Acquisition issue According to the DPR, consultations with relevant officials including UP Jal Nigam members, Revenue Departments, community and first-hand observations during the field visit, which requires only land acquisition not resulting in loss of income, loss of livelihood, relocation of households. Land is required for only one pumping station which will be directly purchased by UP Jal Nigam

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Additionally, there are no squatters or settlements around the proposed works, thus no relocation is required. There will be no loss of income or livelihood due to purchase of land for one pumping station. The other land parcels required are government land free of all encroachment and other encumbrances. Details of land requirements and applicability to Land Acquisition Act: 1. Sanjay Puram– Private Land Pumping station: 6 MLD Applicability of RFCTLAR&R Act 2013: Since land will be directly purchased by UPJN, the Act will not apply. Since there is no activity on the identified piece of land (agriculture, shop, homestead etc), there will be no requirement for Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) plan. As per UPJN, the negotiations between UPJN and the land owner have been finalized. Action required: UPJN to sign a memorandum of understanding with the Land Owner indicating the amount agreed for and timeframe within which money will be transferred to the owner. Post disbursement of compensation, ownership of land will be transferred to government of Uttar Pradesh. 2. Gandhi Park (Krishna Nagar) Pumping station: 16.10 MLD Applicability of RFCTLAR&R Act 2013: Since this is a public land, there will be not acquisition hence the Act will not apply. Action required: UPJN to sign an MOU with the Resident Welfare Association and agree on activities to develop the remaining part of the park. 3. Near Chacha Nehru Hospital Pumping station: 9.50 MLD Applicability to Land Acquisition Act: Since land is already under the possession of Nagar Nigam so there will be no acquisition of land 4. Near Maqdoom Shah Baba mazar Pumping station: 10.70 MLD Applicability to Land Acquisition Act: Since land is already under the possession of Nagar Nigam so there will be no acquisition of land.

6.3 Conclusion Based on the overall secondary data analysis and field investigation, the proposed project is expected to benefit the Kanpur City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river. The likely beneficial impacts of the projects include  Improvement in sewerage collection and treatment within the cities/towns  Prevention of storm drains carrying sanitary sullage or dry weather flow  Prevention of ground water and soil pollution due to infiltration of untreated liquid waste

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 Prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga  Improvement in water quality of River Ganga, a national resource  Improvement in environmental sanitation health and reduction in associated health hazards within the cities/towns  Improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity  Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to low cost sanitation and reduced malarial risks and other health hazards Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts, that can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences.

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Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan

7.1 Environmental Management plan Table 7.1 summarizes the generic environmental management plan for low category investment that identifies the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the design and development, construction, and operation phases of the proposed sewer work in sewerage district ‘A’. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social assessment study. In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESMP. The roles and responsibilities of the involved institutes are described below.

7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN The role of UPJN in the implementation of EMP involves the following activities:  EMP clearance from NMCG and World Bank and disclosure as required;  Integrating the EMP in the bid document of contractor as an addendum;

7.1.2 Implementation of EMP The contractor shall be responsible to implement the EMP primarily in assistance with the Project Management Consultant team. The Environmental Specialist from the Independent Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the design drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval. The State, local Government will be responsible for Coordination, Monitoring and evaluation of the Environment Management Plan. It should ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line and acted upon. Contractor shall report the implementation of the Environment Management Plan to the Environmental Expert and the Project management consultant as well as to UP Jal Nigam through monthly reports. Further a quarterly report is required to be prepared and required to be given to National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) for the progress made in implementing the Environment Management Plan. Feedback from the local residents can also be taken from time to time to cross check the contractor’s report. Project management consultants should make inspection visits at construction site to check the implementation of Environment Management Plan as per the contract. Broad Institutional arrangement for implementation of EMP is shown in figure 7.1 below:

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State Pollution Control Board

Chief Engineer-Allahabad Zone UPJN

GM-Ganga Pollution control unit

PM-1 PM-2 PM-3

Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation)

Team Leader (Supervision Consultant) Project Manager (Contractor)

Environmental Expert Environmental Officer (Supervision Consultant) (Contractor)

Figure 7.1 Broad Institutional arrangements for implementation of EMP

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Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact category Investments Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Impact/Concern impact

Sewerage and Sanitation Investments

A. Design and Development Phase

Sewerage Accidental Due to accidental burst or Temporary Designing sewers with adequate capacity and UP Jal Nigam leakages/ leakage of sewers, flooding of flow velocity bursts the nearby areas could take Regular inspection and maintenance of the Design consultants place. sewers Backlogging due to unexpected heavy flow rates Flushing of By-product of de-silting old and Sewer lines must be de-silted between night Contractor sewers at blocked sewer lines would and morning hours (approx. 11 pm to 5 am) necessary result in significant amounts of since flow in sewers and on-road traffic will be Project management locations silt, solid waste and slurry. minimum during that period. consultant These could lead to a health Sewer lines must first be dewatered by hazard and olfactory offense, if submersible pumps and then plugged by UP Jal Nigam not disposed and managed means of sand bags so as to divert flow of sewer properly. before pumping manhole to manhole. The sewer lines must also be flushed with pressurized air to eject all harmful gases (such as H2S, CO2, CO). If human entry is required in the sewer lines, it is imperative to equip the worker with safety harness, a helmet with torch, gloves, water proof waders, oxygen cylinder with breathing apparatus.

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Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Impact/Concern impact

The de-silted waste should be collected immediately and disposed into pits excavated at landfill site. The pumping mechanism (jetting and suction powered by truck’s chassis engine) should have a provision to separate the water content of the slurry, using a filter/sieve or via cyclonic separation. This water content can be drained back into the sewer lines. The retained silt could be utilized in leveling of low-lying land pockets outside city limits (10- 20 kms) in areas alongside Etawah road and Allahabad road.27 B. Construction phase

Sewerage Excavation, Damage to underground Temporary Review all available drawings, notes, and Contractor (laying of cutting, back utilities like water, gas line, information on the existing underground lines sewers) filling and electricity and telephone and structures in determining the location of Project management compaction conduits, etc due to the existing facilities. consultant operations construction activities. Concerned authorities should be informed and their assistance sought to remove, relocate and UP Jal Nigam restore services of these utilities prior to commencement of construction. All these underground utilities encountered in excavating trenches carefully shall be supported, maintained and protected from

27 As per discussion with UPJN Kanpur officials and DPR Volume IV, Pg. 5

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Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Impact/Concern impact

injury or interruption of service until backfill is complete and settlement has taken place. Minimize time for replacement operations; and appropriate scheduling as necessary especially for water supply line. Accidents/ damages due to Temporary Maintaining the excavation by Shoring trench Contractor erosion/ sliding of vertical sides sides by placing sheeting, timber shores, trench of excavated trenches while jacks, bracing, piles, or other materials to Project management placing the pipes counter the surrounding earth load pressure. consultant

Exposed surface will be resurfaced and UP Jal Nigam stabilized by making the sloping sides of trench to the angle of repose at which the soil will remain safely at rest.

Dust Generation due to Temporary Construction activity may increase the dust Contractor excavation, cutting, back filling levels in the air, posing as a respiratory hazard and compaction operations and sensory irritant for local residents and Project management vendors. consultant Dust is generated due to the disturbance of dry top-soil and excavation of roads. It is UP Jal Nigam recommended to minimize dust generated by wetting all unprotected cleared areas and stockpiles with water, especially during dry and windy periods. Additionally, it is recommended to wet and cover excavated material transported by trucks.

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Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Impact/Concern impact

Noise and vibration Temporary Noise is a temporary nuisance caused due to Contractor disturbances to residents and construction activity. It is recommended that businesses construction activities be carried out only Project management during normal working hours after providing consultant prior intimation to local residents and shop keepers. UP Jal Nigam Construction works near schools and colleges should be carried out during vacations and preferably during night and works near hospitals should be completed on priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.). Wherever possible, the use of less noise generating equipment (such as enclosed generators with mufflers, instruments with built in vibration dampening and improved exhaust) for all activities is recommended to meet standards as per the Noise Pollution Control Committee, CPCB28. Construction noise is not only a nuisance for the local community, but can also be a health hazard to construction workers due to prolonged exposure. Provision of protective equipment like ear muffs and plugs for operating personnel is recommended.

28 http://moef.gov.in/citizen/specinfo/noise.html

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Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Impact/Concern impact

It is recommended that where feasible, a sound barrier be provided in inhabited areas, particularly if there are sensitive zones like hospitals, schools etc. Temporary flooding due to Temporary Ensure that excavated soil material is stored on Contractor excavation during monsoons or the higher lying areas of the site and not in any blockage of surface drains storm water run-off channels or any other areas Project management where it is likely to cause erosion or where consultant water would naturally accumulate causing flooding. UP Jal Nigam The areas where excavated soil will be stockpiled must be bordered by berms to prevent soil loss caused by rain. Increased traffic inconvenience Temporary Due to construction and laying of sewer lines, Contractor (emissions, congestions, longer there will be disruption of traffic, leading to travel times, blockage of access) congestion. Hence, alternate traffic routing Project management must be adopted in consultation with consultant concerned traffic police authorities. UP Jal Nigam Traffic disruptions may also have adverse impacts on trade and commerce, hence works Traffic police at business and market areas must be completed earlier. Care should be taken to minimize congestion (by effective traffic re-routing) especially around entry points of schools and hospitals. Provide temporary crossings/ bridges to maintain normalcy for pedestrians and businesses.

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Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Impact/Concern impact

Settlement of backfilled area Temporary The backfilling material shall be free from Contractor after construction petroleum products, slag, cinders, ashes and rubbish, or other material. Project management Backfilling activity should follow the consultant construction schedule, as recommended by the DPR, which estimates that a 1 km stretch of UP Jal Nigam construction work is to be completed in approximately 2.6 days. Proper compaction to be executed as per the soil specific conditions to retain the original level/ alignment and grade as it was prior to excavation. Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Store tanks and drums for excess capacity; Contractor forbid pouring into soils or drains; enforce adequate equipment maintenance procedures Project management consultant

UP Jal Nigam

General: Air Air pollution due to particulate Temporary Providing curtains (polysheets/ sheets) all Contractor Environment matter emissions from around the site to control dust spreading Project management due to all excavation, construction beyond the site. consultant construction material handling, Sprinkling of water at regular intervals to activities transportation of materials control dust especially places where soil is UP Jal Nigam stockpiled. Preventive maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles to meet emission standards. Ensuring use of low fume emitting,

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Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Impact/Concern impact

newer generators and vehicles with well- maintained engines and control devices.

General: Noise hazards Temporary Noise attenuation with sound proof insulation Contractor Noise for noise generation sources like pumps, Project management Environment generators or using less noise making consultant due to all equipment. construction Proper maintenance of construction equipment UP Jal Nigam activities and vehicles to keep them with low noise. Construction activities need to be suspended during the night hours in the neighborhood of hospitals and in day time in the neighborhood of educational institutions. General Nuisance due to solid waste Temporary Ensure that no litter, refuse, wastes, rubbish, Contractor waste during disposal rubble, debris and builders wastes generated Project management construction on the premises must be collected in rubbish consultant bins and disposed of weekly at registered refuse facility sites. UP Jal Nigam Toilet facility must be provided at construction site and should be maintained properly. Toilets must be emptied regularly at treatment plants and every effort must be made to prevent the contamination of surface or sub-surface water General: Safety hazards to labours and Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and Contractor safety during public Safety act of India Project management construction Ensure that the contact details of the police or consultant security company and ambulance services nearby to the site. UP Jal Nigam

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Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Impact/Concern impact

Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised and adequately instructed. Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary barriers and/or danger tape, marking flags, lights and flagmen around the exposed construction works warn the public and traffic flow of the inherent dangers. Provide adequate safety precautions such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. Construction Nuisance due to absence of Temporary Labour camps are not required, if the labours Contractor camps (if facility of sanitation and solid are from the native place. Project management adopted) waste management If labourers are not from native place, than consultant following measures must be undertaken: The camps must be not be in an UP Jal Nigam environmentally sensitive area such as in close proximity to a watercourse, on a steep slope or on erosive soils. Camp sites will have adequate provision of shelter, water supply, sanitation and solid waste management as far as practicable. C. Operation phase Sewer line Leakage/ Water pollution and possibility Permanent There is a temporary concern of leakages and Jal Sansthan overflows of mixing with water supply overflows leading to flooding of adjacent areas line in the sewerage district I (screening checklist). UP Jal Nigam However this can be mitigated and managed by:

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Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Impact/Concern impact

Regular monitoring of sewer line and manholes for visible leakages/ overflows. Immediate repair operation for the damaged portion of sewer line. De-siltation of blocked sewers/ manholes with sewage pumping machines-storing and disposal at appropriate refusal area after treatment. Ensure proper covering of manhole and avoid dumping of solid waste to prevent chocking of sewer line. Waste Disposal De-silted waste if not properly The de-silted waste should be collected Jal Sansthan disposed can reclog sewer lines immediately and disposed into pits excavated and potentially are health at landfill site. UP Jal Nigam hazards, cause bad odour, and public nuisance. General Sanitary Contamination of water Temporary Ensure regular monitoring of provision of Jal Sansthan Waste conditions at resources, blockage of storm water supply, excreta and solid waste UP Jal Nigam construction drains, bad odour, Health management. camps and site. hazard and Waste should be emptied regularly at disposal public nuisance area until the work is completed. Maintaining proper hygienic environment in and around camps and site by regular surveillance and monitoring of waste. General Workers exposed Serious/health/ safety hazards Temporary During cleaning/ maintenance operation, the Jal Sansthan Safety to sewer line will be adequately vented to ensure toxic gases in The toxic gases are likely to that no toxic or hazardous gases are present in UP Jal Nigam sewers and contract communicable the line. diseases from exposure to

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Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Impact/Concern impact

hazardous pathogens present in the Gases present in the sewer line should be materials sewage. analysed for hazardous/toxic gases before in sewage during commencing cleaning operation. Proper gas maintenance masks should be provided to workers work deployed in such areas. Provision of adequate safety precautions such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. during maintenance operation

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7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 7-2. Successful implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following:  The Project Management Consultant (PMC) along with UPJN to request the Contractor to commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise Levels) early in the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing conditions prior to effects from the Construction activities being felt);  The PMC along with UPJN to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for approval a proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out;  Monitoring by the PMC's Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring tests, and subsequent analysis of results;  Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, PMC to instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to:  Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency);  Modify (add to or delete) testing locations;  Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required;  Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and,  Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction equipment, processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed significantly to monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe" levels. Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment  All issues related to negative environmental impacts of the Contractor's Facilities, Plant and equipment are to be controlled through;  The Contractor's self-imposed quality assurance plan;  Regular / periodic inspection of the Concessionaire / Contractor’s plant and equipment;  Monthly appraisal of the Contractor. Other environmental impacts are to be regularly identified and noted on the monthly appraisal inspection made to review all aspects of the Contractor's operation. The officer is to review all monthly appraisal reports, and through the team leader is to instruct the Contractor to rectify all significant negative environmental impacts.

7.3 EMP Budget The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the ESMP is detailed in Table 7-3 and the cost of the Environmental Monitoring is given in Table 7-4. There are several other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the Engineering Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of market rates and

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the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered under engineering costs are listed below:  Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS site area  Appropriate siting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odour nuisance to surrounding area Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and connecting to city sewer  Alternate traffic re-routing,  Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas  Solid Waste Management

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Table7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan Env. Stage Institutional Responsibilities Component Parameter Standards/ Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision Methods 3 PM10 μg /m , PM2.5 CPCB Sewer Once in every Contractor through PMC, UPJN and μg/m3, SO2, NOX, CO Construction season (except approved monitoring SPMG Sites monsoon agency/Lab

Construction PM10 μg /m3, PM2.5 Sewer Once in a year Contractor through PMC, UPJN and

μg/m3, SO2, NOX, CO Construction except monsoon for approved monitoring SPMG Sites first 5 years. agency/Lab

Air Quality Operation Rainfall, humidity, USEPA's One location Once in every Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Wind Speed, Wind Meteorological within season approved monitoring SPMG

direction, Monitoring Allahabad A agency/Lab Temperature Guidance for district Regulatory Modeling Applications

Construction Rainfall, humidity, USEPA's One location Once in a year Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Wind Speed, Wind Meteorological within approved monitoring SPMG

direction, Monitoring Allahabad A agency/Lab

Temperature Guidance for district Regulatory Modeling Applications

Meteorology Operation

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Env. Stage Institutional Responsibilities Component Leq dB (A) (Day and Ambient Noise Sewer Once in every Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Night) Average and Standard Construction season (except approved monitoring SPMG Peak values CPCB Sites monsoon) agency/Lab

Construction

Leq dB (A) (Day and Sewer Once in a year Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Night) Average and Construction except monsoon for approved monitoring SPMG Peak values Sites first 5 years. agency/Lab

Noise Levels Operation Physical Parameter: Consider the Sewer Once in every Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Texture, Grain Size, following methods: Construction season approved monitoring SPMG Gravel, Sand, Silt, Sites and SPS agency/Lab Clay; Chemical IS-2720 (Various Parameter: pH, part); Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Soil Chemical Sodium, Nitrogen, Analysis by M.L. Absorption Ratio JACKSON.

Soil Test Method by Ministry of agriculture

Soil Construction

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Env. Stage Institutional Responsibilities Component Physical : Texture, Consider the Along sewer Twice in a year Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Grain Size, Gravel, following methods: construction (Pre-monsoon and approved monitoring SPMG Sand, Silt, Clay; sites, SPS Post monsoon) for agency/Lab Chemical Parameter: IS-2720 (Various first 5 years, pH, part); Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Soil Chemical Sodium, Nitrogen, Analysis by M.L. Absorption Ratio JACKSON.

Soil Test Method by Ministry of agriculture

Operation

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Table 7.3 Cost information of EMP Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost Cost in Rupees Remarks included (or Details if provided in in the DPR) DPR (Yes/no/n ot clear) Design and Flushing and desilting of Disposal of sludge at Yes Component for jetting cum The proposed DPR includes these Development sewers at necessary a safe location away suction machine with activities. locations from habitation. chassis including cleaning, barricading and safe disposal of silt covered in DPR for proposed sewerage system in Kanpur District I Construction Excavation, Cutting and Review of existing Yes DPR for proposed sewerage The proposed DPR includes these filling operations infrastructure, system in Kanpur District I. activities shoring trenches, reinstatement/ resurfacing Damage to public utilities Proper reviewing of Yes DPR for proposed sewerage The proposed DPR includes these existing drawing s of system in Kanpur District I. activities utilities, informing concern authorities and reinstatement of public utilities

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Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost Cost in Rupees Remarks included (or Details if provided in in the DPR) DPR (Yes/no/n ot clear) Dust generation Water sprinkling on No Water tanker: Water sprinkling: excavated material to Rs. 9,59,110 If construction schedule is followed, suppress dust and then impacts will be temporary as 1 km provision of top Top cover for dumper truck: of sewer line is approximated to be cover when Rs. 45,000 completed within 2.6 days. (since total transported through length = 424.385 km and time = 3 years) vehicles As per time schedule 36 months – 424.385 km. Per day, as estimated 400 m will be covered 4000 L water will be consumed every 400m using sprinkler, average 2 times a day. Labour cost = Rs. 150/day Rs 300/tanker + Rs. 150 /labourer = Rs. 450 Per meter cost = Rs.550/400m = Rs. 1.13 Total cost for 424.385 km = Rs.1.13 x 425500 = Rs. 4,79,555

Keeping a 2-day margin for construction and re-instatement per site:

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Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost Cost in Rupees Remarks included (or Details if provided in in the DPR) DPR (Yes/no/n ot clear) = 2 x 479555= Rs.9,59,110/-

Top cover: Approximately 30 Sqm of top cover may be required for each vehicle. Assume that 20 such vehicles are required in transporting excess soil to dumping location (considering construction schedule and max excavated earth disposal). Therefore: 20 trucks x required top cover 30 Sqm x Cost of Tarpaulin cover @Rs. 75/ Sqm = Rs. 45,000 Noise and vibrations Usage of sound Yes DPR for proposed sewerage The proposed DPR includes these barriers or sheets. system in Kanpur District I. activities.

Temporary flooding or , Alternate traffic re- Yes DPR for proposed sewerage The proposed DPR includes these water logging routing, Ensuring system in Kanpur District I. activities. storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas Increased traffic Traffic re-routing Yes DPR for proposed sewerage The proposed DPR includes these inconvenience system in Kanpur District I. activities Safety hazards to workers Putting fences or Yes DPR for proposed sewerage The proposed DPR includes these and residents other barricades to system in Kanpur District I. activities demarcate the area

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Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost Cost in Rupees Remarks included (or Details if provided in in the DPR) DPR (Yes/no/n ot clear) Labour camps (if Health hazards and Sanitation No Cost of construction of pit Total number of labourers is estimated adopted) nuisance due to absence of and toilet building assuming 35% of total project working facility for sanitation or approximately Rs. for 36 months. The labour camps can be solid waste management 18,00,000/- divided into 3 camps, for appropriate management and maintenance work. Cleaning of pits So per day each camp will have around approximately Rs.1,08,000 1500 labourers A toilet with septic tank is been suggested for sanitation facility at labour camps.

 Pit: Assuming single pit of 45cum would cover 600 people. 3 pits are required for each site. Construction cost per pit = approximately Rs. 1,20,000/-. So, at one camp cost of 3 pits would be Rs. 3,60,000/-  For this 3 toilet buildings of 15 closets will be needed. Cost of one toilet building is Rs. 80,000. So for 3 toilet building total cost is Rs. 2,40,000.  So cost of toilet complex at one site would be Rs. 6,00,000/- and the total cost for 3 sites would be Rs 18,00,000/-

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Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost Cost in Rupees Remarks included (or Details if provided in in the DPR) DPR (Yes/no/n ot clear)  Pit cleaning: The filled pit has to be cleaned after 9 months by either disposing off at refusal site or STP by concerned Municipal agency. Cleaning of one pit would be approximately Rs 4,000/- And after 9 months cleaning is needed so thrice cleaning is needed. So for 3 pits X 3 camps X 3 times cleaning the cost will come as Rs.1,08,000/-

Water Supply No Approximately Rs. As estimated 1500 labourers will be at 20,15,250 one camp, so approximately 300 families will be placed at one camp. Around 25 standposts will be needed at one camp. One standpost construction cost is Rs 6250/-. So for 3 camps total cost will be Rs 375000/- for construction. At the rate of 135 LPCD, 607500 L of water is needed for all 3camps. At the rate of Rs 2.5KL, the cost of water provisioning would be Rs 1518.75 per day. Total cost for 36

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Phase Component of EMP Mitigation measure Cost Cost in Rupees Remarks included (or Details if provided in in the DPR) DPR (Yes/no/n ot clear) months would be Rs 16,40,250 for the 3 camps

Total cost of construction and provisioning would be Rs 20,15,250 Dust bins No Approximately Rs. 3,55,000 Solid waste generation: Generally about 200 grams of solid waste is generated per 5 persons every day. Hence two cluster dustbin (one for biodegradable waste and one for non- biodegradable waste of 1 cum size at the rate of Rs. 2000/-) may be setup to manage any solid waste generated.

Total cost for EMP is estimated to be approximately Rs. 5282360/- excluding budget for environmental monitoring plan.

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Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan

Kanpur District I SEWERAGE SCHEME, UP Item Location Season Year Total no. of samples Unit Cost Total Cost Environment Monitoring during Construction Stage Air quality Monitoring 8 3 3 72 7,000.00 504,000.00 Metrological data 1 4 3 12 5,000.00 60,000.00 Noise / vibration 8 3 3 72 144,000.00 2,000.00 Soil analysis 8 2 3 48 5,500.00 264,000.00 Travel and Transportation of Lumpsum 240,000.00 monitoring Team Sub total 1,212,000.00 Environment Monitoring Cost (Operation Stage) Air quality Monitoring 8 1 5 40 7,000.00 280,000.00 Metrological data 1 1 5 5 5,000.00 25,000.00 Noise / vibration 8 1 5 40 80,000.00 2,000.00 Soil analysis 4 2 5 40 5,500.00 220,000.00 Sub-Total 605,000.00 Travel and Transportation of Lumpsum 400,000.00 monitoring Team TOTAL for Environmental Monitoring 2,217,000.00 Total Cost of EMP and Environmental Monitoring (Total of Table 7.3 and Table 7.4) 7499360 Approximately 75 Lakhs

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7.4 Social Management Plan

7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these measures are already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended for social development of the project affected people and the concerned stakeholders. a. Impact on human health Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the proposed sites Our mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction sites. These barriers will help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging. They will also provide safety benefits, to be detailed below. Water sprinkling will be undertaken as well, according to the contractors. b. Traffic Congestion Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police to manage the traffic movement. Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage should provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of actual construction so residents can plan accordingly. Strategic placement of traffic cops at critical intersections will also facilitate better flow of traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already included in the DPR. c. Impact on livelihood Sewer constructions will invariable lead to road closures, which will adversely affect shops on those streets. The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always have access to shops, vendors, etc. For mobile vendors, this may include adjusting the location of the cart, etc. to a similar location in the immediate vicinity of the original location for the duration of the project. Projects should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption. Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence immediately after project completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that might prevent customers from accessing businesses or other disruptions. In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of the roads and/or disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The ESMF currently mandates compensation only in the case of permanent livelihood loss or displacement and provides no provisions for temporary livelihood loss. Additionally, no regulation, policy, guideline, etc. exists which can provide precedent or guidance in this instance ESMF clearly states that mobile/ambulatory hawkers: fruit cart vendors, etc. who can easily relocate fall into this category. These vendors are most eligible for a temporary relocation just outside the construction area, and will thus not be eligible for compensation as is the case for this proposed project. However if during the construction of the project any party faces livelihood loss due to the proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the entitlement matrix given in the ESMF report.

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d. Impact on existing utility services Mitigation Measure:  Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the work site.  Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the utility services and ensuring prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure Temporary shifting of power/water lines for construction purposes is already budgeted for in the DPR. Nevertheless, all construction personnel must receive detailed layout plans of existing underground structures to prevent accidental water/electricity supply disruptions. The relevant departments should also be made aware of the timing and location of digging near supply lines so they can make the necessary preparations to respond swiftly to disruptions. e. Safety hazards Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign boards. As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and appropriately marked with caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in place even if construction is not active, so long as a hazard (e.g. open pit) remains. f. Damage to buildings In summary, the task of correctly identifying the vulnerable parties is virtually impossible. Thus, the best mitigation plan is to reroute sewage lines to avoid disturbing the old sewage network in instances where the contractors determine that a house may be built upon it. The mitigation plan for this social concern proceeds in the following steps:  Redirecting sewer lines around those houses that rely on the sewage lines for foundation.  Should that not prove possible, identification of affected houses and categorization into different level of houses (permanent, semi-permanent, etc.) to determine possible compensation.  Payment of compensation to affected houses on a “cost of repairs” basis. Should total destruction of the property ensue, then the full valuation of the property must be paid, and resettlement/rehabilitation policies (outlined below) come into effect. Before beginning detailing these plans, it is important to emphasize simply how difficult phases 2 and 3 would be. As the UP Jal Nagam explained there is no documentation of which houses will be affected. A simple survey of the old sewage lines and noting adjacent houses would not suffice as many if not most of the houses likely have a proper, solid foundation and would thus not be affected by alterations to the old sewer line. Surveying those residents would prove difficult as well, as if they are the owners, they will want to conceal the illegal nature of their construction, and if they are not the owners, they likely would not know the nature of their foundation. Finally, in the 3rd phase, homes with proper foundations but that lie on the old sewage line could falsely claim damages and it would be difficult to determine whether this was true or not. Essentially, a survey of every house in the area would be required, and residents would have to be compelled to show documents detailing the content of their foundation. Still, if the 1st option is not possible, and the 2nd and 3rd options must be followed, a stakeholder consultation must be initiated. At this consultation, residents must be asked to come forward

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if their homes are built on the old sewer line, with proper reassurances that they will not be prosecuted. At a follow up session, those potentially afflicted parties must have their compensatory rights explained. Then a survey of their properties can commence to note their current state, allowing a baseline for future comparisons. If, after construction is done, it is determined that damage has occurred, appropriate compensation will be paid based on a formula TBD. As is clear, this method still has many of the problems of above in terms of people not coming forward about their house using the old sewer line as foundation and people making false claims. Thus, it is essential that the construction avoid those houses which rest on the old sewer line. g. Elevated Noise Levels According to UP Jal Nigam officials, construction will take place after school hours or at other times of school closing to avoid interfering with school function. Beyond that, construction must simply proceed in a deliberate and judicious manner to avoid unnecessary noise pollution. h. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already included in the DPR. i. Public Notice According to the suggestion given by the locals during the interview. Government and contractor should give a prior notice to each and every locality with the details of the project, street wise start date of construction and street wise end date of construction. Contact person during emergency. This information would help them better adjust to the situation and make necessary adjustments and provisions. j. Health Programmes for Workers If un-sanitary conditions prevail at workers camp, health programs for their well-being should be implemented.

7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase Noise pollution due to improper handling of machines: proper O&M should be carried out during the operation phase to ensure least disturbance is caused to the neighbouring residents.

7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities From the field surveys and interviewing the locals including shop-owners, residents, mobile vendors, following local adaptive measures have been recorded;  Using transparent plastic sheets to block entry of dust into shops  Avoiding opening of windows, especially when the construction is going on  Taking different routes if possible to avoid areas where construction is happening  Laying wooden/plywood plank over the excavated pits for making access route to house or shops

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 Mobile vendors stated that they place their carts at some other place and vacate construction area for the time when construction is on  Many public institutes like hospitals, schools and colleges reported that they have more than one gate which makes the access easier during construction period. The above measures indicate that the general public has already created adaptation measures to sewage construction projects. Public Grievances Locals also reported few instances where they lodged complaints about un-cleared debris, or damage of public utility generally to UP Jal Nigam officials. They usually do not lodge complaints due to the prior experience of the lack of response from government officials. Additionally, the interviewees said that they understood the inconveniences were of a temporary measure and are providing a social good. Thus, they have created local adaptation measures as quick and efficient ways to mitigate the temporary inconveniences. However the proposed project has grievance redress mechanism which will be adopted as mentioned in the Environment and Social Management Framework.

Table 7.5 Social Management Plan Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Cost Issues Impact/Concern I. Sewerage and Sanitation Projects A. Design and Development Phase Land acquisition NA NA As per first hand observationNA in the NA for new pumping fieldSPS and is planned through on interviews of key station stakeholders,land alreadyresidents, local people, andowned other sourc by es the like DPR, it has beengovernment established thatand 4 plots of land wouldconfirmed be acquired by the for construction of newRevenue SPS. Thesedepartment and in include: 1.Vishnupurifenced off location, (Private -Compensation required)where in only this 2.Gandhinew Park pumping (public) 3.Collectorstation Ganj would (public) 4.Budhiyacome up Ghaat (public)

The land pocket in Vishnupuri is owned privately, which will require compensation (as per Land Acquisition Act) to be provided to the Land Owner by PEA.

B. Construction Phase Safety hazards  Provide workers  Safety gear provided to workers and with adequate by contractor residents safety equipment  Putting fences or Dust generation, such as helmets, other barricades to with resulting safety shoes, demarcate the area is gloves, etc. already being done.

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Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Cost Issues Impact/Concern implications for  Fences/temporary human health enclosures should Reduced be put around pedestrian and construction sites vehicle access to (even inactive residences and ones, if hazards, businesses like open pits, Temporary remain); water , enclosures should electricity, be properly supply marked with interruptions caution signs. Increased traffic  Water sprinkling,  Water sprinkling inconvenience removal of excess (emissions, materials, congestions, cleaning of sites longer travel upon completion times) of activities. Construction of temporary enclosures to entrap dust.  Work should  Debris clearance proceed on budgeted for in DPR. schedule so as to minimize road closures  Upon project completion, quick clearance of debris, etc. will facilitate access by customers to local business and residents to their households

 Circulation of   Provision for layout plan for all temporary shifting of underground water/power lines, infrastructure to etc. already in DPR. ensure that contractor is aware of water/electricity lines in

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Activity Potential Negative Mitigation Measures Cost Issues Impact/Concern construction zones Local utilities should be made aware of timing/location of all construction, enabling them to respond swiftly to supply disruption, especially in the event of flooding, etc.  Use of alternate  Provisions for traffic traffic routes; diversion, with signage should signage already in clearly indicate DPR. dates of road closures and new routes so residents can plan accordingly Placement of traffic officers at busy intersections to facilitate easy of movement Impact to daily  Prior public notice life indicating the date of start of construction and end date of completion should be provided road- wise to the locals allowing them to make adjustments accordingly C. Operation Phase None identified

7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan Relevant stakeholders, especially community members (residents, shop owners, etc.) may be informed about the details of the proposed mitigation plan. A public consultation may be

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conducted where the mitigation plan is presented, and feedback solicited from the community. Individual meetings with other key stake holders – government officials, relevant NGOs, etc. – could be scheduled to solicit their feedback as well. Once construction begins and the mitigation plan is put into effect, a follow up field visit should be conducted so as to evaluate the efficacy of the mitigation plan, as well as gauge local sentiments related to the construction and identify/address new issues that may have arisen during construction. Stakeholders that should be involved in planning and implementation of the mitigation plan include;  All affected persons (APs), program beneficiaries, including representatives of vulnerable households;  decision makers, policy makers, elected representatives of people, community and citizens, NGOs etc;  staff of executing agency, implementing agencies, GPCU, etc  officials of the revenue departments, social welfare department etc; and  Representatives of the various state government departments, as required.

7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they can enhance their capacity for better implementation and operation of the project. There should be synergies and continual interaction amongst the departments for better coordination. The officers of the relevant departments can be trained in the issues like social sciences, social management plan, etc. Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will be required to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly manage and finance the operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise continued development will not be sustainable.

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Table 7.6 Role of stakeholders in implementation and mitigation

Stakeholder Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the mitigation plan is implemented well Ensuring funds for mitigation plan execution Executing agencies (UP Implementation of the project by Ensuring that the relevant Jal Nigam, Ganga awarding the project to the suitable departments are available for Pollution Control Unit) contractor and regional coordination mitigation plan Informing the relevant departments Enough safety provisions are available about the progress of the project for the project implementation.

Jal Sansthan While execution of projects related to Should ensure that the basic amenities sewerage line, Jal Sansthan is are in order during the construction responsible for the damage caused to and operational phase of the project the public utility functions like drinking water pipe lines Municipality Ensuring better access to households Should ensure all the households envisaged at project planning phase gets access to the services. Weaker section of the society should get equitable share. State, local Coordination Coordination, Monitoring and Government Monitoring and evaluation evaluation Ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line and acted upon. NGOs, CSOs, Research Awareness creation about the project Public participation and coordination Institutes ( IIT Kanpur, activities Eco Friends, WWF) Community participation for better project implementation

7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its success or any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring and evaluation of the project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the indicators are listed below;  Increase in sewer access (number of households linked to the sewer network)  Decrease in effluent discharge into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river)  Proper sites for industries, building etc.  Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society  Increase in public toilet  Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value)  Decrease in water borne disease incidence in the area

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Chapter 8 Social development outcomes and issues

8. 1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project  Access to sewer network: this service will cater to the projected population until the year 2050. According to the DPR, population is expected to increase from 11.27 lakhs in 2010 to 13.06 lakhs by 2050. Increased sewerage will prevent outflow of waste water to the Ganga.  Better hygienic conditions: with the sewerage network there will be better environmental conditions leading to better health conditions and hence will reduce the medical expenses. Specifically, rapid development of the peripheral areas of the city has resulted in this area being the most unsewered, according to the DPR. On the field visit, it was observed that, in areas without proper sewerage, nallas are commonly used. It is estimated in DPR that around 393 ha of District I-City Central area is unsewered. These areas suffered from powerful odours and greater amounts of flies/mosquitoes than observed elsewhere in the city. Moreover according to DPR the areas not covered by sewerage system are using septic tanks for disposal of sewage, which overflows on the roads at present.  Strengthening of the old sewer network: According to the DPR, the primary sewer lines were built in 1904, and most are currently in a dilapidated. Specifically, clogging and chocking is common, resulting in unhygienic conditions; occasional collapses has occurred. Despite a major reorganization of the sewerage system in 1952 – which included new sewers, an intermediate SPS at Parmat Gain and a main SPS at Jajmau – large increases in wastewater generated have led to a requirement for new additions. This project will strengthen those lines and add to the existing network, thus increasing the carrying capacity of the system.  Increase in household connections: According to the DPR, only 30% of Kanpur residents currently have sewer access. The new project requires that any household with a possible connection point within about 10m of new/existing lines be provided access.  Decrease in water pollution: Because of the sewer line connection, all the waste water will be collected and directed to treatment plant, which only after treatment will be disposed of to the river, hence decreasing the pollutant load in the river. Due to current pollution, water quality in the river Ganga is impaired at the City of Kanpur. As per data collected by the regional office of the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels upstream and downstream often go above the permissible 3.0 mg/l for outdoor bathing waters, and very often go above the 2.0 mg/l limit for the drinking water standard, as set by the Indian Standard code. Thus, those who consume the water will suffer health problems.  Increase in aesthetic value of the project area: connection to sewer lines enhance the aesthetic value of the area, as there will be more cleanliness and no wastewater discharge to open area. This will also lead to appreciation in the property value. This will eventually lead to increase in standard of living of the people in the project site.

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The support for this statement comes from the counter-factual scenario observed in areas with only nalas (bad odour, insects, etc.).  Cultural sentiments: Proper sewage disposal would increase the river water quality. As the holy river is attached to many rituals and customs, enhanced river water quality would connect to sentiments of the people. Especially during ‘festivals’ better water quality for bathing would be boon for pilgrims. Presently according to the State Pollution Control Board, and as mentioned above, the river water quality is not fine, as it contains excess of chromium, chloride, BOD and total coliform due to un-treated domestic sewage and industrial effluent. With the proper sewage treatment, these parameters would be in check and river water quality would enhance.

8.2 Social development issues in project vicinity and social services to be provided by the project The social benefits of the proposed project are given in previous sections. The social services required to ensure that these benefits are realized are given below:  Ensure backward section of the society gets the facility: Some residents complained that they did not feel they personally would benefit from the project as their houses did not have sewer connection. Thus, increasing household connections will ensure that project benefits are equitably distributed. Plans for increasing connections are detailed in the DPR that is the new project requires that any household with a possible connection point within about 10m of new/existing lines be provided access. Special care should be taken to ensure access for backward and vulnerable sections of the society. Full benefits of the facilities proposed under DPR cannot be realized unless a programme to improve coverage of branch sewers and household connection is carried in parallel.  Increasing public toilet facilities: Similarly to the above point, increasing public toilet facilities will ensure that the 35% of residents of Kanpur Nagar without permanent housing are able to benefit from the increased sewage access. Increasing toilet access will decrease practices such as Open Defecation, which leads to reduced water quality, less sewage being treated and has negative social ramifications for the individuals as well.  Ensure proper treatment of sewage: With increased sewer lines, these STPs will face a greater load, so their efficiency must increase concurrently. Proper monitoring of staff requirements will ensure that the coming load increase can be dealt with. These currently operational STPs are working on the present load. If there capacity is not augmented then the whole purpose of provision of sewerage network will be defeated.  Targeting of economically weaker communities: for construction jobs related to sub- project: In order to ensure that the economic benefits of the sub-project is felt by those must in need, those from backward communities should be specifically targeted for relevant jobs.  Proper clean-up of project debris: In order to maximize aesthetic benefits and ensure that debris does not clog sewer path, proper clean-up of project areas must be performed after the project is completed. Collection and disposal of debris is essential for proper function of other essential processes like traffic routing, pedestrian

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pathways, and clearance of dust and particles causing pollution. Clean area will also enhance the aesthetic value and increase the property rate of the area.

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Chapter 9 Conclusion

The project report of the proposed sub-project for sewerage district-I of the Kanpur city after environment and social analysis concludes that the project falls in ‘low impact’ category and have overall positive benefits on the life and environment of the people. The proposed sewerage project mainly involves laying of sewers along the road and construction of new Pumping Stations, which requires only land acquisition not resulting in loss of income, loss of livelihood, relocation of households. As per environmental and social management framework guidelines of NGRBA, Environmental and Social Assessment, with a Generic Safeguard Management Plan was conducted for addressing possible issues/ concerns arising from proposed project. Impacts of activities identified during the assessment fell under two separate categories of Construction and Operation. Although no such permanently negative or adverse environmental or social impacts were identified, there were certain temporary impacts, for which appropriate mitigation plans have been suggested. The environmental management plan brings forth appropriate mitigation measures against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social analysis. All the social and environmental issues were appropriately studied and have been substantiated using appropriate evidences, to ascertain the magnitude of their impacts. Even the issues of public grievances and public notice have been taken care in the report to confirm transparency during the project implementation. The report also ensures that well defined institutional mechanism is in place to monitor and evaluate the progress of the project during construction, implementation and operation phases. Stakeholder consultations, and interviews helped in understanding the general perception of public towards the project and it can be determined that the people of the project site are happy and welcome such an initiative for their betterment. It was also pointed out that the large overall environmental benefits of the project such as prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga, improvement in sewerage collection, improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity greatly outweigh the temporary inconveniences faced during the implementation stages.

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Annexure 1 Questionnaire

TERI-Water Resources Division Date:__/__/2011 NGRBA Social Impact Assessment Interviewer:______Site: Kanpur District-I Project: New Sewer Lines

Interviewee:______Location: Residebtial____Public Place______For PP: Park______Office____Market__School____Store______Religious place____ Classification: Resident______Shop Keeper___Street Vendor_____Office worker____School______Pedistrian___Religious figure_____Other

1. Do you have sewer linkages? How does having/not having sewer access affect you?

2. Are you aware that this project will be constructed?

3. What do you think will be the consequences of the construction this project on the following: a. Traffic blockages? b. Parking? c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood d. Health e. Access to river water source f. Noise? g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages h. Smell/flies, etc.? i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. j. Livelihood? k. Family? l. Daily Life? m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.) n. Other?

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4. What do you think will be the consequences of this project, post completion? a. Pollution? b. Smell/flies, etc.? c. Access to river water source d. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. e. Livelihood? f. Family? g. Daily Life? h. Other?

5. Are you generally in favor, or do you generally oppose this plan?

6. For women only a) Do you feel you will be especially hindered by this project? b) Do you feel you will especially benefit from this project?

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Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key stakeholders

Kanpur 26th-27th April 2010

S. No. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting 1 Mr. Manish Shukla, 09935163020  Out of around 210 tannery industries only Site Incharge Common 87 are registered with the CCRP Chrome Recovery Plant  The capacity of the plant is 70 KLD and (CCRP) only 50% of the capacity is used at present 2 Mr. Ajay Kanaujia, 09415477128  He explained the process of sewage Process Chemist, UP Jal treatment used at the Jajmau STPs. Nigam (Jajmau STP)  There are three STPs- 1) 130 MLD capacity for only domestic sewage; 2) 30 MLD capacity for a mix of domestic and industrial waste 3) 5 MLD capacity for only domestic waste.  Currently, the STPs are run at 80% of their capacity. 3 Mr. Rakesh Jaiswal 09793633300  Mentioned about general social problems encountered during the construction phase like traffic congestion and dust.  He was apprehensive about the quality of work and said that final comment can come after completion and operationalization of sewer lines 4 Mr. C S Chaudhary, GM, 09473942738  Provided a good background for the UP Pollution Control project, and how it fits in with other Unit, UP Jal Nigam projects currently underway. Mr. Mukesh  Currently, 30% of the City of Kanpur has a sewer connection.  Two projects are presently being constructed under JNNURM and their completion will make 40% of the city sewered.  The city is divided into 4 sewer districts. Presently, District 1 has 45% coverage. With the execution of JNNURM projects in District 1, coverage will go up to 50%. Following the completion of the proposed project under NGRBA, 100% of the District will be sewered.  The STPs have a combined capacity of 171 MLD. Presently only 90 MLD of sewage is being received at the STPs.

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S. No. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting  The major environmental impacts during construction of the sewers will be dust and traffic issues.  Some buildings have been built without proper foundations on the old sewer main lines, and their stability might be affected by the construction process. Cracks may be seen.  Money for repairing roads after the digging up for sewer line installation is provided to the Nagar Nigam. 5 Mr U N Tiwari, 09415906300  Household door to door collection and Additional Municipal treatment of waste is conducted by A2Z Commissioner Group Limited, a private company.  Non point sources of pollution are SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter).  Primary concerns voiced by public and others are: - Elevated dust levels - Congested traffic due to diverted lanes and narrow roads being dug up. 6 Mr. Saurabh, Public 8726040885  HH waste collected via 1200 rickshaws Relations Officer (PRO), through 6 zones of Kanpur. 1 rickshaw A2Z Group Pvt. Ltd,. covers 500 HHs 2 times a day.  There exist approximately 1783 dustbins  4 lakh households are covered.  Estimated solid waste generated is 400 Tons per day for HHs and 700 Tons per day from dumping grounds.  Sewage lines and solid waste management systems don’t have any interlinked issues.  There are no landfills since all waste is collected door-to-door and then 99% is recycled in the treatment plant.  Primary concerns voiced by public and others are: - Waste collection points are hard to access due to dug up roads. - Collection trucks cannot access narrow lanes due to digging. 7 Mr. Radhey Shyam, 09415090501  He told us that the tanneries are shifting Regional Officer State out of Kanpur. Pollution Control Board  He mentioned that there are 26 nalas which dump untreated domestic wastewater into the river. Unfortunately, industrial effluent from the tanneries also finds its way into these nalas, and therefore, untreated tannery effluent also goes into the river.

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S. No. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting  He posits that 300 MLD of untreated domestic sewage flows in the Ganga everyday.  If the UP Jal Nigam’s plans are executed as per plan, then there will be an improvement. However, he was skeptical about whether plans will be implemented. 8 Dr. Manju Gupta 09005429721  She was very helpful and gave us river water quality data in the Ganga.  SPCB independently monitors river water quality.  SPCB independently monitors water quality parameters in the STPs. This data was also provided to us.  She said the water quality in the Ganga has remained the same since the 1980s. 9 Prof. Vinod Tare  He called the sewer a “fundamental” and “basic need,” thus finding no reason for an EIA or SIA – especially for trunk sewers. His point was that there was virtually no social or environmental cost associated with building sewers that could outweigh the benefits.  Instead, he recommended that guidelines ensuring best practices be built into the contract, and “proper monitoring mechanisms” (such as non-payment in the case of non-compliance) be followed to ensure accountability. This approach, he feels would save the World Bank and the Government of India valuable resources.  Also mentioned that IIT does its own monitoring of STPs and water quality data in Kanpur and submits reports to the NRCD, and that they should be available from MoEF. 10 Mr. Naveen, Field 09621761373  People are generally in favour of the Officer, WWF project as in long term it will be beneficial and will help in improving water quality of river Ganga 11 Mr. B K Singh, Executive 9235553815  Storm water drains and sewer lines should Engineer, Jal Sansthan be laid separately.  Sewage waste per household is 400L per day per household (assuming 7 members per household).  Pipelines which are already laid in low lying areas, particularly along the banks,

133 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (Sewerage District-I, Kanpur)

S. No. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting would have to be connected to trunk sewers.  Capacity of STP should be assessed and designed according to the future sewage generation.  Upstream of Kanpur must be looked at since there are many factories that discharge waste into Ganga, before it enters Kanpur.  Primary concerns voiced by public and others are: - Water pipes and other underground cables are often damaged, which is inevitable but proper backup repair is not undertaken after these accidents. - Narrow lanes would be hardest hit by dug up roads and lanes. - Traffic would have to be diverted to single lanes.

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Kanpur 23rd-26th August 2011 S. No. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting 1 Mr. Radhey Shyam, 09415090501  Provided with TERI, land-use map of Regional Officer State Kanpur, data on solid waste management Pollution Control Board and characterization of nalas in Kanpur 2 Mr. V.K. Singh, Electrical 09235553815  Explained the process of cleaning of sewer engineer with UP Jal line in Kanpur. Sansthan 3 Sanjay Kumar Gupta, 09473941978  Described the project site in district –I Project Engineer, UP Jal during the visit and explained that the Nigam sewer lines will not pass through Allen forest and will not cause damage to any monuments. 4 Mr. C S Chaudhary, GM, 09473942738  Provided contacts of officials in other UP Pollution Control department to collect information Unit, UP Jal Nigam regarding cleaning of sewers, solid waste management etc.

5 Mr. Vaibhav Pathak, 09810337560  Explained the method of laying sewers in Engineer environment, congested areas without disturbing the TCE foundations of existing structure. Mr. Jitendra Kumar 91 1166169180  Mentioned that no monuments and other Singh, Assitant eco sensitive areas lie in or nearby project Manager- environment, site except for Allen forest. TCE

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Annexure 3 Census Data

District Kanpur Nagar (34), Uttar Pradesh (09)

Population Persons 4,167,999 Males 2,247,216 Females 1,920,783 Growth (1991-2001) 27.17 Rural 1,370,488 Urban 2,797,511 Scheduled Caste Population 685,809 Percentage to total Population 16.45 Literacy and Educational level Literates Persons 2,659,833 Males 1,549,505 Females 1,110,328 Literacy rate Persons 74.37 Males 80.25 Females 67.46 Workers Total workers 1,247,833 Main workers 1,040,278 Marginal workers 207,555 Non-workers 2,920,166 Scheduled Castes (Largest three) 1. Chamar etc. 304,424 2. Kori 95,008 3. Pasi etc. 89,895 Religions (Largest three) 1. Hindus 3,448,024 2. Muslims 653,881 3. Sikhs 37,271 Important Towns (Largest three) Population 1. Kanpur (M Corp.) 2,551,337 2. Kanpur (CB) 100,796 3. Ghatampur (MB) 35,638 House Type Type of House (% of households occupying) Permanent 65 Semi-permanent 19.5 Temporary 15.5 Number of households 714,380 Household size (per household) 6 Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 855 Sex ration (0-6 years) 868

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Population Scheduled Tribe population 2,051 Percentage to total population 0.05 Educational Level attained Total 2,659,833 Without level 126,997 Below primary 427,139 Primary 523,812 Middle 513,054 Matric/Higher Secondary/Diploma 722,936 Graduate and above 344,813 Age groups 0-4 years 392,312 5-14 years 1,015,726 15-59 years 2,419,625 60 years and above (incl. A.N.S.) 340,336 Scheduled Tribes (Largest three) 1. Tharu 1,248 2. Generic Tribes etc. 433 3. Buksa 237 Amenities and infrastructural facilities Total inhabited villages Amenities available in villages No. of Villages Drinking water facilities 897 Safe Drinking water 897 Electricity (Power Supply) 633 Electricity (domestic) 373 Electricity (Agriculture) 229 Primary school 783 Middle schools 270 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 85 College 13 Medical facility 419 Primary Health Centre 30 Primary Health Sub-Centre 87 Post, telegraph and telephone facility 383 Bus services 56 Paved approach road 685 Mud approach road 427

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