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..: B. P.P.] * MERQAN'l'ILISM MERCANTILISM

by ELI F. HECKSCHER

Authorized Translation by MENDEL SHAPIRO

Revised. Edition Edited b..., E. F. SODERLUND

VOLUME TWO

LONDON: GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY First publish.d in Sw.dish in 1931 "The"English /ranslation, pr.par.dfrom the GmtI4n .dition and revised by the author, published in 1935

Revised lind Edition 1955

This book is copyright under th. Berne Convention. Apart from any fair dealing for lhe purposes of prWa" study, research, criticism or review, as per­ mit"d under the Copyright Act 1911, no portion may be reproduced by any process without writUn per­ mission. E"'luiry should b. made 10 the publisher. © George Allm and Unwin Ltd.• 1935

X5.5·M GS. J J5·!J- ca 5247

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY BRADFORD AND DICKENS LONDON W.C.I CONTENTS

VOLUME II

PART II Mercantilism as a System oj Power ."GB I: THE ESSENCE OF THE SYSTEM OF POWER Nationalism and the interests ofthe state 13~-The state as an end in itself 16.-8tatic conception 23.-Eclectic point of view 29.

II: METHODS OF THE POLICY OF POWER Two methods 31.-Defence on land 32.-8hipping and the colonies M.-8elf-sufficiency 40.-Population 44.­ Money 46.-Relationship to the general economic policy 49·

PART III Mercantilism as a System oj Protection

I: DIFFERENT ATTITUDES TOWARDS COMMODITIES 53

II: STAPLE POLICY 60

I. INTRODUcnoN 60

2. J4VELOPMENT 62 North Italy 62.-Germany 65.-Other countries 68.- The Old Colonial System 7o.-Interpretation 71.

3. CoNNECTION WITH OTIIER TENDENCIES. THE TREATMENT OP IIt'MERCHANT_STR.ANGERS" 73

III: THE POLICY OF PROVISION 80 I. In PORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT 80 Statistical analysis 81.-General characteristics 84-­ Types of goods 88.-Chronology of the policy go.-Its persistence: as regards food-stuffs 91, in general 94. 2. CAUSES 96 Fiscalism g6.-Military considerations gS.-8carcity of goods 101.-Uncertainty 101.-Monopoly interests 102- Natural economy 103. 8 CONTENTS

P.08 3. ITS 'DECLINE AND THE TRANSITION TO PROTECTIONISM 104 Criticism of the policy of provision 104.-Its connection with protectionist policy, the precious metals 107.-Luxury imports, non-durable articles 107.-Means of production 110.

IV: THE POLICY OF PROTECTION 112

I. ITS NATuRE AND ITS CONNECTION WITH THE ATTEMPTS TO CREATE EMPLOYMENT 112 Long-term' policy 112.-"Fear of goods" 114--The meaning ofselling 118.-Creation of employment 121.­ Relationship to the colonies 124, export of coin 125, labour-saving methods I 26.-Production as an end 130. 2. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS 130 Ancient forerunners: the idea of autarchy 130, "to sell, not to buy" 131.-Municipal policy 132: the "Bonn­ meile" 133, Gild compulsion 133.-General principles I 36.-Change of opinion I 36.-Main explanation: money economy 138. 3. ITS RISE AND EARLIEST HISTORY 139 North Italy 139: "Balance of bargains" 141.-The Netherlands 142 ....,..England 142.-France 145. 4. ATTITUDE TO THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION: RAw MATERIALS AND LABOUR 145 Raw materials, machines 146.-System of solidarity 151. -Labour 152.-The interconnection and general out- look 153.-Conception of idleness 154.-Child labour 155.-Population policy 157.-Its relation to low wages 163.-Support for high wages 168.

PART IV Mercantilism as a Monetary System

I: THE CONNECTION BE1WEEN MONETARY AND GOODS POLICY 175

II: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRECIOUS METALS OUT- SIDE THE MECHANISM OF EXCHANGE 185 I. INTRODUCTION 185 2. IDENTIFICATION OF WEALTH AND MONEY 186 3. DISREGARD OF CONSUMPTION 191 CONTENTS .....9 4· THE WEA OF SURPLUS 196 s· MONEY AS CAPITAL AND REVEHUB 199 6. ACCUMULATION OF TREASURE 209

III: THE MECHANISM OF EXCHANGE 21 7 I. THE IMPORTANCE OF CIRCULATION. NATURAL AND MONEY ECONOMY 21 7 2. SCARCITY OF MONEY 221 3. THE Q.UANT!TY THEORY. RISING PRICES 224 4. INPLATION. PAPER MONEY MERCANTILISM 23 1

IV: THE EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

I. "SELLING CHEAP AND BUYING DEAR" 2. THE FOREIGN EXCHANGES 3. PaoHIBmoN OF THE EXPORT OF SILVER AND THE BALANCE OF TRADE THEORY 4. THE CONVENTIONAL NATURE OF MONEY

ApPENDIX: MERCANTILIST LITERATURE IN MODERN WORKS 262

PART V Mercantilism as a Conception of Society

I: THE CONCORD BETWEEN MERCANTILISM AND LAISSEZ-FAIRE 269

II: THE NATURE OF THE MERCANTILIST CONCEPTION OF SOCIETY 273

I. FREEDOM AND TRADE 273 Industrial liberty as a programme 273.-Causes 277.­ General ideas 277. the blessings of trade 277. merchant influences 281. aversion from state undertakings 282 trade war 28S.

2. Ennes AND RELIGION 285 Amoral ends 286: the taking ofinterest 286, luxury 289 tobacco 292.-Amoral means 293 : industrial efforts 293. duties instead of prohibitions 294. commercializing of the administration ofjustice 297. GaUey slaves 298.­ .Irreligion 302: Celibacy and Almsgiving 302, the spirit . trade 303. heresy 303. Jews 305 CONTENTS

PAO. lI. SOCIAL CAUSATION 308 "Nature" 308.-Impotence of interference 3Io.-The sense of causation 314.

III: THE CONTRAST BETWEEN MERCANTILISM AND LAISSEZ-FAIRE Inconsistencies 317.-CaUsation, not Iumnonia praestahilita lila-Inadequacy of the merchan~ interests 320.-Ten­ dencies to pure liberalism 322.-Relation between the component parts of mercantilism 323.

CONCLUSION

AFTER MERCANTILISM The nature of liberalism 325.-Effects of mercantilism on the monetary system 331.-The protectionist system in relation to conservatism or the historical approach 334.­ Humanitarianism in relation to later tendencies 337.­ Similarity and dissimilarity of the non-liberal tendencies 338•

KEYNES AND MERCANTILISM 340 ADDENDA 359 INDEX TO BOTH VOLUMES 369 PAR T II MERCANTILISM AS A SYSTEM OF POWER ERRATA 11,13. Insert footnote number 1 after Chaptet title. Delete row of asterisks. Substitute footnote:- I. The present chapter has been largely re-written on the basis of a criticism of the original chapter by Professor Jacob Viner in his essay "Power versus Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries". (World Politics I, 1948, 1-29). This article will be discussed in detail later. See below II, 359 If., Addendum, para. 1. 11,450. , 'Entry under Viner, 1. After 18th centuries delete 25. INDEX TO BOTH VOLUMES IND.EX

All page numbers without volume indication refer to Volume I of the present work. Where they refer to Volume II they are preceded' by the Roman numeral "Ir'. References to two consecutive pages are followed. as a rule. by the letter" f .... while" 0:: denotts three consecutive pages. For more than three. the first and last pages are given. An asterisk after a; number indicates a footnote. but where something is mentioned both in the text and in a footnote. only the former is indicated. ,Names of people are printed i~ small capitals. titles of books; pamphlets and articles in italics. Works flf known or presumptive authars are to be found under the authors' names; collections of documents. collective works and writings of unknown authors are to be found under their respective titles. Names of anonymous authors are in square brackets. Under the name of the publisher or editor reference is made to the particular work.

Abbeville: van Robais' cloth factory, Agrarian protection: combined with 188, n 304 , industrial protection, 225 f. ; com­ Abo; monopoly in foreign trade, 135 parison between England 'and Absolutism, 296, 456, 474, n 277 continental countries, 300; Den­ Academie de peinture et de sculpture. ,mark and Brandenburg, II 93; 177, 185 'Li~t's attitude towards, II 335 Acta Borussica. 59*, 71*, II 92* f. ; cf. Agriculture: France: supply of SCHMOLLEll, G. ' labour, 156; industry favoured in Act of Union: between England and' preference to agriculture, 211; Scotland (1707), 53; between unique example in favour of Great Britain and Ireland (1800), agriculture, 212* ; England: 54. peculiar position in the English Acts and Ordinances of the Eastland system of industrial regulation, Company, 374*,379*,381*,383*, 224-232, 238, 239, 250, 272; con-· 414*, 424*, 450* nection with quantity of money Acts and Ordinances of the Interreg­ according to Hume, n 236; num, n 37* according to Locke, 11 240 Acts of the Privy Council, 268*, 269*, Aides: connection with the tolls, 94, 328· 97, 124 Admission fee: in the regulated Aix, II 306 companies, 386 f.;' in the joint ALBION,II.. G.: Forests and Sea Power. stock-companies, 396, 411 f. II 40*, II 43· Aerarium, II 211. ALBRECHT of Hapsburg, 62 AOaires extraordinaires: French lis- Aldcaldamentos. II 141 calism, 180 , Alen~on: its cloth industry, reglement, AFFO: Storia della cittd di Parma, II 159; warden with gild orBaniza­ 140- tion in the neighbourhood of the Africa Company: 11. Trading com­ town, 207; child-labour, II 156 panies Algiers: piracy, II 314 African trade: Portugal, 341f.; Eng­ Alingsas manufactures (Sweden), 191·, land: partnerships, 390 II 147 Agents (factors), II 76 ALMQUIST, B.: Goteborgs historia, 37· 342 INDEX A1sace, 68: Alsatian wine, 60; posi­ 103, 108; weights and measures, tion in French toll system, 98; 113 cleaning-up of the tolls, 108 Ansbach-Bayreuth: road tolls, 58; ALSTROMBR, I., II 147 toU war with Wiirzburg-Bamberg, A1tmark, 75 76. Alum: French toll, 93; as check on ANSIAux, M.B Prosperiti et decadence dyeing, 163 ; English toll. II 87 de l'Espagne, II 180· .\MARK, L: Spannmalshandel och Anti-capitalist tendencies: under the spannmalspolitik i Sverige, II 81·, Stuarts and Tudors, 257 II 93·, II 95·, II 352 f. Anti-Iaissez-Iaire. II 280; v. Laissez­ Amiens: cloth industry, 147, 160; laire reglement concerning it from year Antilles: trade with: French, 349; 1666 (sayetterie), 162 f., 171 ; disc opportunities for work, II 124 for control purposes, 162; un­ Antwel'p, 328, 416: passive trade, scrupulous, egoistic municipal II 61 policy with regard to rural indus­ Apologia und Verantwortung. 11187 try, 206; control over this, 207, Apothecaries: in Poitiers: charters, 209; spinning allowed in the 139; period of training, 149; country, weaving reserved to the Iaw-suit against the surgeons, 177; town, 210; dyeing and finishing, apothecaries - spice dealers: in 210 Ch!lons: law-suit against the Amorality: of mercantilism II 285' merchants on account of illegal v. further Ethics ' , import, 177; apothecaries ex­ Amsterdam: preponderance in Dutch cepted from the abolition of the trade, 355; trade in shares, 357; gilds (1776), 216; in English law, bank, 358, II 351 ; chamber, 326- 308 Apothecaries and chemists: use of 3~; trading in futures, 372; spice trade, 433 ; price quotations English troy weight, 116 on Bourse, II 351.-v. also Trad­ Apprentices: ,France: gilds, 142; contrast with masters, 148 ; ing companies: Netherlands .. foreigners," 150; prohibition Ancenis-Candes: trepas de Loire. 96 against accepting new, 147 f. - Anchor forges: French, 191 England: Elizabeth's Poor Law, ,Ancient Custom: v. Custom, ancient 229 f.; gild practice, 236; limita­ Ancients, The: backwardness in eco- tion in number, 230 f., 236, 303 f.; nomic thought, II 270 apprenticeship the road to citizen­ Ancona, II 64, II 140 ship, 238 ; organization of system Andalusia: English company for of apprenticeship regulation, 258 ; trade to: v. Trading companies: interpretation of apprenticeship England clauses, 292 f.; treatment in the ANDERSON, A.: Historical and Chrono­ regulated companies, 380, in logical Deduction 01 the Origin 01 the trading companies, 398, in Commerce, 385., .,n... * ~n .. * 423·, 425"'.427"',428 ANGELL, 1. W.: The Thea ERRATUM national Prices. II 26! Anhalt: Toll disintegra The head of this page should be numbered 372 tolls on the Elbe, 69 in place of 342, et seq. ANlSSON: deputy for L, 1701 Board of Tra~ Anjou: toll conditions,' MORCANTILISM Nouvelle imposition Q'J\nJou, lIIb, 2311: privileges of granting dis- INDEX 343 pensation from apprenticeship tion of J.P.s, 229, 249; recruiting clauses, 254 ; organization of dauses, 229; training of appren­ system of apprenticeship regula- tices: .according to the clauses of tion, 258; interpretation of the statute, 230-233 ; according to apprenticeship dauses of the practice in English gilds, 236; Statute of Artificers, 291, 312 f., gilds not mentioned in the statute 324.-v. also Apprentices. 233; interaction between gil& Aquileja, n 64 f. and the statute, 233-237; supple­ Aragon: causes of uniformity, 38; mented by the Poor Law, 232; shipping policy, 35 n repeal of, 227 f. *, 464; no support AIlBER, 8.: v. NAVNrON. 8., LATIMER, H. for the charter of gild of weavers and IAMBS I in Newbury, 291; mobility, 232, Arc en Barrois: weights and measures, 299; treatment of the statute by 114 the courts, 291 f., 310-317· aboli­ ARIAS, 0.: Les idees economiques tion, 227 f.*, 322, 464; rel~tion to d'Antonio Se"a. 253* n the regulated companies, 385; Aristocracy: co-oj)eration in the choice of profession, II 319 English joint-stock companies, Artillery, II 31 f. 398, 414, 435, 438 f. Artistes du Louvre: under Henry IV, AllISTOTLI!, 129, n 23*, n 130, n 260, 185 n 263, n 270, n 278, n 279* Aries: river tolls Gray-ArIes, 86; 2 Artistic handicraft: exception from per cent imposition abolished, gilds, 184 f.; importance in French 108 ; treaty with Genoa regarding development, 189 If. ; favoured by export prohibition, n 89 the French Court, 192; connec­ Arms: export prohibition on, n 89 tion with coming of induMrial Arms manufacture: in the French revolution in England, 221 f.-v. manufactures, 191 also Luxury industry. [AIlMST1I.ONO, c.l: different functions Artists: French: right tQ exercise of agriculture and handicrafts, crait disputed by wardens of n 94, n 189; quantity of money painters, 177; artists excepted and tax payments, n 208; extreme from gilds, 185 protectionism, n 227; precious MOP, E.: Studier i. engelsk och tysk metals, n 252.-How the Comen handels historie, 131*, 327*, 333*, People may be set to Work, 240, 374*, 388*, 414*, 428*, II 66* n 95*; How to Reforme the Arzac: v. Traite d'Arzac Realm In Settyng Them to Werke, ASGILL, 1.: Several Assertions Proved n 94, n 117*, n 187. n 252*, n 201, n 233, n 347, n 350; n 278 ; A Treatise concerning the land values of infinity, II 201, II Staple, n 187, n 249*, n 313, 347 n 314*.-\'. also n 123 ASHLI!Y, Lord: v. SHAPl'IlSBURY, 7th' Army: French, peculiar position from Badal administrative standpoint, 125 ; ASHLEY, W.l.: Introduction to English administration by Louvois, 125; Economic History and Theory, Brandenburg-Prussian, 126 236*,240*, 243*, 352*, n 75*, II AIlNOULD: De la Balance du Com­ 121*, n 157*, II 287*; Tory merce, 2OO* Origin of Free Trade Policy, II Artificers, Statute of, or Statute of 183*; translator of SchmolIer, 29· Apprenticeship: Elizabeth's (1563), -v. also MUN, TH., and MIU., J. 104, 227, 232; universal obliga­ S. tion to work as basis of the sta­ ASHI"ON, T. s.: Iron and Steel in the tute, 228 ; wage-fixing, 229 ; fUnc- Industrial Revolution, 198*,201*, 344 INDEX

203*, 414*; The Industrial Revo­ BACON, FRANCIS: decay of tillage, 231; lution, 1760-1830, II 350* I.P.s, 252; on engrossing, 272; Asiento, 345 monopoly, 287; policy of power, Asnee, 113 II 15 f., II 20, II 22, II 36, II Assessment of wages: in Elizabeth's 360 f.; static conception, II 26; Statute of Artificers, 229 population problem, II 44 f., D- Assignats, II 201, II 231, II 251 157 ff., longterm view, II 112 f.; Assize: Great Winchester, 52; taxes "money is like muck", II 46, II on food-stuffs, 225, 249;. assize 216; interest, II 288; state inter­ courts, 249, 258; assize of bread, vention, II 319.-Advice on Mr. beer and ale, 24~. also Great Sutton's Estate, 253*; History of Winchester Assize the Reign of Henry VII, II 16*, Associations: prohibited by Turgot's II 107*; Essayes or Counsels, law, 217; English legislation Civill and Morall, II 23*, II 26*, against, 298; comparison of II 45*, IT 113*, IT 158*, II 217, French interference with that of II 218*, II 288*, II 320*, II 362 England, II 167 f., II 327 BACQUIB, F.: Les inspecteurs des manu­ Auditors: French fiscalism, 181 factures, 155*, 167*, 193*, 199* AVER, E. M.: lahrbuch der (jster- Baden: Margrave of: observation reichischen Leo-Gesellschaft, 131* on river tolls, 60; weights and Aulnager, aulneger, ulneger, 255 measures, 118; nationalization of Aulne du roi, 117 municipal policy: Baden-Baden Aulneur, 163, 255 and Baden-Durlach, 132, 134; Aumale: clauses concerning gild boundaries between town and organisations, 207; control over country, establishment of the rural industry, 207 gilds, 134 Aunis: toll conditions, 94 Badgers, 259 AUSTIN, I., II 271 . BAGEHOT, W.: Lombard Street, IT 222, Austria: toll unity, 70; nationalization IT 224* of municipal policy, 132 f.; terri­ BAINES, E.: History of Cotton Manu­ torial unity, 462-v. also Ger­ facture, 201* many Bakers: buying radius of the London Autarchy, II 40 f., II 130 f.; cf. bakers, 259; strict control, 260; Provision, policy of apprenticeship clauses, 293; right Autos-da-fe: Napoleon's: under the to practise outside the city, 463; Continental System, 164 foreigners in Coblenz, IT 133; in Auvergne: road tolls, 83;· position Erfurt. II 135 in French toll system, 100; con­ Balance of bargains, II 141 ditions regarding weights and Balance of trade, 26, II 110, II 141, measures, 117 II 180: results of the increase in Auxerre, 160, II ISS quantity of money, II 242 f.; Avalon, 160 decisive for the influx and out­ Avignon: weights and measures, 114 flow of silver, II 246, II 252 f., Avoirdupois weights: England, 116; connection with the relative price­ maintained, 467 level, II 249; equilibration with­ "Azilum", II 161 out transference of precious metals, II 255; contemporary view BAASCH, E.: Holliindische Wirtschafts­ of Swedish, 1660-80, II 344 f.­ geschichte, 355*, 358*, 359* v. also Balance of trade theory BACHMANSON (Nordencrantz), A.: Balance of trade theory, 26, II 180, Arcana oeconomiae et commercii, II 242 f., 246-257: according II 126 to Mun, IT 248; relation to theory INDEX 345 of the exchanges, n 248 f., against Barrage. 84 export prohibition on precious Barrois: toll reforms, 108 metals, n 252 f., literature, n 265: Basle: river tolls, 57: cut off from expression of social causation, n supply of food, II 101 31l.-v. also Balance of trade. BASVILLB: report on tolls of South BAlDWIN, S. E.: History 01 the Law 01 France, 88*, 106 Private Corporations, 391- Batavia, n 70* BALLOT, c.: La revolution technique Bath,308 dans la metallurgie Iranfaise, BAUDEAU. No: Nouvelles ephemerides 193*, 198*, 199*: L'introduction economiques, 85* du machinisme dans rindustrie Bavaria: toll disintegration, 64, 76 fo; franfaise, 193- road tolls, 77 Baltic trade: organization, 341; Bayonne, coustume de, 97 French, 347 f .. Dutch, 354: Eng­ Beai-n, gabelle et loraine de, 108 Iish: division among ports, 429: Beaujolais: toll conditions, 105; hides and leather, 430; criticism of incorporated in the cinq grosses Coke's account of, II 182*, II fermes. 106, 107*; industrial regu­ 344,-v. further Trading com­ lation: reglement for the bleach­ panies. ing of linen, 161 Bank: Bank of England, 335, 411, II Beaune, 160 233.-v. also Bank of England: Beauvais, lab rique de: discs in cloth Bank of Amsterdam, 358: un­ manufacture, 163; control over limited liability, 367: joint-stock rural industry, 207 . bank, 367: Hamburg Girobank, BECHER, 1. 1.: 25, 70, II 263; agree­ 123; others, II 233; project of an ment with Adam Smith, 25; exchange bank, II 232.-v. in monopoly and free competition, addition: joint-stock bank, Bank 271, II 128; buying from others of England, Banking system, a disaster, II 116; "plenty of Trading companies, Land banks cOmmon people and much Bank of England, 335, II 233; con­ money", II 159; Rousseauesque nection with the loan operations and communist ideals, II 205 f.; of the state, 411, 440-445 alchemy, II 207, II 309; "tuming Banking system: capital associations, into cash" of revenues, II 220; 334 fo; development in England opposed to money, II 205, n 230 (after 1688), 411, II 233o-v. in fo, n 260; trading freedom, II addition: Bank, Trading com­ 275; changing the death penalty, panies n 298; Jews, II 305: choice of Bannmeile, 129, 463, II 86, II 90, profession, n 319o-Moral Dis­ 11132 curs von den eigentlichell Ursa­ Barbados, II 124 che". des Glucks und Ungliicks, Barbers: French: excepted from the n 205 fo, II 205*, n 231*; abolition of gilds (1776), 217; Psychosophia oder Seelen­ English: gild in Oxford main­ Weisheit. II 205 fo, II 205. tained, 466 II 220,. n 221*: Politische Dis­ BARBON. No: II 115, n 145: Discourse curs von den eigentlichen Ursa­ of Trade. II 117*, II 126*, II chen des AuD-und AbnehmenJ 184*, II 291. n 292* der Stiidt, Lander und Repub­ Barby: Elbe tolls, 69 licken. 25,271*, n 117*, II 130*, Barchent, n 89 n 131*, n 158, II 163, II 220. II Barique, 113 221*, II 276*, II 284*, n 298*, II Bark: trade in, 268; oak barks, 249 307*, n 320* Baron, liard du, 108 Bedspread weavers. n 134 346 INDEX Beer, II 88, II 133 Bermudas: v. Trading companies: BEER, O. 1..: Origins of the British Colonial companies Colonial System, 1578-1660, 55*, BERNARD DB ROSEMAlN, Mme, 170 435*, II 41*, II 71*, II 158*, 11 Berry: tolls, 91, 94 293*; The Old Colonial System, Berwick-upon-Tweed, 53, 224*, 236*, 1660-1754, 53*, 406*, 408*, 454*, 302. 308, II 87 II 20*, II 29*, II 39*, II 41*, BBSOLD, c., II 211 II II 120*, II 124*, 131*, II 158*, BBVERIDGE, Lord: A Statistical Crime, II 300*; British Colonial. Policy, lI6*; History of English Prices, 1754-1765, 55* II 352; Prices and Wages in BEER, M.: Early BritishE.conomics, England from the 12th to the II 262 19th century, 11353* Beeskow, 59, 73 Bewindhebber, 363, 365, 366 If. Begging; Elizabethan Poor Law, 232; BEZAN';ON, M. : ·v. MARTIN and duty ?f J.P.s in connection with, BEZAN';ON 250; m mercantilist conception, Bichet, 114 II 154; organized for state pui­ Bimetallism, II 223, II 257 poses, II 297; connection with Bingen: river tolls, 57 the giving of am by the monas­ BIllCK. 1.. v.: Told og Accise, II 93*, teries, II 302; character of 11276* "sturdy beggars", II 355; beggars BIllDWOOD. Sir 0., and FOSI'ER, W.: in Sweden, II 355 v. Register of Letters, etc. Belgium: early development of rural Birmingham, II 99 industry, 205; relation between BIsMAJl.K, o. v.: social policy, II 337; industrial freedom and indus­ Solidaritiitssystem, II .1S2*, II trialism! 460; cotton industry, infiuenced by the Continental 357 Black Death, the: effect of on the System, 460 system of industrial regulation, Bell metal, II 91 138,226 f. BELOW, O. VON: Der deutsche Staat des Mittelalters, 35*, 37*; Der BLACKSTONE, Sir W.: Commentaries on Untergang der mittelalterlichen the Laws of England, 312, 313* Stadtwirtschaft, 75*; 131*; Blackwell Hall, 285, 379* . Probleme der Wirtschaftgeschichte, BLAND, A. B.: v. English Economic 75*, 123*, 131*, II 55 f., II 92*, History, Select Documents II 111*, II 135*; Ursprung der Bleaching: of linen, 161 deutschen Stadtverfassung, 113*, Blockade, II 131, II 326; in connec­ II 111; Mittelalterliche Stadt­ tion with mercantilism, II 43 wirtschaft und gegenwiirtige Blois: v. Clysters Kriegswirtschaft, II 80*, II 101 Board of Trade: French: memoran­ BENorr DU RBY, B. : Politique dum. 84, 106, II 280 Coloniale de Colbert, 348* BODIN, J. : Discours sur Ie rehavs­ BENI'HAM, 'I. : his spiritual heritage sement et diminvtion des mon­ fl'om Coke, 296*, 469; connection noyes, II 106, II 186, II 194*, II with Hobbes, II 271; with Petty, 225.11226*,11227, II 254, 11279, II 298; humanitarianism, II 323; 11280* the "community", II 328; Works, Bohemia: Elbe tolls, 69 II 298*; Panopticon, II 298* BOHM-BAWBIlK, B. VON: Geschichte Berg: Duchy, 1173 • undKritik der Kapitalzinstheorien, Bergamo, II 89 II 287* Berlin: customs duties, 72; compulsory BOILBAU, B.: Livre des metiers, 143 reloading in transit, 74 BOISOUILLBBBRT, P. 18 P., II 264 INDEX 347 BOISUSLB, A. M. DB: V. Corrupon­ 280; Colbert's letter to the inten­ dance dell conlroleurll generawc dant, II 320 Boillileau, 114 BOIlNITZ, 1•• II 211 BOISSONADB, P.: Ellsai sur I'organilla­ Boroughs: preponderance in the lion du travail en PoilOU, 80*, House of Commons, 419 112*, 118*, 138*, 139*, 141*, BOSWBU.., 1.: II 185; Life of Dr. 144*, 148*, 150*, 155*, JS9*, 164*, Samuel lohnson, II 185. 169, 170*, 177*, 182*, 205*, Bothnian trade compulsion, 135, 219*, II 69*, II 305*; Socialillme II 69 o'Elat, 137*f., 141*, 144*, 185*, Bottomry, 352 186*, II 149*; Colbert 144*, 176*, Bourbonnais: to\l conditions, 91 184*, 186*; v. also Troill Bourg en Bresse, 161 Memoirell relatifll Ii l'amelioration Bourgeoisie: in England, 223; Hol­ dell manu/acturell land, 353 BOisSONNADB. P.. and CHARLJAT. P.: Bourges, 340, 11145 Colbert ella Compagnie du BOURGIN. H. and G.: I:indwtrie Commerce t/u Nord, 348*, II 39* Bologna, II 89, II 140 stdirurgique en France. 198*, 199*,201* Bombay, 405 Bon teint. petit teint: control of dye­ BOUfARIC, B.: La France sous Philippe ing, 163 Ie Bel. 120* BOWlUNG. 1.: v. BENTHAM. 1. BONAR, 1.: Philollophy and Political Economy in Some of Their His­ Bow staves, II 32 torical Relations, II 271* BOYLE, 1. ll.: v. Extracts from the BONDOIS. P. M.: Colbert et rindulltrie Records of the Merchant Adven­ de la dentelle, II 157 turers of NewcOiltle-upon-Tyne, Bonds, trade in: Genoa, 334; Nether­ Brabant: comparison with England lands, 357, 370, 372; in London in connection witIi rural industry coffee-houses, 410; English trade 240; charters and organization in shares of undertaking, 412 f.; of the Merchant Adventurers, IIpOntaneou9 development, 445; 330,416 reaction on national unity, 435 Braisons: weights and measures, 114 Bonhosen, II 135 BRAXEL, s. VAN: De hollandsche Bonn: river to\ls, 57 handelscompagnieen der zeven­ BONN. M. 1.: Spanienll Niedergang tiende eeuw, 335*, 355*, 356*, wijhrend der Preillrevolution. II 358*, 360*, 367*, 368*, 373*, 58* 408*, II 181*. De. directie van den BONNAJSsmux. P.: Les grandes com­ oosterllChen handel, 356*; Ent­ pagnies du commerce. 348*, 349*, wicklung und Organisation der 408* Merchant Adventurers, 374* Book of Orders, 259, 260* Brandenburg-Prussia: toU disintegra­ Book-keeping: in the Dutch East tion, 64, 68, 70-76; tolls of the India Company, 368 nobility, 69; customs war with Boobellerll: monopolistll, 282 Pomerania, 75; coinage, 123; Bordeaux: river to\ls, 83; convoy and administration, 126; nationaliza­ comptablie de. 97, abolished, tion of town policy, 134 f.; gilds 108; courtage d, abolished, 108; introduced for foreign manufac­ weights and measures, 113; rela­ turers, 134; Frankfurt a. O. and tion to the Baltic Sea company, Konigsberg favoured, 135; the 347; privileges withdrawn (1789), electoral council on the po1ic:y of 458; statement of the deputy of, Hamburg, II 60, II 71; agrarian in the 1701 Board of Trade, II protection, II 93, ac:cumulation 348 INDEX of treasure, n 210; ,bureauoracy Bronnen tot het geschiedenis van den n 262 ' ' Levantschen handel, 3SS Bremen: transport conditions, 68; "Brothers" in the trading companies fitted into the German customs 380 ' system, 462 BROTONNB, P. DB: v. Correspondance [BRENT, N.]: A Discourse Consisting des controleurs generaux of Motives for enlargement and Bronage, 347 Freedom of Trade, 270* BROWN, H. F.: Studies in the History BRENTANO, L: Byzantinische Volks­ of Venice, II 61 wirtschaft, n 62*; Geschichte der BROWN, P. A.: v. English Economic wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung History Select Documents Englands, 421* BROWNBILL, L.: v. Victoria County Bresse: toll conditions, lOS History Bretagne: toll conditions, 94 9S 104 Bruges: passive trade, n 61; staple 108; toll reforms, 108 ' , , policy, II 69; protectionist policy, BREWER, 1. S.: v. Letters and Papers, 11142 Foreign and Domestic, etc Brunswick: transport conditions, 68; Brewers: in English industrial regu­ Brunswick-Liineburg: Elbe tolls, 79 lations, 260; seven-year appren­ Bubble Act: 6 Geo. I c. 18 (1719/20): ticeship, 293; clauses regarding § 19: "common nuisance", 29S; apprenticeship, 293 • repressive measures against joint­ BREWSTER, Sir F.: quot., 2S3; New stock companies, 41S, 446, 4S4 Essays on Trade, 253*, II 47*, BUCK, P. W.: The Politics of Mercan­ n 233, n 237*, II 318 tilism, II 172- Bribery, n 17S Bugey: toll conditions, lOS Brickmakers, 293 Bulletin de la commISSIon roy. Bridge tolls: England, 47 d' histoire, 331* Bridgnorth, 308 Bulletin des Lois, 4S8* Brieu]C, courtage de, 108 Bullionism, n 296 [BRISCOE, J. ]: Discourse of Money, Burattes: French cloth industry : II 226*, II 233 reglements, lS9 BRISCOB, N. A.: Economic Policy oi Walpole, 447* BURnACII, II 277 Bristol, 302; company for foreign Bureau du commerce or Conseil de trade, 417; shares in the New­ commerce: utterances of the foundland Company, 432; Court representatives of commercial centres (1701), 84; position in of Piepowder: maintained, 466; port for the voyages of discovery, French administration, lS2, 213 f.; II 70; import and export: system intendant de commerce, 214 of compensation, n 8S; in the Bureaucracy: salaried, 38, II 326 Discourse of the Common Weal, Biirgerliches Gesetzbuch, 462 n 109 BURGHLBY, Lord: v. cscn., W. Britannia Languens, 224*, 319, n l1S, BURGON, J. W.: Life and Times of Sir II 117*, n 12S, II IS9, II 164, Thomas Gresham, 377*, 38S*, n 188, II 196, n 218, II 30S*, 393*, n 32*, II 24S*, n 321· II 314*, its reputed author, II l1S Burgundy: reasons for unification, British Merchant, II 116, II 119, II 38; toll conditions, 91, 94; 187, n 30S*, II 366 weights and measures, 114; regle­ BRODNI1'Z, 0.: Englische Wirtschafts­ ments for the cloth industry, 160; geschichte, 48*, 116*, 119*, 224-, disregard of the industrial regle­ 467-; Stadtwirtscha/t in England, ments, 167; control over the 224* rural districts, 208 INDEX 349 Burial: in woollen shrouds, 265, 297, CALLERY. A.: Les douanes avant II 301 Colbert. 88*, 92, II 81· BURIl!, B.: as the father of conserva­ Cambridge: toll conditions, 243 tism, II 334 Cameralism: German, II 20, II 211, Burning: of defective products : II 262 f. French industrial legislation, 164, CAMPBELL, J.. Lord: Lives of Chief 216 Justices, 308*, II 275* Bushel, Guildhall: v. Guildhall Canada: trade with: French, 349; bushel; Winchester: v. Win­ measures for increasing the popu­ chester bushel lation, II 160, II 300; sale of Business organization, forms of: spirits to the Indians, II 303 development, 326-455; Industrial Candes-Ancenis: tr/pas de Loire, 96 Revolution, 415; state enterprise Candle-auctions: of the East India and private activity, II 283 Company, 433 Butchers: law-suit between big and CANNAN, B.: Ricardo in Parliament. small butchers, 177; gild abol­ II 3!31.-v. also SMITII. ADAM: ished, 177, II 135 Wealth of Nations Butter: London, provision of, 268; Canne: measure: local difference, 114 in the Swedish statistics _on the Cannon foundry: in the French policy of provision, II 84; system manufactures, 191; in Le Creusot, of solidarity: Discourse of the 197 f. Common Weal. II 151 Canonical authorities: ethics and Buttons: struggle against stulf and theory of value, II 278; prohibi­ woven buttons'in French indus­ tion of interest, II 286 trial regulations, 171 f" II 301, Capital, association of, 316, 331-455; in the English, 265, 298; legisla­ Italy, 332-335, 339; South Ger­ tion: v. Statutes, English many, 335 f., East Germany, 337; Austria, 337 f.; Spain, 343; France, 345-351; Netherlands, Cab traffic: regulation of, 295 351-373; England, 392-415; in CABal, J., II 70 trade and shipping, 331 If.; i.1i Cadis: con.tro!, 208 colonization, 334; in industry, Caermarthen: v. Carmarthen 336; in mining, 337-339, 390, CAESAR. Sir JULIUS. II. 149 392 f.; undertakings, as distinct CAREN. L: Un peage du 18t! aiecle. 86. from medieval corporations, 333; Cahiers de doleances (1789): road and of corporative character, 335 f.; river tolls, 87; toll disruption, in the Netherlands, 358 f., 368; 107 f., unification in the laws, in England: the state's influence 111; in weights and measures, on their existence, 439-447; regu­ 117; Marseilles, 86. lated companies, 382 If.; joint­ Calendar of State Papers. Domestic. stock companies, 392-415.-v. 258·, 387·, 396*, 410*, 423., further Ioint-stock companies, 424·, II 34·; Colonial. 406. EnterpIise capital, Trading asso­ Calicoes, printed: France: struggle ciation, Trading companies against, 173 If.; imitation of the Capital, interest on: v. Interest English prints, 194; manufacture Capital, investment of: in the form in Marseilles, and Rouen, 173, of guaranteeing credits, II 198 194; freedom of calico printing, Capital city: under natural economy, 172, 214 f.; England: imported 37 by a Frenchman, 173; treatment Capital market, 300 in English industrial legislation, Capital requirements: amount in 174,265 maritime and colonial trade, 332, 350 INDEX 339 f., 367, 381, 392, 408 f.; its Trade, 270*, 320*, II 99*, II permanenCe and durability in 120*, II 125, II 127, II 154, II 170 industry and mining, 336-339, f., II 194*, II 314* 388, 392; for shipbuilding, 403 f.; Cosa: de Contratacion, 344, II 70; di for political and military pur­ S. Giorgio, 335 poses, 340, 360, 390, 403~410; CASAUX DU HALLAY, Sieur DES : connection with ,the development Deputy for Nantes in the 1701 of different forms of enterprises, Board of Trade, 84, 106, II 39*, 332, 339 f., 368 f., 404, 410.­ 1140 v. also EnterPrise capital, Capital, Case of monopolies: v. Cases, English association of Cases, English- Capital (Stock), II 190, II 196-199; 1365: (judge, Finchden): against synonymous with money, II 199; restraint of trade, 281 circulation considerations, II 218; 1376/77: Peachey's Case: mono­ oredit security, II 221-231 poly or competition, 282 Capitalism: modern, 23; not a cause 1409/10: Gloucester Grammar of the closed nature_of the gilds, School Case: monopoly or 175, 182 f., connection with war competition, 282 and luxury, 191; in English 1414/15: (judge, Hull): against economic life, 221 f., 303; need restraint of trade, 281 for greater mobility, 304.-v. also 1590/1: Chamberlainc de Lond­ Anti-capitalism res Case: craft freedom Caps: duty to wear woollen caps in against monopoly, 283 England, 265; cappers, English, 1590 /1 : Anonymous: appren­ 265 ticeship in one trade sufficient Carcossonne: Draperie Royale de: for all, 292, 293* discs in cloth manufacture, 163 1599: Davenant v. Hurdis: craft CARLYLE, T., 42, II. 325 freedom against privileges, Cannarthen, 259, II 109 283 Carnarvon, II 109 1602/3: Darcy v. Allen or Darcy Carolingian monarchy, 38, 52; uni­ against Thomas Allin (Case form measures, 114; coinage, of Monopolies): against royal 119; coinage of system, 467 patents of monopoly, 288, Carpen,ters: in Limoges: levy on a .290 table brought in privately, 177 1610: Case del citie de Londres CARR, c. T., 396*, 428*, 444*, 449*, (Waganor's Case): for custo­ 451*; v. further Chariers, Select, mary rights, 284, 286, 290 f., of Trading Companies 307,308* Carta Mercatoria (1303). II 84; v. 1612: Sutton's Hospital Case: further Statutes, English features of a corporation, Cartel, 364, 383 f., 391 444* CARUS-wn.sON, B. w. : Origins and 1613/14: Rogers v. Parrey: Early Development of the Mer­ restraint of trade, 261* chant Adventurers, 331*, 377*, 1614: Le Case des Tailleurs des 421* Habits, etc., del Ipswich CARY, J.: commodities and money, (Clothworkers of Ipswich n 99; connection with Locke, Case): against monopoly, II 119; wage policy, II 169 f.; 283; period of apprentice­ opposed to thrift, II 209; English ship, 305 f. import prohibition, cause of Irish 1615: Rex and Allen v. Tooley competition, II 314; Essay 0,. the (Tolley's Case): tapestry State of England in Relation to work outside the Statute of INDEX 351 Cases, English-continued. Cases, English-continued. Artificers. 231, 292, 293-, 1705: Regina v. Franklyn: ex­ 313 ception from apprenticeship 1616: Norris v. Staps: re local ("nonsense"), 315 gild privileges, 291, 293- 1705: Mayor of Wmton (Win­ 1620: Broad v. Jollyfe: against chester) v. WIlks: legal effect restraint of trade, 281- on the gilds, 285, 291, 307, 1627/8: AnneStafIord'sCase: no 309, 316 proof of trade in existence in 1706: Regina v. Maddox: illegal 1563,313- exercise of a craft legal after 1638/9: ~g agaUut Fredland: seven years, 314 hempdresser Dot within 1711: Queen against Morgan: Statute of Artificers, 314- 'Work with unqualified person 1656: John Hayes and Others v. sufficient, 314, 315- Edward Harding and Others: 1711: Mitchel v. Reynolds: for the Statute of Artificers, against restraint of trade, 293-,315 276,281-,307, 317 1665/6 : Plaier v. Pettit: uphol­ 1721: Rex v. Journeymen Tay­ sterer within Statute of Arti­ lors of Cambridge: a Trade ficers, 314- Union a restraint of trade, 1668/9: Roy v. Cellers: uphol­ 282- sterer within Statute of Arti­ 1724: Dutch W. India Com­ ficers, 314- pany v. van Moses: impor­ 1669: Silk· Throwslers against tance of the name for the Fremanter: oligopoly up­ legal standing of the com­ held, 317 pany, 382 1669: Rex v. KiJderby: non pro­ 1727: Merchant Adventurers, sequi with regard to the Newcastle, against other or­ Statute of Artificers, 295-, ganizations: ancient custom 3)5, 317- disputed, 308 1669: Anonymous: Statute of 1732: Corporation of Colchester Artificers not applicable to v. Sympson: limitation on the country, 315- . practice of a craft, 307 1669: The ~g against French: 1748: Bodwic v. Fennell: limita­ Statute of Artificers not tion on practice of a craft, applicable to the country, 307 315- 1756: Raynard v. Chase: brewers 1669/10: King against Tumith: excepted from apprenticeship Statute of Artificers never (Lord Mansfield condemns extended, 312, 313-, 315 Statute of Artificers), 292, 1690/1 : Hobbs, qui tam, and 316 against Young: apprentice­ 1756/57: Green v. Mayor of ship needed for exercise of Durham: right of municipal cloth working: (one judge authorities to verify period against the Statute), 317- of apprenticeship, 305 f. 1692: Anonymous: forestalling 1759: Statute of Artificers con­ in the fish trade allowed, 321 demned. 317- 1699/1700: Rex v. Paris 1766/1: Woolley and Another v. Slaughter: sphere of validity -Idle: validity of ancient cus­ of the Statute of Artificers, tom, 308 313 1773: Berwick against non-bur- 3S2 INDEX Cases, English-continued. ham's letter to, II 32, II 320; gesses': right of exclusion not balance of trade, II 110 recognised, 308 Celibacy, II 302 1784: Bridgnorth against outside Oelle: transport conditions, 68 craftsmen: the latter set Chiilons: law-suit of .the apothe- free, 308 caries and spice-dealers against 1800/1: Rex v. Rushby: fine for the merchants, 177 regrating, 322 CHAMBERLEN, H., II 21S, II 233 1800/1: The King again&t Wad­ Chambers in the Dutch trading dington: . fine for engrossing companies, 361-36S, 371 (again&t Adam Smith), 322, CHAMBERS, 1. D.: Company of Frame­ 323* work Knitters, 243"', 304* 1821: The Mayor and Common­ Chambrelans, 17S alty of ,the City of York Champagne: toll conditions, 91, 94; against Wellbank: validity weights and measures, 113; dis­ of ancient custom, 308 regard of the industrial reglements 1827: Merchant's Company of 167; fairs, II 101 York v. HallWood: ancient Channel Islands: tolls, S3 f.; per­ custom disputed, 308 sistence of feudal conditions, 467 Cases, Select, in the Court of Charen-te: river tolls, 82; traite de: Requests, 278* French toll: abolished, 108 CASSEL: G.: The Nature and Neces­ Charge, 114 city of Interest, II 287* CHARLES: Duke of Sodermanland: v. CASSIODORUS, II 140 CHARLES IX of Sweden Castile: national shipping policy, CHARLES I of England, 387, 438 ...... II 36; policy of provision, II 90 v. further England Cast iron weight, Swedish, 112 CHARLES v, Emperor, 63.-v. further Casual enterprises, 406 f. Germany CATlNAT, N. DE, 12S CHARLES IX of Sweden: East India Company, 103 fl. 414. II 200; Navigation Acts, II Circles: v. Imperial circles 29; export surplus, II 117; un­ OrcuIation: of precious metals, II employment and emigration, II 199, II 212 f., II 217-221, II 225 124; high wages, II 164; rate of f., II 232, II 235, II 242 f., II 250 interest, II 1S4, II 169, II 200; the f., II 255 f., II 257 taking of interest, II 288, II Cities, boroughs and towns corporate, 314; scarcity of money, II 224; 243 f. dearness and cheapness, II 229; Citta dominante. La. 39 credit, II 200; II 233; tolerance, Civil frenzy, II 308 II 306; legislation against trade, Civil Law: codification of French II 311; population problem, II Jaws, 126 125, II 314; national and private Civil Service, 263, II 326 profit, II 321.-New Discourse uf CLAPHAM, 1. B •• Economic History uf Trade. 256"', 311, 319 f., 320*, Modern Britain. 202*, 324"', 465*; 321,355"', II 29"', II 117"', II 124"', Economic Development of France II 154*, II 158"', II 162"', II 169"', and Germany. 461"'; Spitalfields II 181"', II 289, II 305"', II 306, Acts. 298* II, 321"'; Discourse concerning Cl.ARK, 1. M.: on oveIbead costs, 147*; Trade (included in the New Disc. II 357 of Tr.), II 181"', II 198"', II 224"', CLEMENT. 'P.: Lettres. instructions et II 312·; Trade and Interest uf memoires de Colbert. v. Colbert; Money Considered (included in Histoire de Colbert et de son New Disc. of Tr.), 355"', 374·; administration. II 300* Brief Observations Concerning [CLEMENT. s.]: Discourse of the Trade and Interest (included in General Notions of Money. New Disc. uf Tr.), II 288· Trade and Exchanges, II 185, II Child labour: attitude of mercantil­ 193, II 194*. II 243"', II 245"' ism to, II 155 fl.; later struggle Clerk of the Market, 115. 249, 255 against, II 323 Cleves: river tolls. 57, 74 Children, limitation in number of, 'CLIPFORD. P.: History of Private Bill 11328 Legislation, 48 354 INDEX Climate: industrial revolution in Cloth industfy-continued England, 222 f. f.; regulation for Yorkshire, 251, Clockmaking: French: English influ­ 264*, 267, 297, for Kidder­ ence, 196 minster, 297; regulation of wages Cloth: undyed and unfinished: legis­ by J.P.s, 311 f.; Child's observa­ lation for, IT 149.-v. further tion, 319; fulling mills, 383; Cloth industry export prohibition on sheep and Cloth dealers: in Norwich, 315 !Wool, II 137.-v. also Luxury Cloth e~port: v. &ports industry, Manufactures, Y ork­ Cloth industry: France: reglements, shire, and also Statutes, English 158-167; different clauses for Clothes dealers: second-hand, in Amiens, Lyons, Bourgogne, Paris: law-suit with the tailors. Dijon, Selongey, Semur in Auxois, 177 Auxerre, Montbard, Avalon, Clysters, xight to administer: France, Beaune, Saulieu, CMtillon, Bourg 177 en Bresse stretching, 160 f.; finish­ Coal: English weight for, 115; coal ing and cutting of cloth as also mining: English and French, bleaching of linen, 161 f.; regle­ 197 If.; coal resources: import­ ments for the Amiens cloth indus­ ance for the industrial revolution try, 1666, 147, 162, 171; control in England, 222 f.; fiscalism in the measures, 162 f.; Sedan cloth industry, 255; toll, IT 87; coal industry, 170; treatment of in­ porters: organization by means vendons in the system of regula­ of Act of Parliament, 297 tion, 170 f.; competition of COBDEN, It.: importance in the strug­ Indian cotton goods, 172; van gle for free trade, II 333 Robais' cloth factory in Abbeville, Coblenz: river tolls, 57; right of 188; the least connected with lux­ foreign bakers and shoemakers, ury of all French manufacturers, n 133; sale of goods manufac­ inferior to England in finer quali­ tured outside the town, n 135 ties, able to compete in the Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis, Levant trade and important for 71* the equipment of the lJI1IlY. 191; Colfee-houses: London: connection special regulation for the woollen with dealings in securities, 410 industry in the Recueil des regle­ Coin, scarcity of, iII 202.-v. further .ments, 195; England's increasing Scarcity of money superiority from the 1780's on­ Coinage depreciation, II J83, II ward, 195 f.; control of coarse 187 f.; IT 223, II 230, II 247 f., cloth in rural industry, 208 f.; n 260 late reglement in Dauphine, 216; Coinage parity, II 245 under the !Empire, 460 f.; Coinage system: controversy over England: cloth industry in the the Saxon, II 171, IT 183, II 225; country, 209 f., 238 f., 241 f.; upheavals, II 223 measures against its diffusion, Coinage Union: German, 122 especially in the interests of Coins: varying with every day's arable faIming, 232. 238 f.; seven­ journey, 43; Carolingian coinage year apprenticeship, 234; cloth reckoning, 90*, 119, 467; France, industry in Norfolk and Suffolk, 119 f.: Saint Louis: coinage 241, in the West Riding and unity, 119; Philip Ie Bel: con­ Leeds, 242; control through the tinuation of 'Work of unifica­ J.P.s and their superintendents, tion, 119; tournois and parisis, 247 If., 251, 240 f.; privilege in 120; Germany, 118-123: coinage wage fixing in the industry, 254 rights of the territories, imperial INDEX 3SS and county towns, 120 f.; imita­ ditions in 1687, 104 f.; customs tion of coins, 121; coinage union, unity outside cinq grosses fermes, gold unit, 122; coinage unity lOS; unification in law, weights within the territories, commercial and measures, 110, 462; codifica­ and ideal coinage, 122; England: tion of Flench law, 126; power in the figures on provision policy, over industrial regulation, 139, II 81, II 89; prohibition on ex­ .14S; introduction of justioes con­ port of coin, II 97; defence of, II cerned with manufacture, 151; in­ 125; Saxon coinage controversy, dustrial reglements, 158-166; 1673 II 177, II 183; met.ting down ediot, 145; sale of masters' rights, into silverware, II 214; leather 180; manufactures his pet, 186; coinage, II 252.--y. also Metals application of the industrial code COICE, Sir BOWARD ("Lord Coke''), troughout the country, 207; fav­ 272, 277, 283*, 285*, 286*, ourable treatment of rural in­ 287 if., 289*, 290 f., 293*, 296*, dustry, 211; trading companies 317, 444*, II 27S 345-351, 357; other companies, COItB, J.: Debate between the Heralds 350 f ; bound by the ancien 01 England and France, 240* regime, 458 f.; principle of the COD!, R.: opposition to the static policy: ends and means, II 17- view, II 27*; criticism of the 20, II 363' f.; static conception Navigation Acts, II 48 f.; cheap­ II 26; trade war, policy of power, ness and plentiful provision, II II 27; money and power, II 47 f.; 9S, II 229; popUlation policy, staple policy, II 69; contrast II IS9; against high wages, between old and new policy, II II 166; figures for Baltic trade, 107; attitude to imports and ex­ II 182*, II 344; interest in the pro­ ports, II 146; conception of idle­ vision of goods, II 190; quantity ness, II 155, II 166; child labour, of money, II 239; link between II ISS f.; measures for the in­ mercantilism and laissez-Iaire, crease of population, II 160; II 281, II 295 f.; toleration, quantity of money and total II 305*; force against nature, taxation, II 208; export of II 309.-Treatise 1: Where is precious metals, II 253; freedom Demonstrated that the Church the soul of trade, II 274; blessings and State 01 England are in Equal of trade, II 279 f.; mildness in­ Danger, II 49*, II 160*, II 167*, stead of force, II 294; trading II 194*. Treatise 11: ReaSons of programme, II 29S, II 316; galley the Increase 01 the Dutch Trade, slaves: recruitment and treat­ II 281*; Treatise Ill: England's ment, II 298 f.; opposed to Improvements, 320, 436*, II 23, II clerical interests, II 302 ff.; lew­ 27*, II 182*, II 191*, II 194*, II ish question, II 306; supervision. 239*, II 296* II 310* over merchants, II 320.-Lettres, Coking process: in Le Creusol, 197; instructions et memoires, 69*, 81 *, in England and France, 203 86*, 97*, 102*, 103*, 111* 180*, COLBERT, J. B., 19,68: tolls: Alsatian tolls, 68; river and road tolls, 34S*, 348*, II 19*, II 27*, II 39*, 81; their connection with the II 48*, II 107*, II 146*, II 154*, mercantilist trading system, 81 f.; II 155*, II 157*, II 161*, II 166*. duty on export to Spain, 97; II 176*, II 216*, II 253*, II 274*, lefonn of public tolls, 102 t.; II 280*, II 294*, II 296*, II 300*, customs unity within cinq grosses II 301*, II 305*, II 307*, II 321* fermes, 103; tariff of 1664, 103 Colbertism: parliamentary, 262 t., 109; tariff of 1667, 105; con- Colchester, 296, 307 356 INDEX

COLE C. W.: French Mercantilism Commis dea manufactures: v. Manu­ 1683-1700; 155*, 472; Colbert factures, inspectors of and a Century of French Mer­ Commission, High, 279 cantilism. 186*, 472; The Heavy Commissions for Trade: English Hand of Hegel (in Nationalism instructions to, II 37, II 116, II and Internationalism. ed. B. M. 176*, II 194, II 194*, II 218 Earle), II 59*, v. IlAlU.E, E. M. Commodities, policy regarding: possi- Cologne: river tolls, 57; compulsory bilities, 11 53-59; connection with staple, II 67. f.; harmfulness of monetary policy, II 175-182 the staple policy, II 72; laws con­ Commodities, scarcity of: elfect on cerning "merchant !ltrangers", II provision policy, II 99 f.; com­ 74; policy of provision, II 87 f. pared with scarcity of money, Colonial companies: v. Trading Com­ II 189 panies Commodities, surplus of: fear of, Colonial enterprises: v. Trading com­ II 178 panies: England: colonial com­ Common bargain, 383, II 109* panies Common Council: London, 303 Colonial law: codification of French Common Law, 277-293: Natural rights, fundamental law, 278*; laws, 126 relation to the Privy Council and Colonial policy, 300, II 28, 11 35, to Parliament, 278; competition II 124 f., II 134, II 158, II 175 with Equity, 294; Statute of Colonial System: Old, 54; London Artificers in conflict with Com­ the staple, 434; nature, II 70; mon Law, 316; Common Law and moth.er country and colonies sup­ Siatute Law: dualism, 322 f.­ plementing each other, II 131; v. also Courts, English connection with tobacco policy, Common nuisance: v. Nuisance, II 292 f., II 300 common Colonial war, II 182 Commonwealth, II 197 Colonies: tolls, 54, 56; in earlier Communautes jures or ;urandea: capital associations, 334 f.; poli­ French gild system, 142 tical ftavouring in trade, 340, Communes: France, 138 388, 404, 408, 409, 451-455; Communism: :Becher, II 205, II 203 criticism 'of trading companies f.; planned economy, II 338 in, 449-455; aversion to their Compagnia, 332 foundation, 340, 360, 409.-v. Compagnie: 350; du Nord: v. Trading also Trading companies: Eng­ companies: French; van Verre: land: colonial companies v. Trading companies: Nether­ Commenda. 332 lands.-v. also under Company Commerce: meaning of the term, Companies: names of the English II 276 craft organiza,tions and other Commercial coinage, 122 formations for industrial control, Commercial houses: South German, 237, 241 If., 297, 301, 466.­ 335-339 Camoufiage for patents of mono­ Commercial laws: codification of poly, 254 f.-v. further Joint­ French statutes, 124 stock. companies, Trading com­ Commercial policy: Part III as a panies, Livery companies whole (v. Contents); connection Company, 237, 350, 466.-v. also with the interest in power, II Trading companies 15-49, II 277 f.; reaction on the Compensations, system of, II 85, price-level, II 258 f. II 140 f. Commercial treaties, II 86, II 141 Compere: Genoa, 334 f., 440 INDEX 357 Competition, free: applied by force, Control authorities: France, 152 II.; 217; relation to monopolies, their uselessness, 154, 166 II.; 271 II., 275 f.; according to wardens as controllers, 164; in­ laissez-taire, 11 326.-v. also tendants, 152; manufacture in­ Laissez-taire, Monopoly spectors, 153 f., 168, 169 f.; fiscal­ Competition, regulation of: in the ism, 180; England:' institution of regulated companies, 380 f. J.P.s, 246-261; patents, privileges, Comptablie de Bordeaux, 97, 108 and fiscalism in industrial regula­ Compulsion: in Swedish economic tion, 253; in saddler's craft, 303 policy, II 300 Control, marks of: in French indus­ Compulsory labour: in service of trial regulation, 164, 167, 218; in good of the state, II 297-302 the English, 263 f. Compulsory recruitment of sailors, Control, system of: in Frenoh indus­ 11299 trial regulation, 152 II., 162-169, ConcMes parisis 12 et 6 deniers, }06 182 f:, 208-211; in the English: Conductus, 61 J.P.s, 246-261; patents, privi­ Confeotioner: member of goldsmiths' leges and fiscalism in the system gild in Newcastle, 245 of regulation, 253.-v. also Con­ Confiscation: of defective products: trol authorities, Manufactures, French industrial legislation 164 f. inspectors of, etc., also under Contoederatio cum principibus ece/e­ particular countries siasticis, 62 Contr6leur general, 152 Conseil de commerce: v. Bureau du Convoy de Bordeaux, 97, 108 commerce Convoys, 343 f., 353 Conservatism and inertia, 40, II 271, Co"partnership: v. Trading associa- II 334 II.; socio-political achieve­ I tion ment, II 337 COPERNICUS. 11 225 Considerations upon the East India Copper. copper weigh,t, Swedish, Trade, II 129, II 130*, II 367 112; in Swedish figures on the Conspiracy, 282 policy of provision, II 84; Axel Consumers' viewpoint: in municipal Oxenstiema: copper trade, II policY, 128 f., in English market 282; copper coins, II 310 f.; regulation of food-stuffs, 225; in Cologne: tolls, II 87; copper consideration for in English production: forms of enterprise, statutes, 267; decisive in notion 337 f., 390; copper alloys: e~port of monopoly, 275, f.; significance prohibition in England, II 32, for policy, II 56-59, 11 80-111; 11 91.-v. also Mining, Extractive relation of protectionism and industries, Trading companies socialism to, 11 337 f. Copper standard: in Sweden: dis­ Continental system: Napoleon's advantages, II 311 autos-da-fe, 164; cause of the CoRMERE': Recherches . . . sur les difficulties in the French cotton finances, 86* industry, 165 f., of the hesitancy Corn: French duty on, 90, 91; in the industrialization on the weights and measures of, 111, 113; continent, 203, II 20; self­ com trade: freedom in France, blockade, 11 43; cause of the 215; position in English system Orders in Council, II 71; example of regulation, 249, II 88; com­ of the mercantilist conception of growing: relation to sheep-rear­ goods, II 99, II 116, II }78; and ing, 250, 255, 272, II 88; export power, II 364; comparison with premiums, 321; Hamburg's trade the blockade of the Central in, II 60; in Swedish statistics on Powers in World War I, II 326 the policy of provision, II 84; 3SS INDEX expon prohib-ition on, II 90-94, !ish influences in the French cot­ II 101 f.;' Krempe exploited by ton industry, 193; comparison of Hamburg, II .133; English policy English and French, 197 f., 199 f.; regarding the corn trade, II 143; English: damp climate, 222; Discourse of the Common Weal: exception made from apprentice­ system of solidarity, II lSI; more ship clauses, 313 favourable conditions for corn­ COURT, DB LA, pmTER, 214: Aanwysing growing, II 312; corn duties, der heilsame politike gronde", en 11330 maximen, II 296· Corn Bounty Act (689), II 94*, II Courtage: de Brieux, 108; de la pre­ 230; v. also Statutes, English vote de Nantes, 108 Com .pr.ices in Exeter, 1 \6 COURTI!N, Sir w., 438 Cornwall: in English regulation of Courts: English: Common Law food-stuffs, 2S9 courts and antagonism to mono­ Corporation: medieval features, 333; polies, 269-294, 447, II 34; treat­ defects: France, 3S0; Nether­ ment of industrial regulation lands, 360; strength in England, after the Puritan Revolution, 30S- 373 f.; significance in English 32S; gilds, 30S-310; Statute of development, 380-384, 391 f., Artificers, 310-318; adherence to 394 f.; state's influence in forming freedom in industry on principle, corporations, 443-447; compari­ 31S ft.; apprenticeship, 312' f.; son between mercantilist and regulation of food-stuffs, 321 ft.; laissez-faire notions of corporative conception of monopoly after the institutions, II 327 Puritan Revolution, 319 f.; treat­ Correspondance administrative sous ment of trade in food-stuffs, 321 Louis XIV, 81*, 10S*, 112*, IS3*, f.; against the trading companies, 169*, 172*, 177*, 348*, II IS7*, II 447 161*, II 2S3*, II 300*, II 301*, Equity courts, IS6 294 II 307* Court of Piepowder, 34: main- . Correspondance des contr6leurs gene­ tained for a long time, 466 raux avec le~ intendants des pro­ Court of Requests, 279: the vinces, 81*, 106*, 117*, IS3*, court of the poor, 279 ISS*, 172*, 181*, 184*, 208*, II Coustume de Bayonne: v. Bayonne 39*, II 16.1*, II 168*, II 21S*, II Coutumes: Fr.ench system of rights. 307* 126 Correspondance du ministre de l'in- Coventry: place of gilds in the terieur relative au commerce, 196* administration, 237 CORT, B., 198, 203 Coverlet Act (IS42/3): v. Statutes, Cosmopolitanism, 34 English Cost of living, calculation of rise in: Coverlet manufactur.e: prohibited in counterpan in Elizabethan Poor the country round Norwich, Law, 229 239 f.· Cotton: v. Raw cotton COWPER, 1. M.: v. England in the Cotton goods: expon prohibitions Reign of Henry the Eighth on, II 89; import prohibition, Craft, officials of a: French system of II 139.-v. also Cotton industry regulation, IS2-1S7 Cotton industry: struggle against Craft: right to exercise a: fiscalism, printed calicoes in French indus­ 182 trial legislation, 172 f.; difficulties Credit, 300, II 198, II 199 f., II 222, under the Continental System, II 231 f., II 233 f., II 2SS; 174; treatment of printed calicoes development in England after in English legislation, 174; Eng- 1688, 410 f. INDEX 359 Creusol, Le: origin of the iron DAENBLL, E.: Bliitezeit der deutschen foundries, decline and revival,. Hanse, 330*, 353*, 391*, IT 66 197 DAGUl!SSI!AU: Reports on the tolls of Crime: economic and social causes, South France, 88*, 99, J02*, 106 II 312 f.: stagnation of trade, II DAHLGREN'. E. W.: Relations commer­ 314 ci"les et maritimes entre la France Crises: in early and modem times et les' cotes de r ocean pacifique. 11222 f. 153*, 344*, 348*, 408*, II 117* DAM. p. VAN. Beschryvinge van de CROMWELl. 0., 19, II 306 O{)stindische Compagnie, 358*, CROMWELL, T., II 252 359*, 363*, 368*, 369*, 371*, Crusades: importance in the develop­ ment of Mediterranean trade, 382* Damnum absque injuria. 283 332 DANIELS. G. W.: Early English Cotton [CVLPI!PBR, Sir T.]: A Tract against Industry, 175*, 317* Usurie, II 198*, II 288 DANIELSSON. c. : Protektionismens CUNNINGHAM, W.: Growth of English genombrott i svensk tul/politik, Industry and Commerce: funda­ 11'93*, II 296*. II 344* mental idea, 29, 223*, 238*, 244*, Danube: river tolls, 58 245*,250*,251*,256*,262,265*; DANVERS. P. C.: The Portuguese in 270*, 408*, 433*, 465*, II 15, II India. 342* 34*, II 36, II 38*, II 69*, II 73*, Danzig: Staple policy, II 68 II 80*, II 94*, II 96, II 117*, II DARBY. A.: the elder, 203*; the 131*, IT 218*: Alien Immigrants younger, 203* to England. IT 162* DARCY, E.: v. Cases, English Currency: managed, IT 257 Dar.tmouth, 435* Currying favour: as means of Dauphine: toll oonditions; 91, 99 f., modifying industrial regulations 105: disregard of the industrial in France, 169 f. reglements. 167; late reglements Custom: ancient: recognised as legal for the cloth industry, 216 ground for monopoly, 283 f.; DAVBNANT. c.: native consumption a support for the gilds, 286, 306: loss, foreign consumption a gain, not referred to, 291 II 115, II 194; increase in popu­ Custom of London: clause regarding lation, II 163; high wages, II 169; seven-year apprenticeship in one interest, II 169; secrecy of the craft giving right of entry into aU authorities, II 181*, II 346: crafts, 231, 245, 292 national wealth, II 192 f., II 196, Customs laws: France: of 1664, 82 f., II 218: preference for war in the lOS, abolished, 108: of 1667, lOS, country, II 192; quantity of abolished, 108; of 1671 abolished, money and payment of taxes, II 108; talI ordinance of 1687, 105; 208; 'accumulation of treasure by lacking on the rivers, 83 f.; un­ ·the prince, II 214; paper money, printed, 106.-Germany: Berlin, II 234: demoralizing effect of 72; abuse Branden,burg-Prussia, trade, conventional nature of 71 f.; Prussian of 1818, 462; money, II 260; merchant indus­ Austrian of 1775, 109;-Den­ try, II 282; relation to nature, II mark: of 1682 and 1686, II 275. 309 f.; powerlessness of legisla­ -v. further Tolls ' tion, II 311; inconsistent position Cutting: of cloth: industrial regle­ between old and new, II 322 f. mp.nts in France, 162 f. -An Essay upon the Probable Cylinders, production of: in Le Methods of making a People Creusot, 198 Gainers in the Ballance of Trade, 360 INDEX 253*, II 88*, II 107, II 160*, II Delft, 362 181*, II 194*, 11270*, II 312; Dis­ Demi-queue, 113 courses on the Publick Revenues, DENDY, F.: v. Extracts from the Il 29*, II 160*, II 162*, II 169*, Records of the Merchant Ad­ II 181*, II 194*, II 202*, II 209*, venturers 0/ Newcastle-upon­ II 216*, II 218*, II 237*, II 261*, Tyne II 310*, II 323*, II 346; Essay on Denier: in various senses, 90*; denier the East India Trade, II 29*, II de Saint-Andre, 108 117*, II 194*, II 310*, II 323*; Denmark: Shipping and defence at Essay upon Ways and means of sea, defensive ships, II 34; agra­ Supplying the War, II 99*, II rian protectionism, II 93 160*, II 282* Departements division: France: im­ Dearness, 229, II 57, II 151, II 268 f., portance in toll disintegration, 458 II 227-231; measures against: DEPITRE, E.: La toile peinte en France, France, 138, 141 140*, 172*, 173* Death penalty, 173, 465, II 276; for DEPPING, G. D.: v. Correspondance . theft: increasing .the danger of administrative sous Louis XIV murder, II 312 Derby, 306 Decisions, English: v. Cases, Engli&h DERRY, T. K.: Repeal of Apprentice­ Declaration of Rights, 294 ship Clauses, 324. DECLARBUIL, 1: Histoire du droit DES CASAUX DU HAU.AY: v. CASAUX fraTlfais, 126*, 153* DU HALLAY, DES DECRUSY: v. Recueil general des an­ DES CILU!ULS: v. CILlEULS, DES ciennes lois fraTlfaises Deventer: Transport conditions, 60 Defence, II 16, II 28 f., II 43, II 131; Devizes, 309 on land: England, II 31; on sea: D'EWES Sir S.: Journal, 272*, II 288· the northern states, II 34 f.; DICEY, V.: Lectures on tize Relations England, II 35-39; connection ~. between Law and Public Opinion with policy of provision, II 98 f.; indispensable commodities, in England, 282*, 296*, 323*, II 116. v. also Shipping, War 465*,469, II 323*; Introduction to fleets the Study of the Law of the Con­ Defence, materials for: in figures on stitution, 296· English provision policy, II 81 f" DICKENS, C., 140*,465 II 89 Dictionary, Universal 0/ Trade and Commerce, ed. M. Postlethwayt, DEFOE, D. : rurnpike roads, 49; description of Halifax, 244; pre­ 116* 414* ponderance of rotten boroughs Dicti~nn~ire universal du commerce, in the House of Commons, 419; 120*, 143*, 186·, 188, 35Q f. projectors, II 128; child labour, DIETRICH, DB, 201 II 156; wage problem: economy Dijon: Reglements for cloth manufac­ of high wages, II 171 f.-Tour ture, 160; wardens of public­ through the Whole Island 0/ house keepers against outside Great Britain, 49, 244*, 420*, II innkeeper, 177 157*' Plan of the English Com­ DILU!N, J. G. VAN: Termijnhandel te merde, II 47*, II 128 f., II 157*, Amsterdam, 358*, 373·; De am­ II 171 f., II 181 f.*, II 314; Essay sterdamsche compagnieen van on Projects, II 127; The Great Verre, 360· Law of Subordination Consider'd, Dinant, II 74, II 87 II 172* DIRCKS, H: v. WORCES'I1lR, Marquis of DE LA COURT: v. COURT, DE LA "I)ireotions": in Dutch trade, 353 If." DE LA MARP.: V. MARE, DB LA 357, 360, 450 INDEX 361 Disc: France: as control in doth Florentiner Wirtschaftsgeschichte manufacture; Amiens, 163, 168 f., 1), 205*, 337·; Entwicklung und 21.1; sale of material without Organisation der Florentiner discs in rural industry, 208; Zan/te, 140· freedom disc according to Douane: de Lyon, 100 f., abolished, Necker's ordinance (1779), 219; 108,459; de Valence, 100 f., lOS, England: in cloth manufacture, abolished, 108, 459 264; fiscalism, 2SS.-v. also Seals Dover, 303 Discourse consisting of Motives for DOWDELL, B. G.: A Hundred Years of Enlargement and Freedome of Quarter Sessions, 294·, 295*, Trade,· 270*.-v. [BRENT, N.] 312*, 315· Discourse of Corporations, 270*, 286*, Dowry, II 160 n 277 DRAKB, Sir P. : piratical ventures, DisCourse of the Common Weal: v. 390, 394, 438 [HALES,I.] Drei Flugschriften aber den Mant.­ Discoveries: v. Geographical dis­ streit: v. Flugschriften, Drei. etc. coveries Drei volkswirtscha/tliche Denkschrif­ Disobedience of industrial regula­ len aua der Zeit Heinrichs VllI: tions: Normandy, Champagne, v. [ARMSTRONG] Orleanais, Bourgogne, Poitou, Dresden. 59: length of iourney from Dauphine and Lyons, 167 Dresden to Hamburg, 68 Division of labour: international, Droits: d'Abord et de consommation, II 279 f.; according to Adam 108; ,de branches de Cypres, 108; Smith, II 332 de courtage et de mesllrage, 89; Doctrine: comparison between. the de coutume des ci-devant seig­ economic and general social doc­ neurs, 89; de passage, 89; de trines of mercantilism, II 268-272 premier tonneau de fret, 89; de Documents relatifs d I' histoire de quillage, 89; de liers retrancM, 89; I'industrie et du commerce en droits uniformes, 105 France, 138*, II 86* Documents, Select, Illustrating the DROYSEN, G.: Historischer Handallas, History of Trade Unionism: 1. 462* The Tailoring Trade, 282*, 312* Drugs; French duty on, 93, 104, 108 DU BOIS, A. B.: The English Business DODD, A. H.: Story of an Eli.. abethan Monopoly. 268· Company .a/ter the Bubble Act, DOLDEN, Sir w.: judgment of, 317· 1720-1800, 415* Domestic industry, 206; for the DUl'PUS HARDY: v. HARDY needs of the masses, 192, 206 DU PRENB: V. PRENB DB PRANCHB­ Domestic system: v. Putting-out Vn.I.B, DU system DUNLOP; O. 1.: History of English Domestic, workers, 305 APprenticeship and Child Labour, DOPSCH, A.: Naturalwirtschaft und 223*; Some Aspects of Early Geldwirtschaft in der Welt­ English Apprenticeship, 236* geschichte, 36·; Die Wirtscha/t­ DUPONT DB NBMOURS, P. S.: proposal sentwicklung der Karolinger.. eit, for toll reform, 107; inspector of 38*, 62·; Wirtschaftliche und manufacture, 155 soziale Grundlagen der euro­ Durham: place of gilds in the piiischen Kulturentwicklung, 38*, administration, 237, 306 114* DURHAM, P. H.: Relations of the Crown Dordogne: river tolls, 82 10 Trade under James I, II 312* DOREN: A.: Die Florentiner Wollen­ DUTfON, 10HN: Minstrels of Cheshire, tuchindustrie (Studien aua der 465 362 INDEX Dyeing: reglements: France, 159-162; East India Companies-continued regulations for Amiens and the chants and aristocracy, 414, surrounding countryside, 209 if.; 438 f.; "candle auctions", dyeing instruction of 1671, 158; 433; duty of shipping via measures of control; 162 if.; Eng­ London, 433 f.; bound to land: dyeing prohibited in the London, 435; connection with country around Norwich, 239 f.*; Levant Co., 394 f., 434; English regulations compared with attempts of James I and the French, 266 Charles I to acquire shares. Dyeing instruction of 1671 : v. 438 If.; charter given three Dyeing years tQ expire, 448; staple Dyeing-Compagnie van Verre, 356; for direct government, 452 f. v66r-compagnieen. 359 f; rise East India Companies: France. 345 of ~he .. united.. company, if., II 279 356; its corporative nature, England: charters, attempt to 360 f; monopoly, 360" f.; change into regulated com­ unity and disruption, 361-365; pany, 375; SUb-participants, chambers, 36l-365; bewind­ 393 f.; limited in time, 395; hebbers (v. under that head); individual trade not excluded Heeren XVll (v. under that in first chapter, 396; medi­ head); Haagsch besogne (v. eval features: apprentices, under that head); omnipo­ sons and employees, 397 f.; tence of the management, durability of enterprise capi­ 366 f.; limited liability, 367; tal, 399 f.; repayment of permanence of enterprise capital and profit, 399 f.; capital, 368 f.; trade in the durability and permanence of shares, 372 f. capital requirements, 402- East Indian trade: Netherlands, 405; equipment of ships, 403, 356-373; England, 394, 397-402, 308 f.; East Indian trade for 405-410, II 95, II 243, II 253.-v. commercial purposes, 402 if.; also East India Companies for political purposes, 405- Eastland Company: v. Trading com­ 407; political authority, 451; panies, England connection with state's loan East Prussia, 72 f., 75 f. operations, 411, 439-445; pay­ EBERSTADT. ll. : Das franzosische ments to the treasury, 446; Gewerberecht. 137*, 150·, 158*, charter guaranteed in the 165*, 206*, II 123*, II 134*, II Bubble Act, 446; trade in 135, II 145*; Magisterium und shares, 412 f.; conversion into Fraternitas. II 134*, 138* a regulated company, 474; Eden Treaty (1786): superiority of impossible as a regulated English industry over the French, company, 414; union of mer- 196 INDEX 363 Edicts et ordonntlllces des Roys de interests in loisSl!l.-/aire. II 328 f.; FrtmCe. 91·, 112*, Jl7·, 143* infiuence on the conception of Edicts: French edict of 1581: place wages, II 167 in French industrial legislation, Employment: '11 121-130. II 355, II 138, 143, 145 if.; creates a system 358 for the right of practising a En~losures, 232, 257, II 44, II 46, II trade. 145 f.; stigmatizes the 105, II 151, II 323* abuses of the gilds, 175; no pres­ Encyc10pidie mithodique, 155; Finan­ criptions regarding counter-meas­ ces 86, 8S·, 90", 99*, 100·, 102·, ures, 17S; fiscal clauses regarding 105·, 107·; /urisprpdence, 116; .letters patent, 179; clauses regard­ Manufacture. 200· ing rural industry, 206 f.; ENGHOFP, K. : Tillsttindet i Skant!, French edict 0/ 1597, 139, 145; 1707-11, II 292* fiscal clauses regarding masters' England: rcasons for unification, 36, rights, 179; 38; privileges of foreign mer­ French edict of 1673, 145: pay­ chants, 40; toU disruption, 46-56; ment for the canfinning of the national customs .system, 51 f.; gild order. 179; municipal. tolls, 46, 50 f.; tolls­ refonn mercantilism in the thorough and tolls-traverse, 48; 1720's in conflict with gild edicts, weights and measures, 115 f.; 214; comparison with Elizabeth's coinage: unification and deprecia­ Statute of Artificers. 233 tion, 11S f. Education, danger of, II 167 Domestic industrial regulation: EBEBERG. L m.: Uber das iiltere treatment of printed calicoes, deutsche Manl-wesen, 123. 174; superiority over the EHRENBERG, R.: Das Zeitalter der Fug­ French in fine cloth making, ger, 336·, 360*, 373*. 393*, II 190; increasing ditto in other 216*; Hamburg und England im wool manufacture, 195; in­ Zeitalter der Konigin Elisabeth. dustrial development com­ 393·, II 32*, II 157* pared with French, 193-203; EbrenfeIs. 58 great changes in iron indus­ E1be: river tolls, 58, 65, 68, 73; try, 197-203; cotton industry, abolished, 463; staple policy. II 67 195 f.; population, 202; Elbing: staple right, 134 scarcity of timber, 203; uni­ Electors: toll disintegration, 63 f. form industrial code, 224- EUZABEl1I, Queen of England, 226, 233; Elizabeth's Statute of 254, II 287: interest in practical Artificers, 226-232; gilds and ventures, 390, 394. 438; in the rural industry, 233-245; the Mrica Company, 438.-v. also J.P.s, 246-263, 473; content of Statute of Artificers, Elizabethan industrial code, 263-269; the and Poor Law English code compared with l!U.INGEII.-BANG. N.: v. Tabeller over the French, 266 f., 298. 300 f., Skibs/art og Varetransport 303; decline of system of ELZINGA, s.: La tari/ de Colbert de industrial regulation. 294-325; 1664 et celui de 1667. 102., 103. persistence of the ancien Embroidery undertaking: French. rigime. 464--469; fundamental 199 upheaval, 469-472 Empire, Holy Roman, and Gennan: Fornrs of enterprise. 373-455: 21, 34, 61-64, 69 f., 120 f .. 132 unification in the system of Employers: 210, 298, 298·; em­ enterprises, 415-436 ployer interests: need for greater Policy 0/ power. II 31-46. n 48 f.: liberty of movement, 303; class preparation for defence: on 364 INDEX England-continued . Equity courts.-v. Courts land, II 32 fl., on sea, II 34- Erfurt, II 135 37; Navigation Acts, II 16, II BSPINAS, G., Vie urbane de Douai au 29, II 35-38, II 70, merchants moyen-age, 165* and economic policy, II 30 Essay for Recovery of Trade, 251* Miscellaneous: staple policy, II Estamines: French cloth industry: 69 fl.; early emancipation reglements, 159 from the policy of provision, Ethics: canonical, II 278; mercan­ II 104 f.; protectionism, II tilist attitude to, II 110, II 278- 142 f.; policy regirding the 281, II 285-302; breach with com trade, II 143 f.; transi­ medieval outlook, II 285; interest. tion to money economy, II II 286-289; luxury, II 289 f.; 219; Jews, II 306; Civil Ser­ tobacco consumption, II 292 f.; vice, II 326; mercantilist stimulating private economic in­ literature in modem works, II terests, II 293-296, II 301; indif" 262 ference to human beings II 286. II England in the Reign. of King Henry 323 the Eighth, 1121*,.11 109 EUCLID, II 309 England's Guide to Industry, 53· Evangelicalism: significance with re­ English Economic History, Select gard to the religious element in Documents, ed. A. E. Bland, P. the trading companies, 398 A. Brown, R. H. Tawney, 51-, Exchange: considered the same as 116-, 227 f.*, 257*, 260*, 268*, money, II 251 273*,300- Exchange: with foreign countries, English statutes: v. Statutes, English II 238-261, II 278.-v. also Engrossing, 228, 259, 272, 315*, 321, Foreign trade II 45.-v. also Forestalling Exchange commissioner.-v. Royal Enkhuizen, 362 exchanger Enlightenment: ideas regarding, more Exchange fluctuations, movements, important in France than in etc.,: v. Foreign exchanges England, 212 Exchange mechanism, II 185 ,., Entrepreneurs: as contrasted with II 217-237 workers, 148.-v. also Employers Excise: Brandenburg - Prussia, 75; Enterprise capital: performance: Bavaria, 77; German cities, 124 maone and compere, 334 f.; Steyr Exeter, 417, 422; com measure, 116; iron trading company, 339; Dutch textile company 466-v. also trading companies, 368 fl., 399; Merchant Adventurers English joint-stock companies, EXiport: cloth: England,428 f., II 85, 398-405; greater permanence II 89, II 108; defence of coin after 1688, 414; independence: export, II 125 f.; desire to stimu­ Dutch East India company, 367 f., late, II 179.-v. also Export 371 f. prohibitions: metals Enumerated Commodities, II 70 Export duty: French, 84 ff., 95, [EON, J.]: v. [SAINT-JEAN, M. DB] 103 f., 108, II 87; English, II 87 BPSTEIN, M., Early History of the -v. also Tolls, Customs system, Levant Company, 374*, 375*, France, etc. 379-,386*,389-,395*,424*,450*, Export licences: y. Licences II 37- Export premium: on corn, 321, Equality before the law: France, 169 II 93 f., II 229; long-tenn policy, Equilibrium: of the foreign ex­ II 114 changes, II 179, II 244, II 255, II Export prohibitions: France, 84; 258 England: II 31 f., II 82 ff., II 89, INDEX 365 II 91 If., II 97, II 104, II 105 f., Festskri/t till Fahlbeck, II 194* II 137, II 146-150; in bile Great Feudal disintegration, 39, 40 f. War, II 326.-v. also Precious Feudalism, 22, 108; new feudalism metals, Coins, Silver through sale of offices, 124; in Export surplus, II 116; views of Petty the English regulated companies, and Child, II 117; concern over 449 f.; maintained long in Eng­ surplus of goods and striving after land, 467 f.; in France: brought precious metals, II 179; of precious down in its fall ~e disintegrated metals as cause of scarcity of internal structure, 45S f. money, II 223 Feuillette, 113 Extractive industries: France: con­ PIELDING, Sir J., 311 trol ,by intendants, 152; place Finance and· Trade under Edward Ill, within the manufactures, 190; ed. G. Unwin, II 80*, II 9'6, caloulation of profits, II 194.­ II 97*, II 142 f. v. also Mining Fine: v. Admission fee Extracts from the Records of the Mer­ Finishin,~: of cloth: industrial regle­ chant Adventurers of Newcastle­ ments: in France, .160 f., 210; in upon-Tyne, 51*, 224*, 309*, 374*, England, 239 f.·, 263; privileges 377*, 381*, 385*, 417*, 419*, in the controls, 254 f.; freedom of .425*,467* manufacture against gild privi­ leges, 283; finishers: employment "Factories", 326 of, II 149 PAGNIBZ, G., Veconomie sociale de la PIllm, c. H.: v. Acts and Ordinances France sous Henri IV, 80*, 185*, of the Interregnum 351*; Etudes sur findustrie et la Fiscalism: in French industrial legis­ classe industrielle ii Paris, II 78*. lation, 178-184; gilds' monopoly -v. also Documents relatifs ii exploited by the crown, 179-182; I' histoire de l'industrie et du com­ letters patent after the 1581 edict, merce en France 179; letters patent after the 1597 Fairs: in Champagne, II 101 and 1673 edicts, 179; payments PALKE, J., Geschichte des deutschen 'for oonfinnation of gilds' stand­ Zollwesens, 59*, 60*, 62*, 63*, ing, for right of practising a craft 65*,67*,69*,73*, 77· and for adriIinistration of indus­ Falkenburg, 58 trial control, 179 f.; indirect taxa­ PALKMAN, L. B., Om matt och vigt i tion, gilds as agents of fiscalism, Sverige, I1S· new gild inspectors, 180 f.; hat­ PARRBN, W.: v. Victoria County makers and pewterers iIi Provence History resisting fiscalism, 181; influence PAUST, M., II 211 of fiscalism on the gilds, minor Fascism, II 362 importance to the reglements, PAY, C. 11..: review of A B. Dubois, 183 f.; in English industrial legis­ the Eng. Business Corp. after the lation, 253-256, 261, 302 f.; im­ Bubble Act, 1720-1800, 415· portance. in English company Fear of goods, II 57, II 76, II 101 f., . development, 439-447; in connec­ II lOS, II III, II 114, II 117, II tion with policy of provision, 145, II 148, II 177, II 227 f., II II 96 If.; with policy of protec­ 278, II 335, II 364 tion, II 140 Feather-beds: regulation of produc­ Fish: command to eat, II 37 f, tion of, 264 (cf. Political Lent); in Swedish PEn£HENPELD, A. : v. GLUCKEL VON statistics on the policy of pro­ HAMELN vision, II 84; in compensation Ferrara, II 64, II 8S, II 140 for wine, II 85.-v. also Fishing 366 INDEX Fishing: Dutoh organization, 355, II 84; at the core of prOVlSlon 357, 391 ·f.; English companies policy, II 88, II 90-94, II for: v. Trading oompanies; Adam 104 If., II 189; in the Discourse oj Smith on premium on fishing, the Common Weal, II 10'9 II 16*; a part of shipping policy, Forain, 148 If., 124 11 36; training for sailors, II 37; Foraine, 90, 99, 108 law on obligation to eat fish FORDONNAlS, v. DB, Recherches et con­ (political Lent), II 38.-v. also siderations sur les finances, 88*. Fish . II 216 f.* Fishing companies: v. Trading com­ Foreigners, 224, 306, 310.-v. also panies Forain, Merchant strangers, rights FITZLER. M. A. H.: tlberlick iiber die of portugiesischen tlberseehandels­ Foreign exchanges: influenced by gesellschaften. 342*; Portugiesi­ distramts on cloth, 384; the effects sche Handelgesellschaften des 15. of mercantilist policy re money u . •.. 16. Jhs. 342* and commodities, II 179; differ­ Flanders: oppression of rural indus­ enrussia, 70 f.; Brandenburg-Prussia French, 78 f. FREDERICK WILLIAM I of Prussia: FROUDB, J. A.: History of England, administrative toll reform, 7J: 42J· . agrarian protection, II 93: free­ dom of trade, II 275.-v. further Fuel, trade in, 11 89 Brandenburg-Prussia FUGGER, 336, 345 Free competition: v. Competition, . FUU.ER, defendant's counsel in the free Case of Monopolies, 286 II. Free trade, 284, II 13 f., II 332, II Fulling: of cloth: industrial regIe­ 335 f.-v. also: Freedom, Free­ ments in France, 160 f. dom of trade, Laissez-faire: Fulling mills: in the cloth industry, economic 383 Freedom: mercantilist attitude to­ FiiRER, 336 wards, II 273-276, II 283, II Furnishing cloth, weaving of: in the 319 f., II· 323 f.; J. S. Mill's French manufactures, 190 INDEX 369

PURNISS. R. S. : Position of the iii the development of forms of Laborer in a System of National­ enterprise, 339 ism. II 13, II 125-, II 138-, Ii 152, GEORGE, R •• II 330; Georgeism, II 330 II 163-, II 165, II 188. II 265, II Germans, ~'raving lunacy oll the-": 298-, II 305 Richard of Cornwall and the PURNIVU.L, P. 1.: V. BAlUlISON, W. Rhine tolls, 56 Fustagni, II 89 Gennany: General: causes of dis­ Fustians, 174 integration, 35, 37.-Tolls. 56-78: Future trading, 372 public tolls, decline of royal power, 6J; municipal tolls, 69, Gabelle et foraine de Beam: v. Beam 75; road tolls, 58 ff., 67, 71; river GAESSNER, R.: Schwedens Volkswirt­ tolls, 56-78; corruption and ex­ schalt unter Gustav Vasa, JI 85- tortions, 72. 76, 77. v. also River Galeones y flotas, 343 tolIs, Road tolls, Tolls and for Galley expeditions: Venetian, 343, particular rivers and places under II 65, II 141 the naIneS of the latter.-Weights Galleys, manning through the courts, and measures. 118.-Coinage. 118- II 298; arbitrariness, inhuman 123: coinage right of tetritories treatment, II 298 f. as well as of imperial and county Gallon, 115 towns, 120 f.; coinage union, GALTON, F. W.: v. Documents. Select, gold coins, 122; coinage unity illustrating the History of Trade within the territories, 122; Saxon Unionism coinage polemic, II 177, II 183, Gaming houses: privileges for allow- II 225.-TfJJCation: Kontribution ing, 254 and Akzise, 124.-Administra­ Gardes-jures, 142 tion: Brandenburg-Prussia, 126.­ Gardeners, 314 Nationalization of municipal GARDINER. R.: England's Grievance policy, 131-136: J3aden, 132, 134; Discovered in Relation to Its Coal Brandenburg-Prussia and Wiirt­ Trade. 277- temberg, 132 f.; cities' power over Garonne: river tolls. 82 f. the country, 134 f.; dislike of GARSONNlN: Manufacture de toiles gilds compared with similar dis­ peintel tfOrUans, 196- like in England, 320-.-Types 01 Gascogne: wine import from, II 85, business organization, 327, 329 f., II 98 335-339, 389 f.; their effects on Gecommitteerde van het groote vis­ English, 392 ff.; Steyr iron com­ scheri;• .355. 392 pany, 338 f., 396., 393, 400.­ GEE. 1.: The Trade and Navigation of 'Influence of the French Revolu­ Great Britain. 344- tion: victory of work of unifi­ GEERING. T.: Handel und Industrie der cation, 461-463; particularism re­ Stadt Basel. 59· . affirmed after World War II, 461; Geleit, 62, 76 unification in Russia in the General trading company: v. Trading nineteenth century 462.-Staple companies policy, II 66 ff., II 71.-Rights of Genoa: in Spanish colonial trade, merchant strangers, II 73 f.­ 342; moone. 334 f., 403; compere. Policy 01 provision. II 87.­ 334 f., 382. 440; Casa di San Protectionism. II 132-136.­ Giorgio. 335; staple policy, II 62, Transition to money economy. II 63; export, II 89; protection­ II 219.-/ews, II 307.-Mercan­ ism, 142 tilist literature in modem works, Geographical discoveries: importance 11262 f. 370 INDEX

GERVAISE. I.: The System or Theory Gilds-continued of the Trade of the World. II 368 150; judges of manufactures, GESELL, S., II 357 151; intendan,ts and inspec­ Gesetze der Angelsachsen, 114*, II 74* tors of manufactures, 152 f.; Gevaudan: toU conditions, 105: in- gild privileges on the Paris dustrial regulation within France: model, J58; national gild reglement for the cloth industry, compUlsion in cloth and dye­ 159: facilitation of the control of ing industries, 159 f.; high coarse cloth, 209: child labour, fees and eXipensive feasts, 175; II 157* capitalism as presumptive Ghent, II 69, II 72 cause for exclusiveness of Gig-mill, 254, 263 gilds, 175, 183; industrial GILBERT, Sir H.: company for the monopolization, mod ern North-West Passage" 395 parallels, 175 f.; apprentice­ GILBOY, B. WATERMAN: Evidence on ship limitations, strict pro­ Wage Assessments, 252*; Wages in hibitions against exercise of Eighteenth Century England, crafts,175 f.; indebtedness of 252* 300* . handicraft gilds, 177; fiscalism Gild compulsion: national: French applied to gild rights, 178- cloth and dyeing industries, 159 183; exception from gilds, f.; no penetration in English legis­ 184; gilds in rural industry, lation, 233 f.: exception for cer­ 184 f.; tendencies limiting the tain crafts, 234*: after the Puritan wide expansion, 213 f.; small Revolution, 304 f.: connection results, later new structures, with protectionism, II 133 ft. 214 ft.; modifications for cer­ Gild Merchant, 244·, 286, 309, 376: tain industries, 214 f.; Tur­ in Newcastle, 416, 425, 466: got's attempt to abolish the maintained in various English gilds: edict of February 1776, towns, 466 f. 216 C.; Necker's reorganiza­ Gilda mercatoria: Gild Merchant tion and the revival of the Gilds: general, 33; in municipal policy, gilds: edict of August 1776, 131, 472 217 f.; inextricable from the Germany: in territorial policy, ancien regime, 217, 458. 132 f.; organized in Baden England: apprentices, journeymen and Brandenburg - Prussia, and masters according to 134; ·general aversion from, Elizabeth's Statute of Ar­ 320 f.·: tificers, 209 ft.; according to France: encroachment of mon­ gild ,practice, 236; gilds not archy in Middle Ages, 137 f.: mentioned in Statute of Ar­ by means of edicts in 1581, tificers, 233; gilds and rural 1597 and 1673, 138-147, 178- industry, 233-245; no national 183: gilds as central factor in gild system. 233 f.; results of regulation of industry, 140- this, 234 f.; interaction be­ 152: transferring in the ordin­ tween gilds and Statute of ance of, 1351, 14J; diffusion Artificers, 233-235; gilds care in Middle Ages and later; 142, for technical regulation. func­ 166 f.: two types of gild tion in local administration. organizations, 142; laissez­ 237; handicraft in the suburbs taire, 144: masters, journey­ and in the country, 238 f.; men and apprentices, 147- legislation against, 239; idea l52; IIl1Obility, 148; profes­ of the gilds, 274; not monopo­ sional freedom of movement, lies according to early English INDEX 37) Gilds-continued "Good cheap", n 95, II 108, II 228, legal doctrine, 286; control of II 228.-cf. Cheapness industry through the gilds, Goteborg, 37 2% f., 300 f.; relation of the OOTHEIN, E.: Zur Geschichte der Rhein­ gilds to regulation of industry schifJahrt, 59*, 60-, 69*, II 72; after the Puritan Revolution, Mannheim im ersten lahrh. seines 301 fl.; I8IW courts and the Bestehens, 69*; Wirtschalt­ gilds, 304-310, 311 f.; pattern geschichte des Schwarr.waldes, for regulated companies, 375, 131- 379 II., 448; for joint-stock OOURNAY, V DE, 213*, 214, 215 companies, 396 II.; main­ Government: constitutional: signifi­ tained in Scotland, 464 cance for regulation of industry, Gild Socialism, 42 296 OILLB, B.: Les origines de la grande GRAMONT, S. DE: on technical innova­ industrie metallurgique en France, tions, II 127; advocate of subjec­ 198- tive value theory, II 261*; Le Girobank, 123, II 233.-v. also Bank denier royal, II 127, II 213, and Trading companies 11 215*, II 261* Glass industry: France: control by Grande fabrique: Lyons: reglement intendants, 152; importance in for, 160; exemptions in 170.­ manufactures, 190; England: v. further Lyons, Silk. industry glass works as joint-stock c0m­ GRAS, N. S. B.: Early English Customs pany, 411 Gloves: manufacture of, 265 Systems, 51*, 52*, II 85*, 11 87*, II 90*; Origins of the National OLOOCEL VON BAMELN: Denkwurdig­ keiten, II 307 Customs-Revenue of England, Gobelin weaving: in French luxury 51*; Evolution of the English industry, 190; single case of Corn Market, 247-, 260*, 268*, English imitation, 194 II 81*, II 90*, II 144*, II 230*; Introduction to Economic History, OODAllT, J.: I:Quvrier en soie, 144-, 150*, 151*, 160*, 169*, 176*, II 144* 182*, 189*, 212*, 216-, II 123*, GRAVES, C. L.: Mr. Punch's History of II 145*, II 157*, II 168- Modern England, 49* GOEmE, J. W.: Faust, 269, 456 Gray-Aries: river tolls, 86 Gold: for industrial use, II 214f.­ Great Roll of the Pipe (1176f7): v. v. also Precious metals Statutes, English Gold standard: Germany, 120 Great Winchester Assize: v.' Win- Gold thread: v. Silver and gold chester Assize. thread GIlEEN, T. H.: v. HUMB,D. Gold ware; import into France, 101, Greffier, 181 n 145 GRESHAM,' Sir T.: "mercer", 377; Gold wire drawers, 302 letters, 378, II 32, II 320; 'advice Golden Fleece, The, 251- to Elizabeth concerning the Mer­ GOLDSCHMIDT, L: U niversalgeschichte chant Adventurers, 384; foreign des Handelsrechts, 333* exchanges, II 244; supervision of OOLDSMITIl, OLIVER, 323: Letters from the merchants, II 320 a Citizen of the World, 323- Gresham's Law: unifies French coin­ "Goldsmith-paviors", 245 age system, 119; works against Goldsmiths: France: excepted from coinage unity in Germany, 121 the abolition ol French gilds GRIPFI1lI, o. T.: Population Problems (1776), 216; goldsmiths' wares: of the Age of Malthus, 202- England: special weights, 116 ORlPENSTEDT, J. A. : quot., II 280; 372 INDEX Tal, anforanden och uppsatser, II Halberstadt, II 134 280* HALDANE, 11.. B. (Lord): Autobiography, Grocers, 314 467* GROSE, T. H.: V. HUNE, D. [HALES, I.]: system of solidarity, GROSS, C.: The Gild Merchant, 244*, II 151 f.; reserves, II 213; "civil 301*, 374*, 376*, 377*, 379*, frenzy", II 308; Discourse of the 385*, 395*,417*,467*, II 109* Common Weal, II 20, II 44*, GRUNZEL, 1.: Handbuch der inter- II 46 f., II 105 f, II 109, II 131, nationalen Handelspolitik, 70* II 151 f., II 176*, II 196*, II 211, GUESCUN, BERTRAND DU: Trepas de II 216*, II 219, II 221*, II 225, Loire, 91, 101, 104, 4$7 II 227f., II 238, II 239*, II 249*, Guest rights: v. Merchant strangers, II 261*, II 278, II 293, II 301*, rights of II 308, II 3JO, II 312*, II 313, Guiana: trade with: French, 349 II 314* Guienne: toll conditions, 92, 100 Half-beaver hats: treahnent under Guildhall bushel, US French industrial regulation, 171 Guinea Company: v. Trading com­ Halifax: description, 244; trans­ panies, England: Africa Com­ gression against industrial regu­ pany; France: Africa Company lations "every day", 324 GUlSTlNlANI, 334 HALL, H.: History of the Custom­ GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS: staple and in­ Revenue of England, 5J *, II 97*. land cities, 135; founding of towns -v. also Tracts, Select, Relating and rural trading, 243; General to Weights Trading or South Company, 371. Hallamshire: iron manufacture, 241, -v. also Sweden. . 243 GUSTAV VASA: natural economy, 37; HALSBURY, Lord: v. Laws of England man·ipulation of measures 112, of Hamburg: tolls, 68, 74; coinage, 123; coinage, II 257; comparison with depot of the Merchant Adven­ the Tudors, 233; passive trade, turers, 413; English exports to, II 61; table: statistics on the distribution among ports, 431; policy of provision, II 84; import fitted into the German customs and export: compensation, II system, 462; Hamburg Girobank, 85 f.; appreciation of coinage, Hamburg banco rix-dollars, 123; II 257.-v. also Sweden. its commercial policy condemned by Brandenburg's electoral Haagsch besogne, 365 council, II 60, II 71; staple HAEBLER, K.: Geschichte der Fugger' policy, II 67, II 93; municipal schen Handlung in Spanien, 343*; policy: Krempe, II 132 f., II 136 Uberseeische Unternehmungen der HAMILTON, H.; English Brass and Welser, 343* Copper Industries, 393*, 396*, HAFEMANN, M.: Stapelrecht, 463*, II 33* II 66* "Hammermen": in Ludlow: per­ HAGEDORN, B. : Betriebsformen und sistence of, 466 Einrichtungen des Emdener See­ Handicraft gild: v. Gilds handelsverkehrs, 339*, 352* Handicraftsmen: significance to the Hainaut: roads, 84; license to export system of protection, II 78, to, II 86 II 132-135 HAKLUYT, 11..: Principal Navigations, Handlingar rorande Skandinaviens his­ Voyages, Traf!iques and Dis­ toria, II 296* coveries, 328*, 331*, 374*, 383*, HANOTAUX, G.: Maximes d'etat et frag. 391*, 395*, 396*, 408*, 432*, ments politiques de Richelieu, 448*,450* II 28* INDEX 373

Hansa, 327; working in the direction HECKSCHER. B. P. : Ekonomi och of unification, 329; exclusive historia, 37*, 178*, 191*, II 216*; policy towards strangers, 329; Natural-und Geldwirtschaft in der capital associations, 332; DutclJ Geschichte. 36*; Intermittent freie cities outside, 353; native ships, Guter. 47*; Sveriges ekonomiska native crews, II 35 f.; staple historia fran Gustav Vasa. 55*, policy, II 68 112'", 131'",233*, II 69*, II 73*, II Hansard: Parliamentary Debates, 83*, II 139*, II 258'", II 284*, II 238*, 314*, 324*, II 99*' 296*, II 344*, II 353*, II 366; Hansische Geschichtsbliitter, 327* Continental System. 165*, 197*; Hansisches Urkundenbuch, II 68*, 461*,471*, II 71*, II 92*, II 326*, II 74*, II 87*, II J33*, II 142* II 364*; Historisk Tidskrift 1fApKE, R.: Brugges Entwicklung 'zum XLIII, 1923, 244*: 6resundslull­ mittelalterlichen Weltmarkt, II 78* riikenskaperna och deras behand­ HARDY, Sir T. 1)., II 82; v. also Syllabus, etc. ling. 430*; Ekonomiska historiena aspekter. II 144*; A Note on HARING, C. H.: Trade and Navigation between Spain and the Indies. South Sea Finance. 442*; Pro­ 342*, 344*, II 70* duktplakatet. II 35*, II 73*; Harmonia prt:estabilita: belief of Viirldskrigets ekonomi. II 81*; klissez-faire in, II 318 Natural and Money Economy. II 62*, II 139*; HA1UUSON, W.: Description of England. Sweden. Norway. 115, 116'" Denmark. and Iceland in the HARSIN, P.: Doctrines monetaires et World War. II '180*, II 249*; !inancieres en France. II 131*, Planned Economy Past and II 218'", II 253*, II 261*, II 264 Present. II 325*; Historieuppfatt­ Harvesting: compulsory: England, ning, materialistisk och annan. 228,231; France, 21lf. II 182*, II 343 f.; Readings in the HAUG, 336, 393 Theory of International Trade. II HAUSCHILD, Z. : Geschichte des 124; Economic History Review. deutschen Mass- und Munzwesens. ill 1950, II 249*; Nationalflkono­ U8* misk Tidsskrift. 1937, II 344*' HAUSER, H.: Travailleurs et marchands Quarterly lournal of Economics: dans 1" ancienne France. 137*, 139*. WI, 1933, II 344*; Balans, 1950. IIllP . 141*, 142'", 153*, 157'", 206, II 168*; Ouvriers du temps passe. KEDAR. s.: Kammarkollegiets proto­ 141'", 142'", 144'", J50*, 157'", koll. 439* 185*, 228, 282'", II 110, II 168*; Heeren Seventien. 365 Debuts du capitalisme. 142*, 144*, HEERINGA, K.: v. Bronnen tot het gea­ 185*, 206* schiedenis 'Van der Levantschen Haut-passage. 89, 9S Handel, 355· HAWXlNS. Sir 1OHN. 438 HEGBL, G. W. P •• II 59*, II 334: v Hay, II 88 COLE, c. w. HAZELIUS, G.R Handtverksiimbetena Heilbronn-Tetschen: transport condi- under Medeltiden. II US'" tions, 60 f. HEATON, R.: Yorkshire Woollen and Helfrihet, II 35 Worsted Industries, 223*, 230*, HELLOT,154 240*, 242'", 244'", 249*, 256*, HENRY II of France: toll reforms; 97 f., 261* 297*, 298*, 301*, 312*, 103.-v. further France 324*; Assessment. of Wages in HENRY IV of France: douane de West Riding of Yorkshire, 252, Valence 101; "metiers suivant la 312* cout·. 185; "artistes du Louvre", 374 INDEX

185; rise of the manufactures, HOBBES, T., 392; II 186, II 361; mQney 186 f.-v. further- France allowing a state to stretch its HENRY VII of England, II 361 hands intQ fQreign cQuntries, II Heretics, II 303-307 215; mQney circulatiQn likened to Herring fishery:- -putch or·ganization 'bloQd circulation, II 217; points of, 335, 391 f.---v. further Fishing, in CQmmon with the utilitarians, Tramng companies II 271; parallel with Spinoza, II HERRTAGE, S. J.: v. England in the 277; Leviathan, II 216*, II 218"', Reign of King Henry the Eighth 285, II 365 HERWARm, 336 HOBSON, 1. A., II 357 HEWART, Lord, 296 HOcHSTBTTER, 336 ft., 392 f. HEWINS, W. A. s.: Economic Journal [HODGES, J.]: The Present State of (1892), 28 f.; Companies (City of England, II 237* London), 466 f.* HOLBERG, L.: Den politiske Kandes­ HEYD, W.: Histoire du commerce du t(6ber, 172*; Jean de France, II Levant, 335*, II 61* 282*; Den ii Junii, II 282*; HEYDRBN, B. 1. 1. VAN DBa: De Ont­ Mascarade, II 291 f. wikkeling van de Naamlooze Ven­ HOLDSWORm, W. s.: History of Eng­ nootschap in Nederland, 368'" Ush Law, 224*, 231*, 238*, 247*, HEYKING, B. VON: Zur Geschichte der 249*,256*,257*,261"',262*,265*, Handelsbilanztheorie, II 141*, II 278*, 282*, 295*, 308*, 444*, II 265 f. 33*, II 34* Hides: trade in, 215; English HIolidays: dislike Qf,_II 303 Baltic trade, 430; in the Swedish HOLKER, 1., 154, 192; own manufac­ figures on the policy of provision, ture of calicQes, 194 f. II 84; English ex,port prohibition Holland: the province, 353, 356, 365. on, II 148; raw, 298 -v. also Netherlands High Commission: v. Commission, HOUANDER, 1. H.: V. ASGILL, BARBON, high . FORTREY, NORm High Constable, 250, 253 HOLMES, G.: v. Foedera, etc. High wages, "economy Qf-", II 166, HOLT, Sir 1., 291, 306, 313, 316, 321 II 168-171; DefQe's observation, HQly Alliance, 34 II 171 f.~. Low wages, "ecQno­ HOMER, II 219 my .of-" HOOPER, w.: Tudor Sumptuary Laws, HILDEBRAND, H.: V arldshistoria, 34* II 110 HILLE, Kammerdirektor: trading free­ HOQm, 362 dom, II 275; Jews, II 307 Hop dealers, 314 HINDMARSH, N.: The Assessment of HOPKEN, A. J_ VON: Om Yppighets Wages by the Justices of the Peace Nyua, II 292 156}-17oo, 224* Hops, 323 Historismus, the histQrical school, II HORACE, II 309 271, II 334 HOaNIGK, P. W. VON, 70, II 263; HITCHCOCK, R.: Politique Platt, II 154 consideratiQns .of power and RJ.\RNB, H.: Det viisterliindska stats­ relative nature .of wealth, II 21; systemets uppkomst, 34 prQfit in mining, though it does Hoarding: prQpensity tQ and its not CQver CQsts, II 193"'; signifi­ relation to liquidity preference, cance .of circulation, II 217; II 341, II 349 f.; hQarding fQr accumulatiQn of treasure, 213.­ speculati.on, England, 259, 272 f., Oste"eich iiber alles, Wann es II 45 nur will, II 194, II 194·, II 217, HOBART, Sir H., 291, 293* II 218*, II 321 INDEX 375 Horns: Export prohibition, II 148 Ideal monetary unit, 123 Horses: in Swedish figures on pro­ Idleness: mercantilist aversion to, vision policy, II 84, II 88; in 211, 288, II 130, II 154-157, English ditto, II 88; export II 168, II 303 prohibition on, II 107 Idria: quicksilver mines, 393 Hosiery industry: England: Notting­ He de France: toll conditions, 94 ham, 242, 3)3; hosiery machines, Illicit trading, 342, 344 295*; organization of framework IMHOF, 336 Knit,ters, 302, 303*, 304, 304*.­ Imitation of England: by France, v. further Silik; France: 215 193, 195 f. HOI'CHKlSS: v. WHEELER Immigration, II 49; desire for, II HOUGHTON, J.: selling an end in itself, 161; heterodox craftsmen, II 304 II 119; England's Great Happi­ Imperial circles: in the German ness, II 120* Empire: toll disruption, 65; coin­ House of Commons, Journals of the: age disruption, 122 Speech of James I, 54*; miscella­ Imperial cities: German, 40, 62; neous, 235*, 243*, 273*, 304*, coinage right, 121 319*, 419*, 4;25*, II 34*, II 157* Imperial Deputation (Reichsdeputa­ Houses of correction: transshipment tions-Hauptschluss): significance thence to the colonies, II 300 in Ger,man work of unification, Hudson Bay Company: v. Trading 461, 463 companies Import: bow staves, II 32; desire to Huguenots, II 161, II 302, II 304 limit, II 178; means for selling goods, not for provision of goods, HULL, C. H.: v. PETrY, Sir w. II 192 f.; non-consumption of HULL, Justice, 281 imports a national gain, II 193.­ Hull: municipal tolls, 50; relation to v. also Import prohibitions the Merchant Adventurers: local Import duties: French, 92, 95 ff., and foreign trade, 416; shipment, 103, II 87 f.; English, II 87 f., 429; commercial embarrassment, 1197 425 Import prohibitions, II 82 ff., II 97, HULME, E. W.: Early History of the II 106, II 139-145; policy regard­ Patent System, 293* ing import prohibitions: betJWeen HUME, D. : founder of free trade the chief countries, II 229.­ theory, II 13; victor over mercan­ v. also Export tilism, II 236; prays for the well­ Import surplus: of precious metals, being of other countries, II 14, II 214 f. II 22; on the effects of rising Imposition foraine, 90, 95 prices, II 236; false conception of Impotefice: of the legislation: grow­ the theory of the exchanges, ing feeling of, II 310 ff. II 256 f.-Essays Moral, Political, INAMA-STERNEGG, K. TH. VON: Deutsche and Literary, II 14*, II 237*, Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 118*, 123* II 256*, II 281, II 333, II 336 Income: identification with money, Hungary: tolls, 70 11206 f. Hunger for goods, II 57, II 95, Incorporation: England, 443-447; II 103 f., II 108, II 110 f., II 227 Scotland, 444 IDlnsrUck, 60 Indebtedness: in ,the gilds, 177 HUNTER, Sir w. W.: History of British Index to Remembrancial, v. Remem­ India, 342, 374*, 392*, 395*, brancia, Analytical Index to 398*, 404*, 406*, 408*, 435*, India: organization of Portuguese 439*. 449* trade. 340 f.; of Spanish, 343-345; Huy, II 74 cheap manufactures as result of 376 INDEX forcing down wages, II 171.­ Industrial regulation--continued v. further, East India Companies 256,261; essence of industrial Indians: sale of spirits to, II 303 regulation and its administra­ Indigo: French import prohibition, tive machinery: comparison II 148, II 149* between England and France, Individual: relation to the state: 266 f., 298, 301, 303; decline mercantilism and laissez-taire, of regulation, 294-325; its II 326-330.-v. also Individualism treatment in seventeenth cen­ Individualism, 468 f., II 331.-v. also tury economic literature, 319 Individual f. Industrial companies: v. Trading France: 137-220: encroachment companies of the monarchy: ordinance Industrial development: France and of 1351, 138, 14]; edicts of England compared in eighteenth . 1581 and 1597, 138, 139, 143, century, 192-206: metallurgy, 145; of 1673, 145 if.; Turgot's manufacture of fuel, etc., iron (February 1TI6), 216 f.; industry and coal mining, 197 if. Necker's (August 1776), 140; Industrialism: in English economic gilds as central factor in the life, 222 system of regulation, 140, Industrial products: in English 152, 176 f.; two types of gild figures on the policy of provision, organization, 142; masters, 1182 Industrial protection, II 278 journeymen, and apprentices, Industrial regulation, domestic: 142, 148-150; mobility, 148, England: 221-325; comparison 215 f.; professional freedom ·with FranCe: treatment of of movement, 150 f.; judges calicoes, 174 f.; superiority of manufacture, 151; control over French in finer cloth, authorities, 152 if.; inten­ ]90 f.; increasing ditto in dants, 152 if.; inspectors of other wool manufactures, 194 manufacture, 153 f., 472 f.; f.; cotton industry in both industrial ,.eglements 157-166, countries, 199 f.; industrial 206-212; system of control, development compared with 152 if., 162-170; fixing of French in the eighteenth fines, 164, 173 f.; disobedience century, 193-203; revolution of the rules, 162; effectiveness in the iron industry, 197-203; and exemptions, 170; treat­ manufactures of another ment of inventions, 170 f.; character, 221 if.; mass pro­ treatment of buttons and duction for mass consump­ half-beaver hats, 171; mono­ tion, not luxury industry, 221 polies, limitations on indus­ if.; municipal policy on a try and processes, 175 fl.; larger scale, 222; industrial­ fiscalism, 178-184; signifi­ ism and capitalism in English cance of the reglements. industry, 221 f.; uniform difficulty of control in rural regulation, 224-233; state industry, 206-210, 212; power and municipalities, attempts at reform in the 224 f.; Elizabeth's Statute of eighteenth century, 212-220; Artificers, 226-232; interaction comparison between the between gilds and Statute of French and English regula­ Artificers, 233-236; rural in­ tions, 266.-v. further: Dye­ dustry, 238-245; institution of ing industry, Cloth industry, I.P.s. 246-262; fiscalisro, 253- etc., as well as countries and INDEX 377 Industrial regulation-continued dence upon quantity of money, II places, esp. Amiens and 199, II 350 f.; Keynesian theory Lyon8 of, II 341, II 350 f. Industrial Revolution: of the Interloper, 407 ff., 418, 450: aotion in eighteenth century, 193, II 53; Bristol, Exeter, and other pro­ why it came first in England, 221 vincial cities, 418, 426; in Eng­ f., 325; connection with medi­ land's Russian .trade, 432 eval English ideas of liberty, 275; mtermediary :trade: in English fOIms of enterprise, 415; power­ regulation of industry, 249; appli­ ful influenco o:n English develop­ cation and result, 258; signifi­ ment., 468 f.; dislocation caused cance for the policy, II 56-79 by early industrialization, II 355 Intermitten.t1y free goods, 47, II 357 f. . Internal industrial regulation: v. Industriousness: v. Idleness Industrial regulation, domestic Industry: small need for capital in Intolerance: religious: in contlict Middle Ages, 336.-v. further with mercautilism, II 305 f. Iron industry, Cloth industry, Inventions: treatment in French Luxury industry, Manufactures, system of industrial regulation, etc. 172; attitude of mercantilism to, Ineffectiveness: in the control of 265 f., II 126 f.; connection with industrial regulation: France, employment, II 126 f. 166 fl.; England, 251 fl. Ipswich, 283, 306; local organization Infant Industry Argument, II 113 of the Merchant Adventurers,422 Inflation, II 201, II 231, II 233, Ireland: customs conditions with II 239 f., II 265 regard to England, 54 ff.; Straf­ Informers: in the English system of ford's statement, II 41; diffioul­ industrial regulation, 253, 323 ties in raising taxes in Inoney, Ingrande, J06 II 221; English import prohibition Iniusta thelonea, 57 cause of Irish competition, II 314 Inland towns, Swedish, 135, II 68; Iron:' in' the Swedish statistics on the weights in the, 112 policy of provision, II 84; export Innkeepers: their wardens in Dijon prohibition on, II 89.-"'v. also against private innkeepers, 177 Iron industry Inquiry into the Management of the Iron cards: in English cloth manufac­ Poor, 248· ture, 263 Inspecteur des manufactures: v. Iron industry: in the French manu­ Manufactures, inspectors of factures, 191; French compared Inspecteurs-contr61eurs, 182 with the English, 197-203; Insurance system, 300.-Insurance treated badly: observation of a undertakings: v. Tradiug com­ French mine owner, 198 f.; newer panies methods, 197 f., 203; England: Intendant: function in the French iron manufacture of Hallamshire, admin·istration, 152 fl., 214, 263; 243; privileges, fiscal policy, 254; II 274; Intendant du Commerce, forms of entel'Prises, 335, 390; 214 Sweden: relation to strangers' Interest: justification of interest right., II 76; measures of compul­ taking, II 198, II 286-289; level sion, II 300.-v. also Mining, of rate of interest, II 153, II 170, Extraotive industry, Trading com­ II 198-206, II 228; maximum rate panies of interest, II 200, II 203 f., II Isambert: v. Recueil general des an­ 287 fl.; influence of interest on ciennes lois franfaises value of money, II 199; dopen- Isola, II 65 378 INDEX Istria, II 140 414, 435, 438 f.; relation of Italy: Italian' cities, 39 f.; ideal London to the provincial cities, coins, 123, II 231; company 432-437; monopoly: cause of the fonns, 332-336; English trade concentration of trade in London, with, 429.-v. alsQ North Italy, 433 f.; compensation for credits Venice, etc. to the state, essence of monopoly, 447-450; limited liability: Nether­ Jack of Newbury: v. WINCHOMB lands, 367 f.; England, 445.-On Jamaica, II J24 the individual companies v. Bank JAMES I of England, 53, 54*, 438, II of England, Trading companies, 33, II 34*; {James I]: Covnter­ East India Companies. etc. blaste to Tobacco, II 292.-v. JONES, R.: Primitive Political Economy further England of England, 11 .141* JAMES D of England, II 19, II 368.-v. JOUBLBAU, P., Etudes sur Colbert, 88* further England JOURDAN: v. Recueil general des an­ JARS, G., 154, 199 ciennes lois franr;aises JASTROW, J.: v. Textbucher, etc. lournals of the House of Commons: JEu.INEK, G.: Allgemeine Staatslehre, v. House of Commons, Journals II 15 of the Jerichow, 74 Journe}'IIDen: French gilds, 142; 'ersey: feudalism still maintained, antagonistic position towards 467 masters, 148; journeyings, 148; Jesuits, II 303 strangers to the city, 148; Eng­ Jews: admission to gilds, 214; desir­ land: Statute of Artificers, 231, able as immigrants, II 161; 236; combination of journey­ circulation of their money, II men in restraint of trade, 281; 217 f.; II 306; tolerance of, mobility, 303 II 305; Sephardic Jews, II 305 f.; lura regalia: to the trading com­ re-admission into England, II 306; panies, 450 Jewish mission, interest in, 307* lures, 142 JOHN the Good of France: ordinance .Jurisdiction: of the state: implement of 1351, 138 for creating labour or money JOHNSON, B. A. J.: Mercantilist Concept revenue, II 297-301 of "Art" and "Ingenious Labour", Ius emporii, II 67 II 261*; Predecessors of Adam JUSSERAND, J. J.: English Wayfaring Smith, II 59*, II 130*, II 155*, II Life, 48· 262, II 266, II 365 f. Justices of the Peace: their function JOHNSON, SAMUEL: illustrating trade as wage-fixers under the Statute with philosophy, II 185 of Artificers, 228; in the whole Joint-stock bank, 334 f., 367, 410 f., system of regulation of labour, 44O-442.-v. in addition Bank 232, 242, 246-263, 473 f.; whether Joint-stock Companies, 295, 300, 338, corrupt or not, 247; control of 392-415; favoured through the the cloth industry, 248 f., 297, of state's need for credit, 410 f., the leather industry, 249, the other 440-444; reaction, when this trades and spheres of administra­ situation ceased, 446; importance tion, 249 f.; results, 251 f.; patents of the state to their existence, and privileges as trade controls, 436-455, to their corporative 253-256, fiscalism, 253-256, 262; character, 443-449; ·sons, appren­ controllers in technical regulation, tices, and. employees, 413; ad­ 297, 301 mission fee, 397, 413; uniting lustum pretium: connection with merchants and aristocrats, 398, antagonism to monopolies, 271. INDEX 379

ItAllL LUDWIG, Elector of the Palatin- Krempe: oppressed by Hamburg, ate, 67 II 132, II 136 KAY, J., 193 Krossen-Hamburg,74 KAYE, P. D.: V. MANDEVILLE KULISCHBR. -1 •• Allgemeine Wirtschalts­ DIL: V. CATO geschichte. II 62*, II 78*, II 157*; DLSALL, :a. Ie. : Wage Regulation La grande industrie aux 17e et 18e under the Statute 0/ Artificers, siecles. 184· 224*, 252- KiiNrzEL. G•• tlber die Verwaltung des kENYON, Lord, 322, 11 94 Moss-und Gewichtswesens. 113* DOTOEN, P.: Der deutsche Staat des KUSICB, B., Handel und Handelspolitik Mittelalters. 35*; Amter und am.Niederrhein. 60*, II 66* Zun/te. 376*, 11 134*; Vierteljahr­ Labour: attitude of protectionist schr. fur Sozial-und Wirtscha/ts­ gesch •• 333.-v. also Urkunden system -towards, II 152-172; zur Stiidtischen' Ver/ossungs­ foreign, II 161 in geschichte. Lace production: French luxury industry, 190; English influence, DYNES. Lord: General Theory 0/ 196; French duty, 93 Employment. Iilterest and Money. LAPPBMAS, B. DE, on the harmfulness II 120 f.*, II 184*, II 340-58, of imports, II 99*; on child II 368 ; The Balance of Payments labour, II 156; on unimportance of the United States (in Economic of consumption, II 156. 196* ; for Journal. 1946.) II 341 free e~ort of the precious metals, Kidderminster: late gild organization LI 253* ; on dissipation of money. for the cloth industry. 297 II 214; Les tresors et richesses ICING, C.: v. British Merchant pour mettre rEstat en splendeur. CJ!RlC DE :aBUS, G. c.: Geschichtlicher II 99*, II 196*, II 216*, II 290. tlberlick der Niederlandisch­ 11292* ; Recueil presente av Roy. Ostindischen Compagnie. 358 f.* 11 157*; Comme I'on doibt per­ 1tl.OCK:, L, II 21J mettre la liberte du transport de ICNIGHr, P. H.: Problems 0/ Modern I·or. II 253*; Les discours d'une Capitalism. II 184* liberte generale. II 21-, II 275 Knitting machines : Lee's : petition Lahn, 60 for a patent rejected, 264 ... e~port Lahnstein: river tolls, 57 prohibition on, 264 f., 295*, Laissez-taire. 20, 24, 39 ; CO!lsideration II 147 f. of power, 24; interest in wealth, ICNOWLEIl: v. STRAPPORD 25 ; universalism, 34; attitude to IeOHU!ll, M.: Beitrage z. neu. jiidischen competition and monopoly, 272 f., Wirtscha/tsgeschichte. II 307* 280 f.; connection with medieval Kolmar Annals, 63 ideas of freedom, 274 f., II 277; "Kompetenz-Kompetenz", II 115 attitude to' freedom of contract, KOnigsberg, 74: privileged position, 280 ; to economic literature of the 135 seventeenth century, 319; new Kontribution, 124 ideology, 469-472 ; dynamic, Kottbus,59 II 24f.; lOlAMER, s., The English Craft Gilds economic laissez-loire: comparison and the Government. 223*, 235*, with the early Middle Ages, 236·; The English Cralt Gilds: II 55 f.; relation of staple policy Studies in their Progress and to. II 60, II 62, II 71; I'Clation Decline, 223* 236· 238*, 241* of provision policy to, II 104, 245*,297* 301·, 303*, 304·, 306·, II 106; approval of inventions, 309·. 377*, 379*, 467* II 127' .,roduction a means not 380 INDEX Laissez-fairt;-continued towns and £ondkaul in Sweden, an end, II 130; wages, II 153, 243f. II 171; money and goods, Landowners: feudal rights of French, II 139; free from over-valuation 78; road tolls, S3 of the precious metals, II 177; LANE, F. c. and RIEMERSMA, 1. C.: Enter­ comparison with mel'ClUltilism, prise and Secular Change; Read­ II 182, II 270-272, II 312; social ings in Economic History, II 139* causation, II 318-323; Adam Langogne: French cloth industry: Smith's" invisible hand", II 318; riglements, 159 Chydenius, II 31S; mercantilist Languedoc: proposal for toll reform, writers, II 318-323; liberal fea­ S3 f.; Languedoc Canal, 83; ex­ tures, II 322 f.; an eye to the port duties, 91 ; report quoted, 99; human, II 323; executor and patente de, 100; abolition of same, victor over mercantilism. 456-472, lOS; connection with douane de II 323 f.; relation to activity of Valence, 105; weights and meas­ the state, II 325-331; limitation ures, 114; Levant cloth, 191; and strengthening, II 327; rejec­ regulation and modification in the tion of social institutions between control of coarse cloth, 20S f. ; the individual and the state, municipal particularism, 209 ; II 321; duty of serving the com­ petition ·regarding export prohibi­ mon good, II 329; unpopular tion on textile goods, II 111 among the workers, II 329 ; rela­ LANNOY, CH. DB and LINDEN, VAN DER, H., Histoire de I'expansion coloni­ tion to economic science, II 331 f.; to mercantilist conception of ale des peuples europeens, [I], money, II 331 f.; free trade, Portugal et Espagne, 342*, II 70*, II 141-; [II] Neerlande et Dane­ II 332 f. ; relation to conservatism, mark, 355*, 356*, 359-, 36S- II 334 ; weaknesses, II 333. II 334; Large-scale industry: attacked in interests of social policy, em­ Germany, 134 ployers and capitalists, II 337 ; as' La Rochelle: tolls, 90; toll reforms, ingredient in liberalism, 459, lOS II 329; laissez-Iaire principle in LASPEYRBS, B. : Volkswirtschaltliche the gilds: Lyons, 144 Anschauungen der Niederlander, LAMBARDB, W., II 131*: Eirenarcha, II 66*, II 181·, II 229*, II 264 231*,247,249*,250*,260,261* LATIMER, History of the Merchant LAMBERT, 1. M.: Two Thousand Years Venturer~ Society, Bristol, 417· Gild Lile, 417* 01 LATIMER, H.: Seven Sermons be/ore LAMOND, B., II 175* f.-v. further Edward VI, II 44*, II 159- [HALES] LAUD, w., 262, 267 LAMPRECHT, K. : Deutsches Wirt- Lausitz: tolls, 70, 73 schaltsleben im Mittelalter, 59*, LAVISSB, E., and SAONAc;. PH.: Histoire 60*, 112* de France, 153- Lan,age, S4 Law: uniformity: France, 110, 124f.; Lancashire, 300 Germany, 111 Land, value of, II 201.-v. also Rent Law, Common: v. Common Law Landes, Les: tolls, 97 LAW, IOHN, 335, 440, II 47*, II 125, £ondesherrlichkeit, Landeshoheit, 62 II 21S; paper money mel'ClUltiIism, £ondlriedensverband, 65 II 182, II 234 ff.; Mississippi Landlriedenszolle ("peace tolls"), 65 Fraud, II 231 ; foreign exchanges, Landkaul: prohibition extended to II 2S0.-Considerations on Trade territories as a whole, 134 f. ; con­ and Money, II 234; Considera­ nection between founding of tions sur Ie commerce et sur INDEX 381 "argent (Fr. trans.), II 47*, Leather coins, II 252, II 260 II 125·, II 194*, II 218*, II 237*, Leather industry: England: gild com­ II 251· pulsion, 234*; object of control, Law of Corporations. 398- 249, 264; privilege to grant dis­ Law of Settlement and Removal pensation, 254; statutes, 264*; (1662/3): nature and significance, hindrances and complaints regard­ 298 ff.. 300*; struggle against, ing leather exports, II 148. - v. II 323 also Shoemakers Law Reports, 277·.~. further Law Le Creusot: v. Creusot, Le Reports, extracts from, and also l:EIl, 1.: Vindication of a Regulated Cases, Eoglish Enclosure. II 129, II 130*, II 322, Law Reports, extracts from: 11323- BARNEWAU. and AmERSON, 308* ; LEE. W.: stocking frame, 264 BUlSTRODIl, 281*; BURROW, 293·, Leeds: organization of the cloth 306-, 308*, 317*; CALTHROP, industry, 243, 301 293*; COICll, 283*, 285*, 286*, Legal system: Germany: unification 289*, 293 *. - v. further COICIl, carried through, 462 f. Sir EDWARD; CROICll, 281*, 314"; I.J!HMANN, K.: Geschichtliche Entwick­ EAST, 323*; GODBOLT, 283*; lung des Aktienrechts. 333*, 335*, HARDRES, 293*, 317*; HOBAllT, 360*, 396* 291, 293* ;-v. also HOBAllT, Sir LEmNlZ, w .• II 186 H.; ItEBLIl, 315*, 317*; LEONARD, Leipzig, 59, 75: !privileged position, 293* ; Modern. 313*, 315*, 317* ; 135: abolition of staple compul­ MOORE, 288*, 293-; NOY, 286*, sion,463 289·, 293* ; PALMER, 313* ; LENEL, W.: Vorherrschaft Venedigs. PEAICIl, 323-; IlAYMOND, Lord, II 61f.*, II 63* 285*, 308*, 315*, 317*; SHOWER, LEONARD, B. M. : Early History of 323*; SAUa!U>, 315*; SANDERS, English Poor Relief, 223*, 232*, 317*; SIDERFIN, 314*; VENllUS, 252*, 257*, 258*, 260*, 261* 315*; WIUGHT, 281·; WlLUAMS, LESPINASSE, R. DE: v. Metiers et c0r­ P., 277* 281*, 308*; Wll.SON, G., porations de Paris 308· LETICHE, 1. N.: Isaac Gervaise on the Laws, codification of: French, 126 International Mechanism of Laws of England. The. ed. Lord Adjustment. II 368 Halsbury, 48- Leiters and Papers. Foreign and Lead: English: supervision .of, 253; Domestic. II 252* fiscalism, 255; medieval toll con­ Letters patent, royal: clauses con­ ditions in Cologne, II 87 cerning in the French edicts of LEADAM, I. S.: v. ClISes. Select. in the 1581, 1597 and 1673, 179 f. ; Court of Requests desire to 'be rid of them, 183 League of Nations, 34 Letter to -Sir ThomllS Osborne. II 29* LEAICIl, Treatise of the Cloth Industry. Lettres de Colbert. v. Colbert, I. B., 240-, 249*, 251*, 252*, 256* Lettres. instructions et memoires Leather: French duty on, 93; in Lettres royales de maitrise: v. Lettel'll English Baltic trade, 430; trade patent, royal in, 268; export of, 295, II 148; Levant cloth: French: inspection in statutes, 233 f.; 269, II 149*;_ Marseilles, ISS, 164; preponder­ system of solidarity: Discourse ance of small manufactures, 191; of the Common Weal. II 151; "in capable of competing with the exchange for the King of Eng­ English, 190 f., 194; municipal land", II 252. - v. also Leather particularism towards rural in­ industry dustry, 209; unaffected by the 382 INDEX 1762 ordinance, 215; excepted -Linen: bleaching of: v. Bleaching from the refonns under the 1779 Linen industry: in France: competi­ ordinance; 2j9 f. tion of Indian cotton goods, 172 ; Levant Company: v. Tradinlll com­ in England: free from craft panies restrictions, 304 ; export of II 89 ; Levant trade: organization, 340 : in Ireland, 298 .English, 428 f., II 37; French, LINGELBACH, W.: Transactions of Roy. 346 f. ; Dutch, 354, 373; Venetian' Hist. Soc., 328*, 374*, 423*.­ II 63 fI. ; in staple policy, II 69.­ v. also Merchant Adventurers of v. also Tradipg companies England, Their Laws and Ordin­ LEVASSEUR, Eo: Histoire des classes ances ouvrieres ef de l'industrie en LINGUET: Canaux navigables, 86* France avant 1789, 78*, 80*, 142*, Linz: river tolls, 57 143*, 148*, 150*, 157*, fS9*, 170*, LIPSON, E.: Economic History of 172*, 173*, 177*, 180*, IS5*, England, 51*, 223*, 229* ,2SS* 188*,202*,206*, 2jO*, 211*,216*, 261*,268* 272*, 300*, 312*,313*, 2.19*, II 92*, II 148*, II ISS, 319*,324*,330* 374*, 375*, 385*, II 157*, II 168*; Histoire des 404*, 414* f., 423*, II 34*, classes ouvrieres • • • de 1789 jj II 127*, II 131*, II 138*, II 149*, 1870: 45S*, II 92*; Histoire du II 301*, II 367 commerce de la France, 86*, 349* LIST, P.: Das nationale System der Liability: limited: in the Dutch po/itischen (Jkonomie, II 24*, ,trading companies, 367 f., in the II 112, II 113*. II 335 English, 423 f. Litigation, mania for: France, 158, Liard du Baron, lOS 176 f., IS3 Libelle of English Policye, II 108 Liverpool: municipal tolls, SO Libertas Londoniensis, II 74, II 78, Livery Companies, 237; still per- II 134 sisting, 466 . Liberty, seal of, 218 f. Livre: coin. 89; weight, 114 Licenses: of the companies, 407 fI. ; Livre des metiers: v. Boileau, E. export license': in English policy LLOYD, G. P. H.: Cutlery Trades, 236*, of provi9ion, II 82-S6; import 242*,3SS* license, II 82-v. further Export Lloyd's coffee-house, 4jO prohibition, Import prohibition Loan interest: v. Int~rest LIEBERMANN, P.: v. Gesetze der Angel­ Local administration: industrial regu­ sachsen lation in French: intendants, 152f.; Lieutenants-geniraux de police: in­ inspectors of manufa~ture, 153 f. dustrial regulation in France, 139 Local exclusiveness: French gilds, Lille: egoistical municipal policy 147-151 ; Poitiers, Lyons, 149 towards ,rural industry, 206, 209 f.; LOCKE, J., 262: quantity theory, II 23, not affected 'by the 1755 ordin­ II 203 f., II 241 ; comparison with ance concerning mobility, 214 Colbert, II 27; consideration of Limitation of numrber of children, power in monetary policy, II 47 ; 11328 point of view of surplus, II 197; Limited liability: v. Liability, lImited relation ,between capital and Limited liability company, 332, 335, money, II 203 f.; quantity of 338, 349 money and exchange relationship Limogc;s: carpenters prevent private lIibroad, II 239~242, II 250 f. ; import of a table, 177 foreign exchanges, II 245 f., II Limousin: road tolls, 83 250 f.; export prohibition on LINDEN, VAN DBa, H.: V. LANNOY, precious metals, II 242; interest, CH. DE II 289.-Some Considerations of INDEX 383 the Consequences of the Lowering the form of company, 418 f. ; of Interest. etc., II 23*, II 28*, companies still existing: Livery II 197, II 226*, II 243*, II 289* ; Companies, etc., 466; staple Further ConsideratiofU Concern­ policy, II 70 f.; stipulations re ing Roising the Value oj Money. "merchant strangers", II 74; in II 47*, II 243·; Several Papers the Discourse of the Common Relating to Money. Interest. lUId Weal, II 109 Trade (mcIuding the foregoing), Long-term policy, II J 12 if. II 198*, II 203 Lord Lieutenant, 262 Liidose, II 69 Lorraine: position in the toll system, LOHMANN, P.: Staatliche Regelung der 98; desire to remain outside toll englischen Wollindustrie. 222*, area, 107; toll reforms, 108; 223*,240*.252· introduction of the gilds, 218; Loire: river tolls, 80, 82, 84 f., 96, "plus de provinces. plus de privi­ 101, 104; organization of mer­ leges'·. 457 c:banq on, 80, 85; "tripas de Lot: river tolls, 83 Loire", 95 f., 101, 104; abolished, Lottery: for creating capital for the 108; concedes pari.ri.r, 106 companies, 402 Lombardy; II 140 LOIZ, w.: Yerkehrsentwicklung ill London: municipal tolls, 50; setting Deutschland. 61*.-v. also Flug­ standard for industrial regula­ schriften uber den Munzstreit, Die tion in England, 225; Custom drei of: professional mobility by means LOUIS XlV: weights and measuces, of seven-year apprenticeship 117; undisputed political ruler, period. 230 f., 245, 292; pioneer 137; power over industrial regula­ in POOl" relief, 232; role of the tion, 139, 145 f.; craft officials, gilds in the administration, 237 f.; 152.-v. further COLBERT, France gild c:ompanies, 242 ; buying LOUIS, SAINI": c:oinage unity, 119 radius of London bakers, 260; LOUVOIS, P. M. U T.: French anny, fine for infringing the industrial 125,1148 regulations, 260 ; provision of Lower Austria, 338 butter and cheese, 268; increase Lower Pomerania, 75 in population, 268, 299, 418; Low wages" "economy of -", II J65, London's law-suit against the II 364; favoured by infiation, chandler Waganor, 284; burgess n230 - . right for exercising a craft in the LOYSBAU, 142*, 145 city, 291; coal porters, 296; WARD, R. ll.: v. WYKES measuces against non-burgesses LUbeck, depot of the Hansa, 327; 302 ; Common Council, 303; egoistic municipal policy, 329, Fire of London, 304 ; goldsmiths, n 132; staple policy, II 69 306; tailors and silkweavers, 311; LUCAS, C; P.: Beginnings of English complaints against "the young Overseas Enterprise. 374*,427* men in Antwerp",328; Riation Lucca, II 62 to the provincial corporations, wCHAIlU!, A.: Manuel des institutiofU 331, 418, 436; mercers, 377; franfaises. 120· Merchant Adventurers: prohi­ Ludlow: "hammennen", 466 bition against individual trading, Liineburg: tolls, 68; staple policy, 378; preponderance of the regu­ n 67 lated companies, 418-431 ; actual WNr, W. B.: Papal TfUtltion in Eng­ share in their exports, 429 if. ; land ill the Reign of Edward I, C:ODOection with the joint stock n 97* companies, 43J-436; favoured by Luogho dl contralto, n 61 384 INDEX

LUPTON, 1. B.: V. MORE, T. MACAULAY, Lord: History of England, LUSCBIN VON 'EBENOREUlB, A.: All­ II 191-, II 198-, II 349 gemeine Miinzkunde und Geldge­ MACCLESPIELD, Earl of, Chief Justice schichte, 43-, 118- 123- of the King's Bench: v. PARKER, T. LUI'TREU., T., 454- MACHIAVELLI, II 15: Machiavellian­ Luxury, II 107-110, II .119, II 169, ism, II 286 II 208, II 289 ft. Machines: labour saving, 264, II Luxury imports, II 107-110, II 122. )26 f. ; treatment in the protec­ -v. also Luxury tionist system, 11 146-152 Luxury industry: chief part of French MCn-WAIN, c. B.: The High Court of manufactures: more technical Parliament and Its Supremacy. than economic interest, .190; im­ 278- portance to the agents of the MC KECIINIE, W. s.: Magna Cana, economic policy, 192; favoured 217-.-v. also Magna Charta at the expense of iron industry, MADDISON, Sir R.: Great Britain's 198 f. ; relation to rural industry, Remembrancer, II 241, II 301- Madras,405 206-210; of subordinate import­ Magdeburg: toll confusion, 68 f .• ance in English economic life, 221; 73 ft.; coins, 123; foreign shoe­ .Montchretien's remark concem­ makers, II 134; cloth finishing, ing,1I290 II 134; sale of goods produced Lyonnais: tolls, 91, 100, 105; weights outside the town, II 135 and measures, 113 ; reglement for Magna Charta (1215): weights and linen bleaching, 161 measures, US; economic freedom, Lyons: proposal for toll reform, 84; 274; reference to, against mooop­ douane de, 100 f.; abolished, 108; oly, 276 f. ; commentary, 217-.­ staple compulsion, 101 ; lowering v. also Statutes, English of export duty, 103 f.; weights and MAHAN, A. T.: Influence of Sea Power measures, 114; freeing of indus­ upon the French Revolution, trial regulation, 139 f.; small 1171- spread of gilds, 144; privilege for Main: river tolls, 57, 76 apprentices, 146; local exclusive­ Maine: tolls, 94, 108 ness, 149; strangers, 149 f.; pro­ MAINTENON: Mme de, 11 302 fessional mobility, 15J f.; free Mainz: river tolls, harmfulness of, from judges of manufactures, 151 ; 57; the staple policy, 11 72 origin of the silk industry, II 123 ; MAITI.AND, F. W.: English Law and the reglement for it, "grande fabrique", Renaissance, 111-, 278-; Consti­ tutional History of England. 278- 160; reglement for linen bleaching, Maitres-gardes, 142 161 f.; laissez-faire in the gilds, Maitres marchands-fabriquants. ISO, 144; freeing from the reglements. 189 167 f., 170; no new apprentices, Maitres ouvriers, 150, 189 176; fiscalism, 182; putting-out MAUSTROIT, Seigneur de: polemic system in the silkindustry.maitres with Bodin, II 225 ouvriers and maitres marchands­ Malt,lI 88 fabriquants. 150, 189; not affected MALTBUS, T. R.: II 157 f., II 323, by the 1755 ordinance concerning II 325 ft,; Principles of Political mobility, 214; vain attempts to Economy, II 329* ; Essay on the break the monopolist position, Principle of Population, 11 329- 2.1S; the medieval order under­ MALYNES, G.: goods .. for the back" mined by Necker's edict, 218; and goods "for the belly", II 94 f., privileges abolished 1789. 458 II 228; idleness the root of all INDEX 385

evil, 11154; fear of over-popula­ MANI1lLLIBR, PH. : Histoire de la tion, II 157 f. ; money al capital, Communaute des merchands fre­ II 200; notion of money, II 217, quantant la riviere de Loire, 80* II 225, II 228, II 238 fl.; rising Mantes: river toll in, 86- prices, II 227 f.; foreign ex­ MANTOux, P.: La revolution industrielle changes, II 244-248, 'II 268 f. ; au XVlIle siecle, 196* nature symbolism, II 308; free­ Mantua, II 88 dom under the regulation of the Manufactures: France, 186-192; Col­ state, II 320.~onsvetuda, Vel Lex bert's darlings, 186; distinguished Mercatoria, 321, II 95*, II 132*, II from handicraft, 188 f.; putting­ 154*, II 157 f., II 158*, II 200, out system, 189; centre point in II 2l8*, II 226*, II 228f., II 239*, the textile mdustry, e8p. the luxury branches: silk, silk II 245*, II 247*, II 270*; II 301*, hosiery, lace, tapestry, etc., 190; II 308, II 320*; Treatise of the other luxury industries: mirror Canker of England's Common glass and porcelain, 190; sugar Wealth, 11125*,11226* f., II 229*, refineries, soap factories, paper II 239*, II 245* ; Maintenance of factories, glass, rope-making, tan­ Free Trade, II 200, II 202, 11239*, ning, mining, and iron works, 190; II 247; Center of the Circle of cannon foundry, anchor forges, Commerce, II 229*, II 239*, anns manufacture, coarse cloth II 247*; Circle of Commerce, for the amIY, 191.-England: low 11245* prices and facilitation of exports Man: mercantilist indifference to­ by means of low wages, II 188; wards, II 286, II 297-302 other character, 212 f.--other Man, Isle of: tolls, 53, 54*,467 countries, 190 f., 212.-v. also Managed currency: v. Currency, Cloth industry and Luxury managed industry MANDEVlLLB, B. : important for a Manufactures, inspectors of: control country to have many industrious of French system of regulation, poor: economy of low wages, 153, 168, 169 f., 208, 472 f. II 164, II 207 f.; amorality, Manufactures, judges of: French II 292; treatment by skilled gilds, 151; in Tournon, 167; politicians, II 319; comparison relation to other officials, 167 f. with Malthus, II 329; The Fable Manufactures royales, 188, 219 of the Bees, or Private Vices Maone: Genoa, 334 f., 403 Publick Benefits, II J19, II 121*, MARE, 'DB LA.N.: Traite de la police, II 162-167, II 170*, II 182, 177· II 195*, II 209*, II 293, II 294*, MARION, M.: Hi!;toire financiere de la II 366f. France, 86*, 102- MANN: v. WADSWORlH, A. P., and Mark of 'Brandenburg, 72 MANN, 1. DB L. Market towns, 244 MANN, p. It., Der Marschall Vauban Marking of goods: in French und Volkswirtschaftslehre des industrial legislation, 162 f. ; with Merkantilismus, II 264* :regard .to rural industry, 207 f., Mannheim: river tolls, 57, 67 214 ; modifications in the control, Mansfield: 338, 393* 208f. MANSI'IBLD, Lord, 306, 316, 323 .. Markstadt", II 58, II 61.-v. also MANSVBLT, W. P. P.: Rechtsvorm en Market Town, Mart town geldeli;k beheer bi; de Oostindische Marne, river tolls, 82 Compagnie, 352*, 359*, 364*, MARPBRGBR, P. I., 68 368*, 371* Marque: de grace, 164; foraine, 164 386 INDEX Marseilles: letter from C01bert re MAY, 1.: Declaration of the Estate of abolition of river tolls, 82; cali­ Clothing, 2S1, 2S1· coes permitted for export, 173; MAYET: memorandum to the silk de&ire to be able to produce manufacturers of Lyons, II 167 f. calicoes on English model, 173 f.; Mayflower, 432 statements of Chamber of Com­ Measure, continually increasing, 112 merce on monopoly, 270; relation Measurement, standard means of, 113 to Levant Company, 348; staple Meat, II 88 policy, II 69; galley slaves: Mecklenburg: fitted into German CoIbert's letter to the intendants, toll system, abolition of internal II 299; the bishop's letter to tolls, 462; ancien regime, 463.­ Colbert, II 299 Mecklenburg-Giistrow: E I b e MARSHALI., A.: on quasi-rent, I 47* tolls, 69.-Mecklenburg-5chwerin MARSHALL, D.: English Poor in the tolls, 69 Eighthteenth Century, 248*, 2S6*, Mediatization: importance in the 300*, II 314*, II 323* German work of unification, 461 MARTIN, G.: La grande industrie sous Medical profession: trading freedom Ie regne de Louis XIV, IS3*, 186* of quacks, 168 188*, 191*, 193*, 211*, II 39·, Medieval church, 21, 33 If. II 40*, II 280* ; La grande indus­ MEINECKE, F.: Idee der Staatsriison, trie en France sous Ie regne de II IS, II 271*, II 277· Louis XV, IS3·, ISS·, IS7·, 167*, Memorandum, of committee: Eng­ 169·, 170*, 186·, 189·, 194*, lish, re export prohibition on 196*, 206·, II 39*, II 168*.-v. precious metals, II 311, II 318 f. also MARTIN and BEZANCON Mercator, 376 f., II 134; mercatores MARTIN, G., and BEZAN~ON, M. : venturarii or periclitantes, 377.­ L'histoire du cridit en France v. further Merchants, and Mer­ sous Ie regne de Loui.s XIV, 120*, chant Adventurers. 170*, II 216·, II 307· Mercers, 302, 331, 377, 420; London, MARTINEAU, 106 377 f.; Mercers' ·Company, com­ MARTIN SAINT-LEON, E.: Histoire des mon trading, 384; acts of the corporations de metiers, 140·, court of, 38S: continuance of, 143*, 148, 177·, 18S·, 212*, 216· 466; v. further Merchants, and Mart town, 328 Merchant Adventurers Marxburg, S8 Merchant Adventurers: general and MASON, Sir J., II 106 central: meaning of the term, Master of Requests, 279, II 287 376 f.; influence of the state on Masterpiece: in French gild organiza- their existence, 437 f.; the com­ tion, 17S; in that of London, 236 mon organization, 2S1, 274, 289, Masters: France, 142: sons and sons­ 328 ; trade with the Netherlands, in-law, 149 f., 176; contrast with 330; monopoly abolished, 37S, journeymen and apprentices, 423; history, 377 If.; relation of 148 f. ; strangers to the town, ISO; the common to the local organ­ sole right of cloth manufacture, izations, 330 f.;' prohibition of IS9; royal letters patent, 179, individual trading, 378 f.; codi­ 182 f.-England, 236 fication, 379; I'egulation of the Masters' sons and sons-in-law: French members' lives, regulation of gilds, 149 f., 17S f.; English, 236 apprentices, 380 f., 386 f.; regu­ Match Trust: Swedish, 441 f. lation of competition, 380 f. ; Materialist conception of history, 34 f. .. stint of apprentices", 380, 38S, Maubeuge, II 86 400; Wheeler's defence of, 386; MAXIMILIAN r. 63 varying names, 382; privileges, INDEX 387 Merchant AdventureI'$-COnlinued silks, IT 291.-v. further Merchant 382; cloth levy, 384; inspec:tion, Adventurers 385; admission fee, 387, 421; Merchants of the Staple: v. Trading BOns and apprentices of members, companies, England 387, 422; redemptioners, 387; Merchant strangers, rights of, 223, numerus clausus, 387 f. ; partner­ IT 73-79, II 134 f., IT 141; in ship, 389 If.; equipping of ships, Swedish iron industry, II 76; 408; shadow existenc:e in the in English wool trade, II 76 f. eighteenth century, 413; struggle Messin, country: tolls, 9l, 108 with provinc:iaI interests, 330 f., Metiers: jures, 142; suivant la cour, 416, 418, 420 f., 425; shipment 185 via London, 426 If., 428; via Metiers et corporations de Paris, 138*, York and Hull, 429, 431; c:om­ 140*, 143* 145*, 147*, 151*, 177*, pany shipment, 426 f.; national 180*, 182*, 185*, 216· name, 422 f. ; authority over out­ Metric system, 459 side merc:hants, 422, 449; "staple" Metz: tolls, 98; Louis XIV's visit to in the sense of the Merchant the synagogue, II 306 Adventurers, IT 58; transfer of Mexic:o, IT 175 privileges, IT 355; advice sought MEYENDORFP, A.: Baltic and Scan­ on precious metals, IT 367 f. dinavian Countries, II 366 Local organizations: Bristol: Migration: regulation of, 258; con­ foreign trade, 417 If. - Chester: nection with unemployment, IT foreign trade, 417 f. - Exeter: 124 If; desire to prevent it, II 161 loc:al c:ompany for loc:al and Milan, 40, n 76, 11142 foreign trade, Ioc:al c:ompany for Military requirements: catered for by the trade with France, 417; the French manufacturers: cloth exceptional position, 416 f., 422, industry, cannon foundry and 425; textile c:ompany of long anchor forges, and arms manu­ ltanding, 466.-Hull: loc:al c:or­ facture, 191; connection with poration, loc:al and foreign trade, Jarge-scaIe indusU"y, 192. - v. 416, 422, 429; Ipswic:h, 422.­ further System of power Newcastle, 308, 314, 377; relation MIlL, lAMES, IT 271 of loc:al branch to the national MIlL, 10HN STUART: Infant industry organization, 416, 418 f., 422, 423; argument, IT Il3; interpretation atill remaining, 466.-Norwich, of "liberty", II 296.-Principles 422.-York, 308, 378, 379* ; local of Political Economy, IT 113· c:orporation, local and foreign Millers, 293 (v. Reports) trade, 416 f., 422, 429 Mineral and Battery Works: v. Merchant Adventurers 'of England, Trading c:ompanies, England Their Laws and Ordinances, 328*, Mines Royal v. Trading companies, 374*, 379*, 381*, 385*, 391*, England 423*, 427*, 450* Minimum wages: in England: deter­ Merchants, 357:' mere merchant, 378, mined (1603/4), 258; ineffective, 414; legitimate merchant, 414; 260 f., 294 merchant c:olonies, 327; division Mining: significance in the develop­ of trade from handicraft, 376; ment of forms of industrial training of apprentices, 385 f. ; organization, 337 If. - v. further mercantilist appreciation of mer­ Extractive industries, Trading c:hants' occupation, IT 280 If. ; c:ompanies, Iron industry distrust and c:ontrol of. IT 283; Mining companies: v. Trading c:om­ IT 320 f. ; Swedish decree regard­ panies ing c:ompu\sory acceptance of Minories, 140* 388 INDEX Minstrels of Cheshire, 465 mechanism of exchange, II 185 f.; Mirror glass: in French lUxury identification of money and industry, 190; mirror glass indus­ wealth, II 186, II 367, of money try in Lancashire, 194* and capital, II 199, of money and MISSELDEN, Eo: accumulation of trea­ income, II 207 If., 224; factor of sure, II 214 f.; general position, production on a par with land, II 183, II 249* ; money as capital, II 200; demand for abolition of, II 200; gospel of high prices, II II 206; storehouse, II 213; cir­ 228 f.; balance of trade, II 244, culation, II 199, 11212, II 217-221, 249*; mint· par equilibrium of II 223, II 229 f.; equivalent to exchange, II: 245 ; Free Trade, II exchange, II 248 f.; conventional 132*, II 200, II 202*, II 216*, nature of, II 259 If.; Keynes and II 229*, II 279* ; Circle of Com­ liquidity, II 341 f.; hoarding of, merce, II 245*, II 249· II 349 f.; interest and the supply Mississippi Company: v. Trading of, II 199, II 350 f. companies: France Money, conception of: unchanged Mississippi Fraud, II 231 from the Crusades to the eight­ Mittelm:uk, 75 eenth century, II 177; mercan­ Mobility: France, J47-151; facilita­ tilist: connection with considera­ tion through the 1755 ordinance, tions of power, II 46 If., with 215; England: comparison with protectionism, II 178; attitude of France, 225 f. ; according to laissez-faire to, II J77, II 183; Statute of Artificers, 232 f., 299; Becher's attitude, II 205 ; that of according to Law of Settlement, mercantilists compared with that 299 f. ; ·for journeymen, 303 during Great War, II 210, II 215 ; Mobility, economic, 23 f. - v. also summary of, II 215 f. ; discussIon, Mobility II 224-231, II 243-251, etc.; Modena, II 88 literature, II 262 f. MOLLENBERG, w., Die Eroberung des Money economy, 37 If.; significance Weltmarkts durch das mans/eld­ with regard to protectionism, ische Kupfer, 339· II 139; transition to, II 177, Monasteries, dissolution of the: con­ II 219; difficulties in payment of nection with unemployment, taxes, II 208, II 219 f. II 121; monastic life: mercantilist Money, need for: satisfied without aversion from, II 160, II 303 f. precious metals, II 231-236 Monetary policy: of mercantilism: Money, quantity of, connection with connection with policy of pro­ payment of taxes, II 208, II 220, vision and protectionism, II 53 f., with the price-level, II 224-231, II 56 f. ; with the policy concern­ II 248 f.; with the wage-level, ing goods, II 176-184; with II 226; severance of link with foreign trade, II 179ff., II 183; precious metals, II 321 f.; signi­ intensification of economic rival­ ficance in exchange relationship ries between countries, II 182; with foreign countries, II 243- Saxon coinage controversy, 252 f.; relation to balance of II 183; dilIerences of opinion in trade, II 248 f .• etc. England, II 183, II 244-251 ; sum­ Money, scarcity of, II 221-224, mary of, II 215 f.; results com­ II 226 If. pared with those of commercial Money value, II 199 f., II 224-231, policY, II 259 II 244f. Money: 'soul of trade', II 175 f. ; 3t Money war, II 18 f.--\,. also Trading the heart of mercantilist policy, war, War II 175-177; within or outside the Moniteur Le 457*, 458* INDEX 389 Monopoly: nature, 269-276, 361.­ II 150*, II 155*, II 188*, II 189*. Trading companies: regulated II 292*, II 301*. companies, 385, 391; joint-stock MONrGOMERY, A. : Den industriella companies, 360, 399, 409 f., 448- revolutionen i England, 197 452; cause of concentration of Montpellier: weights and measures, trade in London, 432.-5taple 114 ; fustagni. II 89; foreign compulsion: monopoly charac­ merchants, II 134 ter, II 71.-France: in the gilds, Monumenta Germaniae historica, 62* 175-184; fiscali9ID as means for Moors, II 304 its exploitation, 178 f.; ditto with MORE, Sir T,: concern regarding decay milder intention, 182; ditto in of arable farming, 231, 272; more extreme use, 182 f.; in the causes of crime, II 312.--U;opia, manufactures, 188; salt mono~ 272*, II 314* poly, II 299; Colbert's aversion MORRIS, WILlJAM, 42 on principle, II 276.-England Moselle: river tolls, 59 (cf. supra under Trading com­ MOSER, JUSTIJS: Patriotische Phanta- panies): 269-294; interpretation sien, 463 of the courts, 282-289, 427 f. ; Muid. 113f. Case of Monopolies (v. Cases, Miihlhausen, 134 English), 286 f.; Statute of Mono­ Miillrose Canal, 73 polies (v. under that head). 285; MON, T.: the nation as a herd of sheep paper and playing cards mono­ of the prince, II 21 ; parable of poly, 287 ; organization of frame­ the husbandman, II In, II 254; work knitters, 3Q4; courts after fortune of poverty, II 166; com­ the Puritan Revolution, 316 fl., modities and money, II 189 f., 447 f.; the economic literature, II 194; accumulation of treasure 319 f. - Germany: agitation by the state, II 212 f.; scarcity against, 338.-Netherlands: for of money, II 224; stock of discoverers, 357; not production money without precious metals, monopolies, 360 ; East India II 232; quantity of money and Company, 361 f. - v. further foreign trade, II 243 ; East India Competition, LDissez-faire. Privi­ Company, 11223 f., II 229, II 244; lege, Restraint of trade !balance of trade theory, II 248; Monopoly price, 276, 288; as a foreign exchanges, II 248, 249*; motive for the policy of provision, glorifying trade, II 281 ; stimula­ II 103 tion instead of compulsion policy, MONROE. A. Eo: Monetary Theory II 307; committee memorandum be/ore Adam Smith, II 265- on export prohibition on precious MONrAlGNE, M.: Essais, II 26 metals, II 311, II 313; national Montargis: weights and measures, 1j3 and private gain, II 320 f. ; influ­ Montauban: regulation of cloth enced ·by Italian conditions, manufacture, 209 II 253*.-England's Treasure by Montbard, 160 Fo"aign Trade, II 21, II 113, MON'rCHRETu!N, A. DE: agreeing with II 114, II 166*, II 175, II 181*, the Continental Systetn, II 43 ; II 189, II 194*, II 216*,11 232*, against surplus of commodities, II 243, II 249*, II 270*. II 281, II 114 f.; idleness, II 150; pre­ II 296 f., II 312*, II 321*; Dis­ cious metals, II 187; strong course of Trade from England to sense of the importance of goods, the East Indies, II 95*, II 198*, II 189, II 260; luxury. II 290.­ II 224 Traicte de r leconomie palitique, Municipal Corporations Act: England II J14, II 117-, II 129, II 130*, (1835): reforming Qf municipal 390 INDEX

administration, 237, 465; Scot­ Nantes, 80, 84 f.; river tolls ~ Nantes­ land (1846): 237, 465; general: Nevers, 80; Nantes-Roanne, 80, did not abolish gilds, 310.-v. also 84 £.; Nantes-orleans, 106 ; cour­ Statutes, English tage de la prevate de: French Municipal industry: in municipal toll: abolished, 108 policy, 128 f. NAPOLEON I, II 20, II 92, II 326.-v. Municipal policy: medieval, 22, 33, further Continental System 39, 62; nationalization of muni­ Narbonne, II 89 cipal policy, 128-136; Germany, National Convention, French: aboli­ ).32-136; territories: Baden, 132- tion of the death;PeDalty, II 276 134; Brandexvburg - Prussian and Nationalism, II 14 ft., II 334 Wiirttemberg, 133 f.; municipal National revenue: identified with power over surrounding country­ money, II 225 f. side, 133 f.; selfish policy in National sociaIism, 461, II 263, II 362 National wealth: relation to the LUbeck, 329; Sweden, 134 f.­ stock of. goods, II 189; calculation Economic principles, II 123 ft. ; and discussion, II 190, II 218; connection with protectionism, real capital and political power, II 131f.; with colonial policy, II 190 II 132 f.-Municipal policy mag­ National"konomisk Tidskrift, II 344- nified, 131, 222. - Selfish policy Natural economy, 36-40: cause of towards rural induSry in France, policy of provision, II 103; 206, 208 ft.-£ngland: relation superseded, 179 f., 219 f. of the towns to the state, 224 f. ; Natural right, 456, II 271, II 322 f., state authorities and gild organ­ II 331, II 337 . izations, 296 f. ; relation of mooi­ Natural science, II 309 cipal administration to the system "Nature", II 308 f. of industrial regulation after ~e NAUDE, w. : Stiidtische Getreide­ Puritan Revolution, 301 ft. hDndelapolitik, II 66*. II 69-; Municipal tolls: England, 46, 50 ft. ; Getreidehandelapolitik der euro­ Germany, 75 f., 76; France, 87; piiischen Staaten, II 91"' f. ; l00£. Getreidehandelspolitik •• n d Munitions, II 33 Kriegamagazinverwaltung Bran­ MUnster, 60 denburg-Preussens bis 1740, Muntz Belangentie, Die, II 187.-v. II 93"', II 3OS"'; ditto, ditto, furtbe,t" Flugschriften 1740-1756, II 93"' ;Die merkan­ Murage, 50 tiliatische Wirtscha/tapolitik Fried­ Murrain: suitable death for usurers. rich Wilhelma 1, II 276"' II 287 NAUNl'ON, Sir R.: Fragmenta regalia, MURRAY, A. I!.: Commercial and 256"' Financial Relations between Eng­ Navigation Acts, II 16, II 29, II 35-39, land and Ireland, 55"' II 48, II 70 ; enumeration, Muscovy Company: v. Trading com­ II 36 f.: 5 R. II sLl c. 3 (1381/2); panies: 'England: Russia Com­ 1 H VIII c. 8 (1485/6); 23 H. pany VIII c. 7 (1531/2); 2 & 3 Ed. MUSHBT, D.: Papera on Iron and Steel, VI c. 19 (1548/9); 5 Eliz. c. 5 201"' (1562/3); 23 Eliz. c. 7 (1580/1); MYRDAL, G.: Daa politische Element 1. J. I c. 24 (1603/4); Acts 1651 in der nationaliikonomiachen c. 22 = Nav. Act of the Com­ Doktrinbildung, II 325"'; The monwealth ; 12 C. II c. 18 Coat of Living in Sweden, 1830- (1660/1) = the great Nav. Act; 1930, II 353"'. 15 C.II c. 7 (1663/4}-Staple Act INDEX 391

OJ 29 f., n 227); 3 & 4 Anne Co in the administration, 237; sugar 9 (l705).-v. further Statutes, bakers in the goldsmiths' gild, English 245; mobility in butchers' trade, NENoordsche Compagnie: v. Trading cal programme, n 17 f.; mer­ companies: Netherlands chants and economic policy, n 30, "Dutch tendmcy to free NORDI!NCIlANI'Z: V. BACHMANSON trade", n 60; Cary's statement, NORDS11l.0M, J.: Moyen-age et reTUJis­ n 119; outbreak of protection­ sance, n 271* ism, n 142; small interest for Norfolk: antagonism to rural indus­ mercantilist montetary policy, try, 239 f. *; supervision recruited n 181; bank coins, n 231 f. ; low from urban and rural craftsmen, rate of interest, n -315; model 241, ·242*; regulation on medieval country of mercantilism, 351, -basis, 297; child labour, n 156 n 274, n 281, n 305 f. ; sephardic Nonnandy: tolIs, 91, 931.; dis­ Jews, n 305 f. ; mercantilist litera­ obedience of the industrial regu­ ture in modern woru, n 263.-v. lations, 167; control of rural also East India Companies industry, 208 NI!TI1!LS, c.: British Policy and NORm, Sir DUDLEY: attitude to hoard­ Colonial Money Supply. n 237* ing, II 349 f.; Discourses upon Neuer Graben, 74 Trade. II J83·, n 322, II 323· Neumark, 72, 75 N01l!S1E1N, w., llELP, P. B., & SIMPSON, Newcastle-upon-Tyne: charter of the B. (eds.), Commons' Debates 1621. twelfth century, 52; gild's place II 367 392 INDEX Northamrptonshire: Wages assess­ Oise, river tolls, 82 ment, 229- Old Colonial System: v. Colonial North France: tolls, 94 system, Old North German Bund:connection with OLDENBARNEVELT, 356, 360 work of unification, 463 Oldenburg: coinage, 123 North Italy: Eldorado of cities, 39 f.; Oligopolium, 273, 305, 318 early development of rural indus­ ONCKEN, A.: Geschichte der N ational­ try, 205; staple policy, II 62-65, okonomie, 29*, 213*, II 21*, II II 68; clauses re rights of 216*; article Quesnay (in the "merchant strangers", II 74 f.; Handworterbuch der Staatswissen­ coming of protectionism, II 139. schaften>, 29* -v. also Italy and particular Onions, II 87 towns ONSLOW, Serjeant, 314 North-West Passage, company for Orange: tolls, 99 the: v. Trading companies: Orders in Council, II 101 f. England Ordonnance de 1351: France: causal Norwich: pioneer in poor relief, 232 ; connection with the Black Death, prohibition of certain branches of 138; passing over of the gilds, rural industry, 239 f.-; legal cases, 141; comparison with contempor­ 315; local organization for the ary English ordinances, 227. - Merchant Adventurers, 422 cf. Statutes, French Notre Dame: ,privileged territory, 140, Ordonnances des rois de France de la 173 troisieme race, II 85*, 100· Nottingham: hosiery industry, 242 Orieanais: tolls, 94; di!Wegard of Nouvelle imposition d'Anjou, 95 industrial regulations, 167 Novgorod, II 68 Orllans: laTlfage, 84; transport costs NOWAK, L'idle de rautarchie lcono­ Nantes-Orleans, 106; weigh.ts and mique, II 131- measures, 113 f. NilBLING, E.: W iihrungsgeschichte des Ounce, 115 Merkantilzeitalters, II 258- Outports, 418 Nuisance, common, 295 Overpopulation: v. Population policy Numerus clausus: idea of the gilds, Overseer, 248 273 ; in the German gilds, .134; Oxen: in Swedish figures on provision in the French, 148, 175 f.; in policY, II 84 the English, 235 f.; in regulated OXENSTIERNA, AXEL, 67, 439, II 275: companies, 386 f.; in joint stock memorandum on the copper companies, 394 trade, II 282f., II 310f.; "non interdicto, sed consilio", II 294; OBERKAMPP, Baron, 195, II 20 harmfulness of prohibitions, II Oberwesel: River tolls, 57 294 ; against state trading, II 383; Obligation to work: universal: Eliza­ Axel Oxenstiernas skrifter och beth's Statute of-Artificers, 228 brefvexling, II 275·, II 284·, OBRECHT, G., II 211 II 294·, II 312· Occupational mobility, freedom of, Oxford: bubers' gild: maintained, 148 466 Octroi, 87, 460 ODDY, 1. L: European Commerce, PAGET, J.: The New Eumen, II 368 414- Painters: their wardens in Paris Oder, 75 against artists, 177 Office: as form of the exercise of a PALGRAVE, Sir R. B. I.: Dictionary trade, 168 of Political Economy, 466· Oil, II 88 Panic: v. Crises INDEX 393 Panopticon: Bentham's workhouse; Particularism, 23, 35 f.; municipal book with this title: v. BIlNl'BAM, J. particularism, 209 f., territorial Paper: Frencl1 toll on, 95; paper particularism, 461; in Dutch monopoly, 287 organization, 355 ; in Dutch trad­ Paper currency: for and against, ing companies, 361-365.-v. also 11 233 f.; La.w'ii programme, 11 Municipal policy 234 f. ; security in land, II 233 Partnership: origin, 331 f.; Hansa, Paper industry: France: control by 329, 332, 389; South German the intendants, 152; pJace in the commercial houses, 335 f., 337 f. ; manufactures, 190; paper works Spain, 343; France, 349; the as joint-stcx:t. company, 411 Netherlands, 352, 359; England, Paper money merantilism, 11 182, 388-392, 399 f., 444 11 231-236: John Law's pro­ Passau: staple privileges, 67* gramme, 11 234 If., II 251 Passive trade: Bruges, Antwerp, [PAPILLON, T.): apparent disregard of Venice, 11 61; in Gustav Vasa's increase in "treasure", 11 191 f. ; commercial policy, 11 61 identification of money and Paste-board: French production of: wealth, 11 367; The Ea:rt-India English influence, 196 Trade a Most Profitable Trade, Patente de Languedoc, 100, 108.-v. n 191 also Languedoc Paris: river tolls: Roanne-Paris, 86; Patent law: modem: based on weights and measures, 113 f. ; Statute of Monopolies, 285 coinage system, 120; feudal juris­ Patents: in English system of indus- dictions, 139 f.; diffusion of gilds, trial control, 252-256 PAuu, R.: v. [ARMSTRONG, c.) crafts without gilds, 142; 1581 PAULUS, Roman jurist, 11 22S edict, 146 f.; suburban masters, Pauperism: struggle against, 11 323 147; freedom of manufactu£e Pavage, 50 judges, 151; setting the norm in Paying out: of capital: in English the gild system, 158, 225; mania trading companies, 399, in Dutch, for litigation in Paris and the 368 f.; of profit: in the iron subll1'bs: painter warden contra trading company of Steyr, 338, artists, tailors contra second-hand in English trading companies, clothes dealers, founders against 399, in Dutch, 366, 368 f. ei~t gilds, 177; fi9calism, 182; Pays: d'election, 94; d'etat, 79, 94; not affected by the 1755 ordinance du droit coutumier, 126 ; du droit re mobility, 214; hosiery industry, ecrit, 126; Messin: v. under that freedom to practise, 215; position head according to 1776 edict, 218' PEACHEY, 282 privileges abolished (1789), 458; Peages (pedagia), 79.~. River tolls Napoleon's food-stulIs policy, Peasants:. feeling of solidarity not 1192 strong among, 33 Parisis, Concedes 12 et 6 deniers: Peat~tting: concern for, 339- French toll, 93, 106, 108; livre Pecunia nervus belli: Colbert, 11 17 ; parisill: French coin, 114 Bacon, n 46 Parity: par pro pari, 11 245, 11 246 f., PEI!L, Sir IlOBEllT: 1st baronet, 11 323 n 258.-v. further Coinage, parity Peloponnesus, 474 PARJ.1!&, T., Earl of MACCLI!SFIELD, 276, Penal code: codification of French 280, 307 f., 318 Jaws, 126 Parliamentary History, 256*, 272*, Penal Jaw, of the state: used for 414**, 447*, 454*,11 216*,11 224- creating labour and revenue, Parma. 11 88. 11 139 11 297-302 394 INDEX Penalties: in the system of industrial natural laws, II 309, II 319. - regulation: France, 164 f., 173 f; ; Political Arithmetick, 53, II 107, severity, 173; comparison with II 16S*, II 194*, II 200 f., II 216*, England, 174 f.; late application, n 232*, II 270*, n 30S*, II 311*, 216; England: transformation n 347; Treatise of Taxes. 270*, into money fines, 267, 11297 f.; 312*, II 115, II 124*, n 216* n into compulsory labour, II 297- 218*, n 221 * n 232, II 254, 302; laws against export of raw II 261*, II 292*, II 297, n 298*, materials of the cloth industry n 305*; Verbum Sapienti, II 23*, "written in .blood", II 137 f. ; n 190, II 194*, II 207, n 216*, penal law: commercializing, II n 238 f.; Political Anatomy of 297 f., II 302 f.; position at Ireland. n 207, II 216*; Quantu­ ,beginning of nineteenth century, lumcunque concerning Money. 465; penal duty on tobacco, n 125, II 191*, n 201, n 216*, 11292 n 232- PEPYS, s., II 19.-Diary, II 20*, ~I "Petty toll" (Swedish toU charge), 55* 253* PETYT, w.: reputed author of Britan­ PERCY, Lord Eo: Privy Council under nia Languens. II 115 the Tudors, 257*, 278* PFLUGK-HARTIUNG. I. VON: Viirlds­ Permission ships: m the companies, historia. 34* 407 PHILIP V of France: weights and PlSronne: river tolls, 108 measuces, 116.---v. ~ther France Personal element: in the regulated ~HILIP Ie Bel: coinage unity, 119.­ companies, 385 v. further France Peru, II 175 Phocaea, 403 Petit teint: v. Bon teint Wlysiocrats, 29, 213*, II 92. n 264; .PErrY, Sir w.: on London's popula­ "physiocracy", n 317 f. tion, 268*; for wage fixing, 311; Piacenza, II 139 necessity of surpassing other PICARD, R.: Les cahiers de 1789 et les countries, II 22 f. ; export sl1l'plus, classes ouvrieres. 86*, 108*, 111*, II 117 ; unemployment, II 123 fl. ; 118*, 4S7* means against high wages: storing Picardy: tolls, 91, 94; cloth factory com, II 165; calculating value of of the van Robais in Abbeville, mobile and fixed property of the 188; selfish municipal policy, 206 country: political arithmetic, II PICOT, Q.: Histoire des etats '190; overvaluation of the preci­ generaux. 111*, II 275* ous metals, II 194; monetary Piepowder, Court of.-v. Courts views, II 207, II 218, II 238 f. ; PIGEONNBAU, B.: Histoire du com­ accumulation of treasure, II merce de la France. 80*, 1.18*, 212 f. ; plate and vessels of preci­ 120*, n 41*, n 81*, II 111- ous metal, II 213, II 347; pay­ Pignolati. n 139 ment in kind for taxes, II 221; Pillory: for defective products : bank coinage, II 232 ; quantity of French industrial regulation. 164. money and foreign trade, II 232 ; 216; for transgressing the English land and labour the real measure reglliations re food-stuffs, 260 of value, II 260; pleasure and Pipe. 113 luxury, II 291 ; benefit of the State Pipe Roll Society Publications. II 90* in imposing penalties, II 297; Piracy, 343, II 175, II 314 comparison with Bentham, II Pirate company: Sir Francis Drake's 297 f.; priests, II 302; treatment and others, 390, 394, 438 of heretics, II 304; many-sided PIRBNNB. H. : Histoire de Belgique. training, II 309; parallelism to 20S*, 337*, 461*, II 69*, II 73-, INDEX 395 II 142*; Les villes du moyen­ Political Arithmetic, II 190, II 207; dge, 38" II 346 Pisa: tolls, 40; staple policy, II 62 Political functions: of the Trading Placaet-Boeck, Groot, 358*, 367*, companies, 34Of., 360f., 451-455 371", 373· Political Lent. II 38, II 3Ql; statute Planned economy, II 338 concerning (1548/9): v. Statutes, Playing cards: French duty on, 95; English monopoly: England, 287 POUJlXFI!N, 1.: 4. 'Discourse of Trade, Plenty, II 16, II 57, II 95 If., II 115, Coyn and Paper Credit, II 162*, II 149, II 151 f., II 164, II 178, II 164, II 167", II 233, II 254" II 215 f., II 227, II 229, II 277 PolY!polium, 271, 274, 289, II 128 Plymouth: share in colonial c0m­ Pomerania: toll Retail trade, 308: distinguished from Main, 57, 76; vitality of river foreign trade, 377; prohibited to tolls, 73; taxes, 7J f.; Branden­ member of trading companies, burg-Prussia, 70 fl.; toU reform, 378f. 462. - France: 78-86, 87, 95 f. ; Reve, 90, 95 Loire, 80, 82-86, 96, 100, 104; Revolution: v. French Revolution trepas de Lo.ire, 95 f., 101, 104; and Industrial Revolution Rhone, 80, 82-86, 99 f., 104 ; Revolutionacy idea, 456-469 Seine, 80, 82; Garoone, 82 f. ; REYNIB, DB LA, 171 Dordogne, Charente, Somme, Rheims: illusory industrial control, Marne and Oise, 82; Saone, 83, 168 86, 100; Lot, 83; 1ll1lfage, 84; R:heinfels, 58 Roanne-Nantes, 80 ; Roanne­ Rheinstein, 58 Paris, 86; Grey-ArIes, 86; con­ Rhine: river tolls, 56-59, 73 f.; cedes parisis 12 et 6 deniers, 106; Upper Rhine esp., 5711., 69; scale of charges, 86; cahien de Lower Rhine esp., 5711., 67 f. ; doIeances, 87; Nantes-Orleans, abolition of the last Rhine toll, 106; toll reform, 107 f.-v. also 462. v. also River tolls Tolls, and also names of parti­ Rhine Bund: significance in the cular countries and rivers German work of unification, 461 River traffic, 36.-v. also River tolls, RhOne: river tolls, 80, 82-85, l00f. and the names of particular rivers --Y. also River tolls Roads: England: road monies, 46- Ribbon weaving: in the French 50 ; road system: under adminis­ manufactures, 190 tration of J.P.s, 250; Continent: RICARDO, D.: theory of foreign trade, compulsory use of certain, 59.­ II IH., II 256-, II 328, II 332, v. also Road tolls II 333; rent, II 330; com duties, Road tolls: England, 46-50.-Ger­ II 330; natural rights tendency, many, ·58 If., 66, 72; Ansbach­ II 330 f.-Principles of Political Bayreuth, 58; tariff for Mark of Economy and TflXIItion, II 180-, Brandenburg and Neumark, 75 f.; II 256-, II 328, II 329- Bavaria, 76 f.-France, 78-87: RICHARD of Cornwall, German King, Auvergne, 83; Rouen, 83; Limou­ 56 sin, 83; Hainaut, 84; ba"age, RICHELIEU, A. D. P.: Frenoh army, 84.-v. also ToIls, and also par­ 126; importance of self-suffici­ ticular countries ency, II 43; Testament politique, Roanne, 80, 84 f., 86; river tolls: II 28, II 44- Roanne-Nantes, 80, 84 f. ; Riel, II 68 Roanne-Paris, 86 RlEZU!R, S., Geachichte Bayerns, 77- ROBAlS, VAN, 188, II 304 Riga: 10/lg persistem:e of staple ROBERTS, L: against prohibitions, compulsion, 463 ; methods, II 68 ; II 295; Treasure of TraDike, 11 Swedi&h government's letter re 296- commercial freedom, II 275 ROBINSON, H: paper mOlley mercan­ RlSINGH, 1. C. : against prohibitions, tilism, II 232; against prohibi­ II 295; Tractat om Kiophandelen, tions, 11 295; England's Safety in II 296- Trade's Increase, II 232, II 243-, 1UTI1!R, M., Deutsche Geschichte, 123- II 296-; Briefe Considerations, River tolls: England, 46 ff.-Ger­ II 243- many: Rhine, 56-69; Upper ROBINSON, R.: v. MORE, T. Rhine esp., 561f.; Lower Rhine Rodenkirohen, 11 68 esp., 36 If., 68; Elbe, 60, 68, 69, ROGERS, T., History of Agriculture and 73; Danube, 58; Weser, 58; Prices, 11 ISO· 400 INDEX

ROLAND DB LA PLAnERs, 1. M., ISS, Rue de 1'00rsine: privileged terri­ )86·: observation regarding Eng­ tory, 140, 147, 173 land's superiority in certain Rule of Law, 296 branches of woollen manufacture, RUPERT, Prince: Hudson Bay Com­ 195; ditto re the import of raw pany, 398, 439 cotton, 200·; ditto re the appli­ Rural gilds, 133 f. cation of penalties in the system Rural handicraft: in municipal policy, of industrial regulation, 216.-v. 129; excepted from the appren­ also Encyc/opedie methodique ticeship clauses, 314 Roman Law, 34, 81: acceptance of, Rural industry: Belgium, 205; France, 110, 126, 294; represented in 203-212 ; oppressed especially England by the jurisdiction of the by Amiens and LiIle, 206; Col­ Privy Council, 279, 294 bert's goodwill towards, 211; Romanticism, II 14; romanticists: growing difficulties of industrial German, II 334 regulation, modifications per, Rome: policy regarding food-stuffs, mitted, 208 f., 213 ff.-England~ 1190 early development, 205; relation ROMILLY, Sir SAMUEL, II 323 of gilds to, 237 f., 244; handicraft Ropemaking: in the French manu­ in the suburbs and in the factures, 190 country, 238; legislation ·against, ROSCHER, W.: Zur Geschichte der eng­ 239; prohibition of certain crafts lischen Volkswirthschaftslehre. in country round Norwich, II 262; Geschichte der National- 239 f.· ; clauses re cloth industry 6konomik in Deutschland. II 262 in Norfolk and Suffolk, 241 f. ; Rose: as emblem of control in dye­ Acts of Parliament for the iron ing, 163 industry in Hallamshire, 243; ROSB,I. H., A. P. NEWTON, B. A. BENlANS, organized "companies" for cloth The Cambridge History of the and knitting industry: West Rid­ British Empire. 55· .-v. BEES, in·g, Leeds, London, Nottingham, J. P. 242 f.; ineffectiveness of control ROSSLER: v. Deutsche Rechtsdenk­ of rural industry by J.P.s, 251 ; maier rural crafts, 314 -North Italy, Rotterdam, 362 205 Rotuli Parliamentorum. 48·, 283*, II Rural trade: independent of appren- 249· ticeship clauses, 314 Rauen: tolls, 83, 93, 103 f.; weights RUSKIN, J., 42 and measures, 114; special dyeing Russia, II 128, II 338 Tegulation, 159; manufacture of Russia Company: v. Trading com­ calicoes, 194; control of rural panies industry, 208 f. ; struggle betlWeen Russian trade: England, 383; v. employers and employed, 211; further Trading companies unaffected by the 1755 ordinance concernipg mobility, 214 f.; staple policY, II 69 Saddle makers, 303 Rouergue: tolls, 100 SAGNAC, PH.: L'jndustrie et Ie com­ ROUSSEAU, 1. J.,·II 205 merce de la draperie en France. Royal Exchanger, II 244, II 246, 191* II 247· Sailcloth, II 37 Royal power: v. industrial regulation, Sailors, II 35 f., II 49 under particular countries Saint-Andrt, denier de. 108 Royal Society, II 310 Saint-Antoine: privilCljled territory RUDOLPH of Hapsburg, 58 140, 147, 171 INDEX 401

Sainte-Genevieve: law concerning SAVARY, 1.: I.e parfait n~gociant, merchant strangers, II 77, II 78· 113 f., 114*, 270*, 350*, II 280* Saint-Genou: weights and measures, SAVARY DES BllUSLONS, 1.: 154. - v. 114 further Dictionnaire universel du S. Goar: river tolls, 58 commerce [SAINT-JEAN, M. DB] : ,Commerce SAVlGNY, P. C. VON, II 334 honorable ou considerations Savona, II 63 politiques, 349*, II 47·, II 187*; Saxony: tolls, 64: Elbe tolls, 69: unimportance of domestic trade, municipal policy: favouring of II 193 ; over-vaulation of the pre­ Leipzig, 135: Bannmeile, 463.­ cious metals, II 196; praise of Saxony"l.auen,burg: Elbe tolls, trade, II 282 69.--Saxony-Weissi:nfels: ditto, Saint-Maixent: dispensation from the 69 dyeing instruction, 170 Sayetterie: v. Amiens, reg/ement of Saint-Malo, 348 1666 for the cloth industry Saintonge, 90 SAYOUS, A.. B. : Trans/ormation des Sale of offices: FIance, 125, 152, methodes commerciales dans 154 f. ; England, 254 1'1talie medievale, 333* : Partner­ Saleability of shares : v. Bonds, trade ships in the Trade between Spain in and America, 343* SALIMBENB, 65 Scarcity of money: debate in House Salt: French duty on, 90; salt mono­ of Commons, II 223 -;-" connection poly,lI 299 with cheapness of commodities, Salt refining: forms of enterprise, II 228f. 339* SCHACIIT, m.: Theoretischer Gehalt Salt works: II 140* des englischen Merkantilismus, SALTER, P. ll.: Tracts on Poor Relief, II 262* Some Early.---'V. Tracts SCHANZ, G.: Englische Handelspolitik Saltpetre, II 33 f., II 34*, II 365 gegen Ende des Mittelalters, 328*, Samling Utaf K. Brei ••• Ang. 33j*, 374*, 377·, 423*, II 73*, Sweriges Rikes Commerce, Politie II 121*, II 198*, II 247*, II 252*, och Oekonomie, ed. Stierman, II 258* 55·, 112*, 371·, II 93*, II 280*, SCHAUB!!, A.: Handelsgeschichte der II 292·, II 294* Romanischen Volker des Mittel­ SAMUEL, L: EDektenspekulation im meergebiets bis zum Ende der 17. und 18. lahrh., 373* Kreuzzuge, 333*, II 61*, II 63*, Sandwich, 418· II 81*, II 86*, II 140*: Anlange SANDYS, Sir Eo: 274, 419, 425, II 223 der venetianischen Galeerenfahr­ SANTINI: Documenti dell'antica costi- ten, 343*, II 65*, II 141* tuzione di Firenze, II 140* SCHJLLEll, P. VON: quot. 23 Saline: river tolls, 82 f., 86, 101 SCHMBI.ZLB, H.: Bayerisches Zollwesen SARGBANT, P.: Wine Trade with Gas­ im 18. lahrh., 77* cony, II 86* SCHMIDT, CH.: Debuts de rindustrie SARTORIUS VON WALTERSHAUSBN, A.: cotonniere en France, 193* Deutsche Wirtschaltsgeschichte, SCHMOU!!Il, G., 28 f., 71.-Das Merk­ 1815-1914, 462 antilsystem in seiner historischen Satisfaction of Wants: in town policy, Bedeutung: basic idea, 28; I'epr. 128: significance in mercantilist fJ..mrisse und Untersuchungen 29*, ideology, II 193 71'*';-75*, 131*, 320*, II 216*, SAUBRBBCK, A.: II 353 II 320*: Brandenburgisch-Preus­ Saulieu, 160 sische ElbschiDahrtspolitik, 66*, Saumur: tolls, 96 74* : Erwerbung von Magdeburg- 402 INDEX Halberstadt, 123*; Die altere 268*, 293*, 335*, 374*, 375*, Elbhandelspolitik, II 60*, II 66*, 388*, 393, 394, 399*, 401, II 93*; Grundriss der Allge- ' 406*, 408*, 410*, 411 ft., 432*, meinen Volkswirschaftslehre, 435*,439*,442*,445,451*,454*, 118*, II 258* ; Acta Borussica, v. II 33*, II 34*, II 224* under that head SCRIVENOR, H.: Comprehensive His­ SCHNEIDER, B., 333* tory of the Iron Trade. 201* SCHNEIDER, 1. B. : revival of I.e Sea defence: v. Defence, War fleets Creusot, 198 Seals: in EngIis.h system of industrial Soholastici$lll, II 2U, II 260 control, 264; English company­ School: competition or monopoly, seal as expression of corporative 282f. character, 382; cf. Dis.c SCHRODER, F. W. VON,: V. SCHR6TrBR, Searcher. 248, 297, 301 F. W. VON. Sea transport: England, 46 SCHROTI1!R, F. W. VON, 70, II 263: Fiirstliche Schatz-und Rent-Cam­ Secularization, 35 mer, 320 f., II 21, II 95* ; possi­ Sedan: tolls, 103 f.; reglements for bility of accumulating war trea­ the Cloth industry, 170 sure in kind, II 189; unimportance SEE, H.: L'evolution commerciale et of domestic trade, II 190, II industrielle de la France, J42*, 191*; profit from production of .150*, 186*, 191*, 196*, 202*, precious metals, II 193; over­ 205*, 348*; Franziisische Wirt­ valuation of the precious metals, schaftsgeschichte, 191-, 202*, II 193; money and capital con­ 205- sidered the same, II 202 ; "change SEELEY, Sir 1. R., II 40: Expansion of of money" identified with income, England, II 41* II 207; "to limit thrift", II 209; SEGUlBR, 217, 219* accumulation of treasure, II 213, Seigniorage, II 241, II 257 II 215, 216*; exchange bank, II Seine: river tolls, 80, 82 232; conventional sorts of money, Select Cases in the Court of Requests: II 261 ; mistrust of merchants, II v. Cases, Select, etc. 284* ; against hindrances to Select Charters of Trading Com­ luxury, II 291; diatribe against panies: v. Charters, Select, etc. craft gilds, 320 f. * Select Documents, Illustrating the SCHULTB, A.: Geschichte des mittel­ History of Trade Unionism: v. alterlichen Handels und Verkehrs Do'cuments. Select, etc. zwuischen Westdeutschland und Select Tracts, relating tt) Weights: v. Italien, 336*, II 61*, II 142*; Tracts. Select, etc. Geschichte der grossen Ravens­ SELl.ERS, M.: v. Acts and Ordinances burger Handelsgesellschaft, 336* of '-ne Eastland Co. and York SCHULTZE, A.: tIber Gasterecht und Mercers and Merchant Adven­ Gastgerichte, II 73*, II 77f.* turers Scotland: customs relationship to SeIling: determining factor in Ilhe con­ England, 53; persistence of the cept of monopoly, 275 ; as motive ancien regime, 464-468 behind system of protection, Scotsmen: freedom from tolls in the II 118 ft., II 169 f.; creative of French tariff of 1664, 104 wealth, II 118 f., II 207f.; as scorr, 1. F.: Historical Essays on cause for striving after in~reased Apprenticeship. 230*, 313* quantity of money, II 219 ; "sell­ scorr, w. R.: Constitution and Fin­ ing cheap and buying dear", II ance of English, Scottish and Irish 238-43 loint Stock Companies, 54*, Selongey. 160 INDEX 403'

Selvedges: industrial reglements in SIEVEKINO, H.:. Genueser Finan'l.wesen, France, 162, 164 335*, II 142- Semi-manufactured goods, II 88: SIGMUND: German king: coinage treatment under protectionism, policy, 122 II 146-152 - Silesia: tolls, 70 Semur in Auxois, 160 Silk: in the imports to France, 101; SI!NECA, II 269, II 278, II 279* conditions of weighing, 111; silk Sephardim: v. Jews framework weaving: French in­ Septier, 113 dustrial regulation: reglement, SERRA, A.: Breve traUato delle cause 160, 187; chief place in the che possone fare abbondare Ii French manufactures, 190; regni d'oro e d'argento, II 176*, greater mobility, 215; England: II 253* silk throwing: gild compulsion, Serrieres : tolls, 99 234*; company at the centre of Servants: conditions for the hiring the regulation, 297, 304.-v. also ot 250 , Lyons and Silk industry Settlement: v. Law of Settlement and Silk industry: France: Lyons: local Removal exclusiveness, 149; reglement for Seville: consulate in, 344 "la grande fabrique", 160; excep­ SHAFI'ESBURY, first Earl of, 262, tion from the reglement, 170; II 19, II 118 competition of Indian cotton SHAFI'ESBURY, seventh Earl of, for­ goods, 172; blockade against new merly Lord ASHLEY, II 323, II 337 apprentices, 176; fiscalism, 162; SHANNON, H. A.: Coming of General putting-out system, maitres Limited Liability, 415*, 447· ouvriers and maitres marchands­ Shares: of fixed amount, 372 fabriquants,. 189; chief place Shares, trade in: Y. Bonds, trade in 'Within the French manufactures, Sheep-rearing: relation to com- 190. - england: fisealism in growing, 250, 272, II 44, II 104, industrial regulation, 255; silk II 149; export prohibition on the weaving as joint-stock company, products of, II 137 411 ; unemployment, II 122. - v, Sheffield: place of the gilds in the also Lyons administration, 237 Silver: superabundant silver produc­ Shipbuilding, II. 34 f., II 39 tion, II 177; mercantilist compu­ Shipping: of the state, 342 If.; ship­ tation of production costs and ping policy as part of the policy profit, II 193 f.; for industrial of power, II 34 f.; England, II uses, II 214; export prohibition 34-39, II 49 on, II 252-259.-v. also Precious Ships, equipment of: capital require­ metals ment, 403 f., 408 f. Silver and gold thread: in French Shoemakers: limitation of apprentice­ luxury industry, 190; in Necker's ship according tQ Elizabeth's Sta­ ordinance of 1779, 219; loss of tute of Artificers, 231, 236; gild gold through import, II 145; compUlsion, 234*; regard for connection IWith scarcity of money consumers' tastes, 266 f. ; in Cob­ 11 214 lenz, II 134; complaints about Silver fleets: Spanish, 343, II 175 dearness of goods, II 148.-v. also Silver plate: in the import to France, Leather industry 101; as leading to waste of ShrewsblHY, 302 "treasure", II 214 Shrouds: woollen, 265 SILVERSTOLPHE, c.: v, HOPKEN, A. J. Sicily, II 64 VON 404 INDEX

SIMONSPIBLD, H.: Der Fondaco dei II 106; laws against export of Tedeschi. 11 62*, II 141* wool "written in blood", II 137 f.; Simple association: v. Trading com- treatment of means of production panies under protectionism, II 146, II Sinzig: river tolls, 57 150; importance of consumption, Six corps des Marchands. lSI II 195 f.; misunderstanding of Six Edicts of Turgot, 1776: attempt effects of restricted quantity of .to abolish the gilds, 216 f.; certain money, II 256 f.; cosmopolitan crafts with persistent gild organ­ orientation, II 2S1 ; the "invisible ization, 216 f;; associations pro­ hand", II 31S, II 32l; sense of hibited, 217; free competition the human, II 323; integrity of carried through by force, 217.­ state's activity, II 327; friendli­ v. also TURGOT, and also Apothe­ ness towards workers, II 32S; caries, Barbers, Printers of books, motives for laissez-Iaire. II 329; Goldsmiths practical free trade policy, II 332; SKALWBIT, A.: Gustav v. Schmoller Wealth 01 Nations. 25, 29, 56*, und der Merkantilismus, 29*; Die . 202*, 241*, 300*, 323*, 374*, Getreidehandelspolitik u n d 406*, 415*, 42S*, 454*, II .16*, Kriegsmagazinverwaltung Bran­ II 24, II 94*, II 106*, II 113, II denburg-Preussens, 1740-1756, II 13S*, II 146*, II 150*, II 195*, 93*; Ditto, ditto, 1756-1806, II II 19S*, II 224*, II 256*, II 31S*, 93* II 329*, II 333*, II 356 SKEEL, c. A. T.: Bridgnorth Company SMITH, J.: Chronicon Rusticum-Com­ 01 Smiths. 309* merciale, or Memoirs 0/ Wool, II Slave trade, 345, 360: durability and 150* permanence of capital require­ SMITH, M. F. T. : Tijd-aDaires in ment, 406; with America, 433; eDecten aan de Amsterdamsche specially prized, II 300; struggle Beurs.373* of laissez-Iaire against, II 323 Smuggling, 344, II 175: of precious Sleeping partner, 33S . metals, II 254 Sloth:. v. Idleness Soap: Frencli manufactures, 190 ; SMALL, A. W.: The Cameralists. II 263 English company, 3J5 SMART, W.: Economic Annals 01 the Social policy: conservative achieve­ Nineteenth Century. 51*, 324*, ment, II 337; importance of the 465·, II 14S* worker and socialism, II 337 SMITH, ADAM, 25 f.: English toll unity Socialism, II 337 f. and French toll disintegration, Societas. 332, 350 55 f.; quality of suburban craft, Societe. 350: anonyme. 350 24.1; Law of Settlement, 300; Societes et bourses communes, 349 manipUlations of corn dealers, Society, conception of: mercantifist, 322; against the political func­ 2S, II 273-315; that of laissez­ tions of the companies, 452-455, laire. II 318 f. II 2S3 ; regulated companies, 374, Soda: transport costs in Germany, 60 3S0; unsuitability of the form of Sojourn, period of: strangers in the company, 414; policy of power, city, II 75 II 16, II 336, II 359; Navigation Soldiers: as craftsmen, 303 Acts, II 16, II 30 ; fishing II 16* ; Solidarity. system of: English form progress of wealth of different for meJ'cantiIism as a system nations, II 24 f. ; comparison with of protection, 226; basic concep­ later English mercantilists, II 359; tion, II 136, II 151 export premiums, II 94, II 114; SOMBART, W., II 184*: Der moderne laissez-Iaire policy re food-stuffs, Kapitalismus. 191*, II 24* 11262; INDEX 405 Krieg und Kapitaiismus, 191*; Spice trade: organization of the Luxus und Kapitalismus, 191*, Portuguese trade, 34l; of the 222; Deutsche Volkswirtschaft im Dutch trade, 360 ; Amsterdam Neunzehnten lahrhunder.t, 461* . and London the centres, 433 SOMERSET, Lord Protector, II 105 SPiceS, 93, 104, 108 Somersetshire: minutes of the J.P.s Spinning: household economy, 204; regarding industrial regulation, in the country for· purposes of 260 selling, 189; permitted in the Somers Islands (Bermudas): v. Trad­ neighbourhood of Amiens, 209 ing companies; England: Colon­ SPINOZA, B., II 277 ial companies Spirits, 347 ; sale to the Indians, II 303 Somme: river tolls, 82 Spitalfields Act (1772/3): v. Statutes Engli&h ' SOMMER, L.: Die osterreichischen Kameraiisten, II 263 SRAPFA, p. (ed.): The Works and Cor­ respondence of David Ricardo, SOMMEIlLAD. 111.: Rheinzolle im Mit­ telalter, 59*, 60; Binnenzolle, II 256, II 329* ; \0. RICARDO 59*, 66* SlUlIK, H. VON: Wilhelm von Schroder, II 263, II 284* . SOULT, N. I. DB D., II 99 Southampton, II 109 Staffocdshire, weights and measures, South France: toll disruption, 94 116 STAHL, I. P •• II Sout.b!Sea Bubble, 411, 445 If., II 231 334 South Sea Company: v. Trading Stamping of goods: in French system companies of industrial regulation, 163: with regard to rural industry, 207 f. South Sea trade, 348 STANGI!LAND, C. B. : Pre-malthusian Spain: French tolls in the export Doctrines of Population, II 158* thence, 97; organization of the STAPBL, P. W.: Aandelbewijzen der trade to the Indies, 343-345; O. I. Cie, 373* also. DAM, P. deterring examplo of the mercan­ .-v. VAN tilists, 344, II 254 ; national Staple, staple policy: general: mean­ shipping policy, II 35; Cosa de ing of the term, 129, II 57. - Contrataci6n, 344. II 70; policy Staple policy in contrast with pro­ of provision, II 90; popUlation vision and protection. p~liCY, conditions, II 159, II 302; wealth 433 f., II 57-79, II 92 f., II 140 f. of precious metals, II 175; out­ -Staple rights in municipal flow of these,· II 180, II 254; policy, 130; in territorial policy, French trade with. II 176*; tran­ J33 f.-Staple compulsion: Italy, sition to copper standard II 180' II 62-66; Germany, 60, 67 f., II death penalty for i~fringin~ 66 If. ; France, 102 (Lyons). II 69 ; export prohibition on precious Netherlands, II 69; England as metals, II 254; cause of its staple for Ireland. 54 (London) decline, II 159, II 302. II 314* for the trading companies, 433 f., SPANGENBERG, H.: Beiheft: Histori­ in the Old Colonial ~ystem, sche Zeitschrift XXIV, 131* 433 f., II 70 f.; Sweden and the Spanish trade: England's organization separation into staple and inland of the, 328. 378.-v. further cities, 135, II 68. - Weights of Trading companies: England staple cities, Sweden, 112 Speculation in shares: v. Shares, trade Staple Act (1663/4), II 41. - v. in further Statutes, English and SPI!DDING, I., V. BACON, FRANCIS Navigation Acts SPBYDI!L. 392 Star Chamber, 260, 267. 279 406 INDEX STARKEY, T.: Dialogue between Car­ ing to the clauses of the statute, dinal Pole and Thomas Lupset, II 230-232; according to the practice 108, II 123, II 154, II J57 f., II of English gilds, 235; gilds not 158*, II 194*, II 227, II 298*, II mentioned in, 233 308, II 310*, II 313, II 314* Statute of Employment (1390), II State administration: unsuitability : 141, II 297.-v. further Statutes, importance for the forms of English companies, 34J ; effectiveness, Statute of Labourers (1349 and II 326 1351), 141: causal connection State cre(fit: Unportance for tho with the Black Death, comparison development of forms of enter­ with contemporary French legis­ prise, 334 f.; stimulus for the lation, 227.-v. also Statutes, joint - stock companies, 41H., English 440-445; reaction, 446 f. Statute of Monopolies (1623/4): basis State enterprise: economic under­ of modem patent law, 285, takings, II 283 II 276; exception on account of State, interest of the: in place of defence preparations, II 33, interest in individuals, II 286; counterpart under Colbert, II 276. taken into account in reckoning -v. also Statutes, English penalties, II 297-302.-v. Raison Statutes at Large, 223*, 300-.-v. also d'etat Statutes, English State, theory of the: German, II 210 ; Statutes, English: comparison of mercantilism and 23 Hen. II (1176/7), "Great Roll laissez-laire, II 271 of the Pipe": export prohibition State trading: Portugal, 341 f. ; Spain, on com, II 90 343~ 345 ; France, 345-351 ; Great Winchester Assize (1203): Netherlands: touch of, 351 f., v. Winchester Assize, Great 355 If., 366; England: touch of, Magna Charta (1215): v. Magna 446-455 Charta Statics, 43; static conception of 27 Ed. I (1299):. export prohibi­ economic life, 43, II 24-27, tion on coins and precious II 285, II 315 metals, II 89 Statistics: lack of economic, II 181, Carta Mercatoria (1303): rights, II 345 f.; extension of scope of, and connections with, mer­ II 341 ; mercantilist attitude to, II chant strangers, II 84, II 98 343 f.; of Swedish population, 9 Ed. III st. 1 C. 1 (1335): freedom II 345f. of trade, 276, 277- Statute Law, 277: dualism between 18 Ed. III st. 2 c. 3 (1344): free­ this and Common Law, 322 dom of trade, 276, 277* . Statutem in lavorem principum, 62 23 Ed. III (Ordinance of Labour­ Statute of Apprenticeship (1563): v. ers, 1349): v. Ordinance of Statute of Artificers, Elizabethan, Labourers and Statutes, English 2S Ed. III cc. 1-7 (Statute of Statute of Artificers, Elizabethan, Labourers, 1351): v. Statute Statute of Apprentices or Statute of ·Labourers of Artificers (1563), 103, 227-232, 25 Ed. III st. 3 c. 2 (1351): free­ 473; universal labour obligation dom of trade, 277- the basis of the statute, 228; 34 Ed. III c. 20 (1360/1): export wage-fixing, 228 ; function of the prohibition on corn, II 88 J.P.s iii connection with, 228, 248; 2 Rich. iI st. I. C. I. (1378): free- conditions of recruitment, 229; . dom of trade, 277* - training of apprentices: accord- S Rich. II st. I. C. 3 (1381/2): INDEX 407 Statutes, English-continued Statutes, Englisb---Continued earliest English Naviga.tion 1 Rich. III c. 11 (1483/4): bow Act, II 36. staves in the impQrt of wine, 11 Rich. II c. 7 (1387): freedom 1132 of trade, 277, 277- 1 Hen. VII c. 8 (148516): Naviga­ 12 Rich. II cc. 3-10 (1388): tion Act, II 36 regard for agriculture, 227 12 Hen. VII c. 6 (1496/7): free­ 14 Rich. I c. 1 (1390): Statute of dom of trade, 277"'; Mer­ Employment, .. Balance of chant Adventurers, 377, 421, Bargains" : expox:t a pre­ 449 condition for import, II 141, 19 Hen. VII o. 7 (l503/4): gilds, II 297 235· 17 Rich. II c. 7 (1393/4): aboli­ 19 Hen. VII c. 18 (1503/4): river tion of the fixed export tolls, 48 prohibition on com, II 143 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 2 (1523):· 8 Hen. VI, c. 5 (1429): statute suburban industry, 241- concerning yarn, 269- 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 3 § 7 l5 Hen. VI c. 2 (1436/7): partial (1523): dyeing and finishing and arbitrary freedom of in rural areas, 239- com export, II 144 21 Hen. VIII c. 10 (1529/30): 20 Hen. VI c. 10 (1441/2): export prohibitions on Norfolk industry, 242- copper alloys, II 32, II 33· 23 Hen. VI c. 3 (1444/5): Nor­ 23 Hen. VIII c. 7 (1531/2): folk industry, 242- Navigati.on Act, II 36 33 Hen. VI c. 5 (1454/5): foreign 25 Hen. VIII c. J8 (1533/4): competition blamed for the regard for agriculture, 239· unemployment in the silk 33 Hen. VIII c. 7 (1541/2): ex­ industry, II 122 tension of the export prohibi­ 3 Ed. IV c. 2 (1463/4): import tion to copper alloys, II 32 prohibition on com in 33 Hen. VIII c. 16 (154112): certain circumstances, II 144 statute concerning yam, 269· 3 Ed. IV cc. 3 & 4 (1463/4): 33 Hen. VIII c. 33 0541/2): reasons for import prohibi­ Municipal tolls: Hull, 51 tion, II 122; on wool cards, II 148 34 & 35 Hen. VIII c, 10 (1542/3): 3 Ed. IV c. 5 (1463/4): against Coverlet Act: roral industry luxuries, II 110 243- 4 Ed. IV c. 8 (1464/5): 24-mile 37 Hen. VIII c. 9 (1545/6): territory of the corporations, maximum rate of interest, II 243- 288, II 289- 7 Ed. IV c. 1 (1467/8): Norfolk 1 Ed. VI c. 6 (1547): exceptional industry, 242- law for the wool trade, 269- 7 Ed. IV c. 3 (1467/8): export 2 & 3 Ed. VI c. 9 § 9 (1548/9): prohibition on yams, etc., II regard for consumers' tastes 122 in shoes, 267- 12 Ed. IV c. 2 (1472/3): bow 2 & 3 Ed. VI c. 9 § 17 (1548/9): staves in certain proportions control of the leather in­ for imported goods from dustry, 249· Venice, II 32 2 & 3 Ed. VI c. 11 § 4 (154819): 22 Ed. IV c. 3 (1482/3): reasons ibidem, 249- for import prohibitions, II 2 & 3 Ed. VI 0.19 (1548/9): 122 . ''Political Unt" for the * 408 INDEX Statutes, English---continued Statutes, English---continued revival, of fishing and ship­ modification for rural in­ ping, II 38, II 38 f. dustry, 239, 239* 2 & 3 Ed. VI c. 37 (1548/9): 5 Eliz. c. 4 (1562/3): Statute of copper alloys, II 33· Apprenticeship or Statute of 3 & 4 Ed. VI c. 2 (1549/50): Artificers: v. Statute of cloth industry, details, 263 f., Artificers, Elizabethan. 264· 5 Eliz. c. 5 (1562/3): Mainten­ 3 & 4 Ed. VI c. 20 §§ 4-10 ance of the Navy: Eliz­ (1549/50):- control by. I.P.s, abeth's most important 249· Navigation Act: §§ 11-14, 5 & 6 Ed. VI c. 6 (1551/2): 22-23: Political Lent, II 38; Aulnager, 256* ; cloth manu­ § 3: municipal tolls in Hull, factu.re, general, 264* 51· 5 & 6 Ed. VI c. 7 (1551/2): 5 Eliz. c. 8 (1562/3): leather wool trade, 268 industry, 264; § 14: gild 5 & 6 Ed. VI c. 14 (1551/2): compulsion for shoemakers, policy regarding food- 234; § § 14, 32, 33: surbur­ stuffs, 259, 260* ban industry, 241 5 & 6 Ed. VI c. 15 (1551/2): leather, 269* 5 Bliz. c. 12 (1562/3): policy 5 & 6 Ed. VI c. 20 (1551/2): regarding food-stuffs, 259, interest, II 288, II 289* 260* 5 & 6 Ed. VI c. 22 (1551/2): 8 Eliz. (1565/6): Russia Com­ against gig-mills, 264* pany, 375* 5 & 6 Ed. VI c. 23 (1551/2): 8 Eliz. c. 3 (1565 /6): prohibition feather beds, 264· on expOl't of live sheep, II 5 & 6 Ed. VI c. 24 (1551/2): 138 hostile to rural industry (hats 8 Bliz. c. 7 (1565/6): Welsh and coverlets), 239 f.· cloth,268· 7 Ed. VI c. 7 (1553): law con­ 8 Eliz. c. 11 (1565/6): § 3: cerning fuel, 269* surburban industry, 241*; 1 Mar. 'st. 2 c 11 § 6 (1553/4): § 5: apprenticeship limita­ regulation of caps, 265* tion, 236* 1 & 2 Phil & Mar. c. 5 (1554/S): 13 Eliz. c. 8 (1570/1): maximum export prohibition on food­ interest, II 288, II 289* stuffs, II 95 13 Eliz. c. J9 (1570/1): compul­ 2 & 3 Phil. & Mar. c. 11 sory wearing of woollen caps, (1555/6): Weavers' Act: 265,265* rural industry, 239* 13 Eliz. "c. 22" (1570/1): Bristol 2 & 3 Phil. & Mar. c. 12 trading company: privilege' (1555 /6): municipal supervi­ repeated, 417· sion over rural industry, 14 Eliz. c. 12 (1571/2): Welsh 243· cloth, 268* 2 & 3 Phil. & Mar. c. 13 18 Eliz. c. 16 (1575 /6): § 3: (1555/6): exceptional law regard for agriculture, 239* for Ithe wool trade, 269· 18 Eliz. c. 18 (1575/6): modifica­ 4 & 5 Pbil. & Mar. c. 5 (1557/8): tion for rural indus¢ry, 239, doth industry, 264*, 267*; 239* § 14 : testing in the towns, 23 Eliz. c. 7 (1580/1): Naviga­ 243·; § 21: regard for agri­ tion Act: need for sailors, culture, 239; §§21, 24, 25: 1136 INDEX Statutes, Eoglisb---continued I Statutes, Eoglisb---continued 23 Eliz. c. 8 (1580/1): wax and cation in the regulation of honey, 264- doth, 264- 23 Eliz. c. 9 (1580/1): dyeing 4 Jac. I c. 2 (1606/7): cloth law, 264- induslly, '264-; §§ 2 &; 12: 27Eliz. cc. 17 and 18 (1584/S): change in the length of the modification in system of cloth, 267- cloth regulation, 264- 4 Jac. I c. 9 (1606/7): Exeter 35 Eliz. c. 9 (1592/3): ibidem, excepted from the law of the 264- previous year regarding the 35 Eliz. c. 10 (1592/3): Devon­ trading company, 417, 4j7- shire cloth industry, 264- 7 Jac. I c. 14 (1609/10): 24-mi1e 39 Eliz. c. 3 (1596/7): Elizabeth's territory, 243- Poor Law: v. Poor Law: 21 lac. I c. 3 (1623/4): v. Statute Eogland of Monopolies 39 Eliz. c. 10 (1596/7): criticism 21 lac. I c. 9 (1623/4): Welsh and transitory abolition of cloth, 268- "Political Lent", n 38* 21 lac. I c. 18 (1623/4): HaIIam­ 39 Eliz. c. 14 0596/7): import shire iron manufacture, 242-; prohibition on wool cards, doth industry, 264- n 149- 21 Jac. I c. 28 (1623/4): § 3: 39 Eliz. c. 18 (1596/7): § 5: abolition of expon prohibi­ repeal of law f'Cgarding caps, tion on com, n 88; § 11: 265- law against rural industly 39 Eliz. c. 20 (1596/7): York­ repealed. 239, 239- shire doth industry, 264*; 2J Jac. I c. 31 (1623/4): § 6: § 9: regulation by J.P.s, limit to Dumber of ap­ 258*; § 11: testing in the prentices, position of sons of towns, 243- masters, 236- 43 FJiz. c. 2 (1600/01): n:newed Acts (1651) c. 22: Navigation form of the Poor Law, not Act of the Commonwealth: yet repealed, 232, 232- solemn formulation, II 36 43 Eliz. c. 10 (1600/01): § 3: 12 Car. II c. 16 (1660/1): soldiers testing in the towns, 243*; as practicers of crafts, 303, control by J.P.s, 264* 304- I Jac, I c. 6 (1603/4): §§ 5 &; 6: 12 Car. n c. 18 (1660/1): the minimum wages, 258*, 474 great Navigation Act: Adam 1 Jac. I c. J7 (1603/4): § 2: limit Smith's judgment, II 16; on number of apprentices, Child's, II 29; repetition of 236 ·the formulation in the 1651 Jac. I c. 22 (1603/4): gild Act, n 36 f.; Coke's criticism, compulsion for shoemakers, II 48 f.; fundamental to the 234-; leather industry, Old Colonial System, n 70; general, 264-; §§ 5 &; 6: §§ 18 &; 19: n 71- 269-; § 14: bark, 269- 12 Car. II c. 22 (1660/1): § 2: I Jac. I c. 24 0603/4): Naviga­ control of cloth industry, tion Act: need for sailcloth, 264-; by gild organization, n36 296-; § 2: testing in the 3 Jac. I c. 6 (1605/6): kading towns, 243- \ companies, 417 12 Car. II c. 32 (1660/1): export 3 Jac. I c. 17 (1605/6): modifi- prohibition on wool, n 138 410 INDEX Statutes, English-continued Statutes, English-continued 12 Car. II c. 34 (1660/1): 19 & 20 Car. II c. 11 (1667/8): Tobacco policy, II 293 § 3: limit to number of ap­ 13 & 14 Car. II c. 12 (1662/3): prentices, 236-, 304* Law of SettJement and Re­ 22 & 23 Car. II c. 8 (1670/1): moval: under that head cloth industry, general, 264*; 14 Car. II c. 2 (1662/3): regula­ control through gilds, 235·, tion of cab trade, 295* 29'6 14 Car. II c. 5 (1662/3): cloth 25 Car. II c. 7 (1673/4): § 1: - industry, -242*, 29'6, 2%*; export premiums on com, § 9: testing in the towns, II 94; § 8: Eastland Com­ 243*; § 17: 236* pany robbed of its Scandin­ 14 Car. II c. 7 (1662/3): prohibi­ avian monopoly, 375 tion of leather export, II 148; 30 Car. II c. 1 (1678/9): § 70: § 10: common nuisance, common nuisance, 295, 295* 295 30 Car. II c. 3 (1678/9): burial 14 Car. II c. 15 (1662/3): control in woollen shrouds, 265, of industry on the basis of the craft organizations, 297, 265* 32 Car. II c. 1 ( 1680/1): burial 297-; §§ 2, 9: silk throwers, 234*, 297, 297-, 204- in woollen shrouds, 265, 265* 14 Car. II c. 19 (166213): wool 1 Will. & Mar. c. 12 (1688/9): cards, II 148 Com Bounty Act: export 14 Car. II c. 24 (1662/3): exemp­ premiums on corn, II 94*, tion for company share­ II 230 holders from law of bank­ 1 Will. & Mar. c. 32 (1688/9): ruptcy,444 § 10: Merchant Adventurers' 14 Car. II c. 32 (1662/3): control monopoly repealed, 375, 423_ of industrial organizations: I Will. & Mar. c. 34 (1688/9): Yorkshire, 242-, 297; general, § 1: common nuisance, 295, 264- 295* 15 Car. II c. 7 (1663/4): Staple 5 & 6 Will. & Mar. c. 9 (1693/4): Act: § 1: import duties on repeal of § 25 of EIizabeth's com, II 94; § 3: domestic Statute of Artificers, 228*, corn trade facilitated, 321; 229 § 4: colonial law, II 41, II 5 & 6 Will. & Mar. c. 17 (1693/4): 41-, II 70; § 9: repealed abolition of import prohibi­ export prohibition on tion on iron, copper, and precious metals, II 254 bell metal, II 91* IS Car. II c. 15 (1663/4): linen 7 & 8 Will. III c. 20 (1695/6): industry, 304- §3: export prohibition on 18 & 19 Car. II c. 2 § 1 & c. 8 stocking frames, 265, 265- § 1 (1666/7): common nuis­ 8 & 9 Will. III cc. 20 & 32 ance, 295, 295- (1696/7): attempts to con­ 18 & 19 Car. II c. 4 (1666/7): trol speculation in shares, burial in woollen shrouds, 445 265,265- 9 & 10 Will. III c. 26 (1697/8): .18 & 19 Car. II c. 8 § 16 (1666/7): §§ 2, 7,16,17: Africa Com­ rebuilding of London, 304· pany, 406* 19 & 20/Car. II c. 10 (1667/8): 10 Will. III c. 2 (1697/8): stuff complaint against prohibition buttons, 265, 265* on export of leather, II 148 10 Will III c. J7 (1697/8): INDEX 411 Statutes, English-continued Statutes, English--continued soldiers as practicers of 9 Oeo. II c. 4 (1735/6): calico, crafts, 304- 175, 175- 11 & 12 Will. III c. 10 (1699/ U Oeo. II c. 28 (1737/8): 1700): calico, 175, 175- technical regulation, 298-: 3 & 4 Anne c. 9 (1704/5): Yorkshire cloth, 264-: § 3: eolonial law with the stamp control ,by I.P.s, 249-: of the Navigation Acts, II 37 change in the length of the 5 & 6 Anne c. JI (1706/7): Act cloth,267- of Union: v. under that head 20 Oeo. II c. 42 § 3 (1746/7): 7 Anne c. 13 (1708/9): for the Be11Wick-upon-Tweed, 54- technical regulation, 297* 22 Geo. II c. 27 (1748/9): 8 Anne c. 1J (1709/10): stuff ,against the workers' organiz­ buttons, 265- ations, 298, 298- 10 Anne c. 26 (1711/2): cloth 23 Oeo. II c. 13 (1749/50): industry, 265*: for the tech­ export prohibition on textile nical regulation, 298* machines and tools, II 148- 4 Oeo. I c. 27 (1717/8): stuff 23 Oeo. II c. 13 (1749/50): esp. buttons, 265- § 4: Africa Company, 375· 6 Oeo. I c. 18 (1719/20): Bubble 26 Oeo. II c. 18 (17S2J3): Levant Act: v. under that head Company, 428- 7 Oeo. I c. 7 (1720/J): §§ 10 & 29 Geo. II c. 30 (1755/6): against 11: calico, 175, 175* workers' organizations, 298, 7 Oeo. I c. 12 (1720/1): stuff 298- buttons, 265* -29 Oeo. II c. 33 (1755/6): 7 Oeo. I c. 13 (1720/1): against Il'egulation of wages by 1.P.s, the workers' organizations, 311 298*; London tailors, 312· 30 Oeo. II c. 12 (1756/7): against workers' organizations, 298, 8 Oeo. I c. 15 § 17 (1721/2): 298-; regulation of wages general freedom to export, by I.P.s, 311 91- 5 Geo. III c. 26, c. 30, c. 34, c. 39, 11 Oeo. I c. 24 (l724/5):tech- c.43 §§ JI-13 (1764/5): Isle mcal regulation, 298*; of Man, 54- Yorkshire cloth, 264-: S Oeo. III c. 51 (1764/5): control §§ 12-15: control by I.P.s, 249- ·by J.P.s, 249-: Yorkshire cloth, 264, 267*: technical 12 Oeo. I c. 34 (1725/6): against regulation, 298- the workers' organizations, 8 Oeo. III c. 17 (1767/8): against 298- workers' organizations, 298-; 120eo. 1 c. 35 (1725/6): IS-mile -wage fixing, 311 territory for municipal organ­ 12 Oeo. III c. 71 (1771/2): legis­ izations, 243- lation against engrossing 13 Oeo. I ce. 23 & 24 (1726/7): repealed, 321 f., 323- control by J .Ps, 249-; tech­ -13 Oeo. III c. 68 (1772/3): nical regulation, 264-. 298, Spitalfields Act : against 298- workers' organizations, 298-; 13 Oeo. I c. 24 (1726/7): 10- regulation of wages by 1.P.s, mile territory for municipal 3l! organizations, 243-; §4: con­ 14 Oeo. III c. 7J (1773/4): export trol of dyeing by industrial prohibition on textile mach­ orpnizations, 298- )pes and tools, II 148- 412 INDEX Statutes, English--continued Statutes, English-rontinued 17 Oeo. m c. 11 (1716/7): 9 &. 10 Vic. c. 17 §§ 1 &. 2 (1846): lechnical regulation of cloth Municipal Corporations Act, industry, 298· Scotland: v. under that head 21 Oeo m c. 67 (1780/1): 31 &. 32 Vic. c. 45 (1868): § 71: export'prohibition on means final abolition of Political of production in the iron Lent, II 38: v. also dcts and industry, II 148· Ordinances of the Inte"eg­ 39 &. 40 Oeo. m c. 66 (1800): num, Statutes at Large, lechnical regulation of bides, Statutes of the Realm 298· Statutes, French: 49 Oeo. III c. 10 § 2 (1808j9): Ordinance 1307, 138 winding-up of Elizabeth's 1351: ordonnance de 1351, Statute of Artificers, 228· 282· 53 Oeo. m c. 40 (1813): repeal 1539: ordonnance de Villers­ of wage clauses of the Cotterets Statute of Artificers, 228, Oild edict: 1581: v. Edicts 228·,464 1597: v. Edicts 54 Oeo. m c. 96 (1814): repeal 1673: v. Edicts of apprenticeship clauses, 1673: ordonnance de com­ 228,228·,464; § 4: 303· merce, 126, 350 3 Oeo. IV c. 41 (1822): § 2: Decrees regarding facili lations in repeal of Political Lent, II tlle gild system: 38; § 3: repeal of export 1754: for silk hosiery weav­ :hindrances, II 148· ing and the corn trade, 5 Oeo. IV c. 74 § 23 (1824): 215 weights and measures, 116· 1755: mobility, 215 6 Oeo. IV c. 107 (1825): ex­ .1758: wool trade, 215 port prohibitions on 1759: calico, 215 machinery abolished in prac­ 1762: rural industry, 2J4 tice, II 148· 1763: com trade, 215 3 &. 4 Will IV c. 52 (1833): 1765: rural industry, 214 abolition of prohibition on 1766: rural industry, 214 export of machinery com­ 1768: trade in hides, 215 pleted, II 148· Edict regarding the abolition of 5 &. 6 Will. IV. c. 27 (1835): the tolls, February 1716: v. technical regulation of the Turgot and Six edicts Irish linen industry, 298. Edict on the regulation of the 5 &. 6 Will. IV c. 63 § 6 (1835): gilds, August 1716: v. weights and measures, 116. Necker 5 &. 6 Will. IV c. 76 (1835): Decree concerning industrial con­ Municipal Corporations Act, trol, 1779: v. Necker.-9. England: v. under that head also Recueil general des 1 &. 2 Vic. c. 52 (1838): renewal anciennes lois frallfOises, of 5 &. 6 Will. IV. c. 27, 298. Edicts et ordonnances des Ii &. 7 Vic. c. 84 (1843): last Rays de France, Metiers el hindrances on export of corporations de la ville de machinery repealed, II l48. Paris. RecueiI des reglemens 7 &. 8 Vic. c. 24 (1844): freedom generaux et particuliers co,," from fines for forestalling cemanl les manufactures el and regrating, 323 fabriquel INDEX 413

Statutes of the Realm, 54*, 223*, 227*, STRAFFORD, Earl of, 262, II 41: 300*, 331*, 417"'.-v. also Stat­ Letters and Dispatches, II 41* utes, English STRALE, G. H.: Alingsas manufaktur­ Steam engines: in Le Creusot, 197 verk, II 148* Steiermark, 338 Strangers to the town: in the French STEIN, W.: Beitrage zur Geschichte des gild system, 148 ff.; in the English, deutschen Hanse, 327*, II 66*; 224, 305, 309.-v. also Merchant Die Hansestadte, 353* strangers, laws concerning STEINBERG, 392 Strassburg, II 56'" STEIN-HARDENBERG reform period: Stretching: of cloth: industrial regu­ Prussia, 462 lations in France, 162; in STEPHEN, Sir L.: The English Utili­ England, 251, 263 tarians, II 271 *, II 298, II 298* STRIEDER, J.: Studien zur Geschichte STERN, S.: Der preussische Staat und kapitalistischer Organisationsfor­ die Juden, II 307* men, 336*, 339*, 393* Sternberg, 58 STROWSKI, F., V. MONTAIGNE, M. Stettin, 75 Stuart absolutism: in English ad­ Steyr, company for the iron trade of: ministrative and industrial his- enterprise capital, 338, 369, 393, tory, 256 f.; anti-capitalist ten­ 400 dencies, 257-261; policy of wel­ STIEDA, w. : H ansisch-Venetianische fare the .. poor man's court ", Handelsbeziehungen, 335*; Sta­ 279f. pelrecht, II 66*; Zwangs-und Stuff buttons: v. Buttons Bannrechte, 459, II 133* Sturdy beggars: in Elizabeth's Poor STffiRNMAN, A. A. VON, v. Samling Law, 232 utaf K. Bref . . . Ang. Sweriges Subordinate companies: v. Trading Rikes Commerce, Politie och companies, English Oeconomie, 55* Sub:participants, 338, 359, 366 f., Stimulation: private economic in­ 394.-v. also Bewindhebber terests: advantage to the state Subsidy of Tunnage and Poundage, without compulsion, II 293-296, 54 II 300 f. "Subsistence", suitable, 43, 272-274, STIRLING, J.: Trade Unionism, II 328 II 25, II 44 Stock: v. Capital Suburbs: of Paris: mania for litiga­ Stockbrokers: limitation of number tion, 176 f.; suburban masters, of,445 147; suburban handicraft, com­ Stock exchange, 372 pared with rural industry, 206; Stockholm: monopoly of foreign England: suburban handicraft, trade, 135, II 68; conditions of 240f. barter in, II 353 f. Succession: perpetual and non- Stocking frame: v. knitting machines perpetual, 382, 395, 443, 448 Stockings: production of, 265 Suffolk: cloth industry, 24J Stock substitution, 44J Sugar: French duty on, 93 STOLZE, TH.: Entstehung des Sugar refineries: in the French Gasterechts, II 73* manufactures, 190 Stone-setters: in the goldsmiths' SULLY, M. DE B., II 253*, II 365 organization, 245 SUNDBARG, G., 202*, II 345 STOPPEUAR, J. H. DE: Balthasar de Supervisory conucil (Aufsichtsrat), Moucheron, 357*, 360* 372 Storkow,73 Surat, 405 STOURM, R. : Finances de rancien Surgeons: in POltiers: law-suit with regime et de la revolution, 85* the apotheCaries, 177 414 INDEX Surplus, considerations of: signifi­ custom, 307; London's tailors, cance, II 196 311 SUrplus: v. Plenty Tallies, II 234 SUVlRANTA, BR.! Theory of the Tallow: in exports from Cologne, Balance of Trade in England, II II 87; in the English system of 224-, II 266- solidarity, niSI Svenska riksradets protokoll, Ii 284-, TALLQVIST, 1. V.: Merkantilistiska II 296- banksedelteorier, n 265- Sweden: population under medieval Tangermiinde, 74 conditions, 4~; great toll unific­ Tanning: in French manufactures, ation, 55; licences, 67; weights 190; English influence, 196; gild and measures, 111 f., 118; in Chester maintained, 466 manipulation of measures under Tar: in the Swedish figures on the Gustav Vasa, 112; unification in policy of provision, n 84 the administration, 124; munici­ Tarif general des droits de so~ et pal policy in the control of the entrees, 102- state, 118; Stockholm's monopo­ TAIU.B, t.: L'industrie dans les cam­ listic position, division into staple pagnes d la (in de rancien regime, and inland cities, 134 f., II 68; 205- connection between the founding Taunton, n 156 of cities and country trading TAWNEY, Il. B.: The Assessment of under Gustavus Adolphus, 243; Wages, 223 f.-, 228, 250-, 258-; the council as a court, 278; The Agrarian Problem in the shipping and defence by sea, II Sixteenth Century, 300*; Religion 34, II 39; national considera­ and the Rise of Capitalism, tions in shipping, n 35; "helf­ n 130-, n 155-, II 287-, n 301-, rihef' and semi-freedom, n 35; II 314, n 323-.-v. also English produktplakat, n 35-; incalcul­ Economic History, Select Docu­ able factor re the blockade in the ments; Tudor Economic Docu­ Baltic, n 43 : com trade,· n 93: ments; wn.sON, TH. (Tawney's accumulation of treasure, n 210: Introduction, n 198-, n 244-, managed currency, n 257 : II 287.) seigniorage, n 257: luxury, n Taxation: aides as cause of disintegra­ 292: Civil .Service, II 326: tion, 94 f., 124: tax farming, population statistics, n 345 ; 124: Kontribution and Akzise, debasement of coinage in 124 : tax payment relation to 1592/93, II 353£.: causes of quantity of money, n 47 f., II 208, beggary in, II 355 n 220 Swiss Guard: chief receives payments Taxation: indirect: fiscalism as, 180 f. for masters' rights, 179 Taxis, post of, 34- Syllabus (in English) of the Docu­ Tearing: of defective products: ments Contained in the Collec­ French regulation of industry, tion Known as "RYMER'S 164,216 Foederrl', II 8J- Technical, not economic, interest, in System of power, 24 f., 28, n 13-49 French luxury industty, 190 Temple, Le: privileged territory, 140, Tabeller over Skibsfart og Yaretrans­ 147, 173 port gennem _resund, 355-, 430- TEMPLE, Sir wnLtAM: Observations Table de mer, 108 ' upon the United .Netherlands, Tailors: in Paris: lawsuit with 477, n 181- second-hand clothes dealers, 177; [TEMPLE, w.]:-An Essay 011 Trade and England: validity of ancient Commerce, n 168- INDEX- 415 Tenters, 263 Timber, sc:arc:ity of: France, 203; Territorialwirtschaft. 131- England, 203, II 39 Territories: German: compared with Tin, II 87, II 109 the North Italian, 39 f.; com­ Tobacco: French duty on, 93; pared with German cities; 40; tobacco growing, II 41; English toll rights an ingredient of terri­ t9bacco policy, II 292 f.; import­ torial power, 61; toll confusion, ance to Virginia and Somers 65-78 ; coinage rights, 120 f.; Islands, II 293; tobacco fields: coinage unity, 122 f.; disrupting destruction by military force, influence, 329 11300 Tewkesbury, 259 Token coins, II 223 Textbacher zu Studien aber Wirtschaft Toleration, II 302 f., II 304-307 und Staat, II 152* - TOUBy'S Case: v. Cases, English Textile company: maintained in Toll inspection, 74. Exeter, 466 Toll reforms: in the French Textile goods: French duty on, 90, National Constituent Assembly. 93: in the Discourse of the of 1790, 108, 458; German, 462 Common Weal, II 109.-v. Tolls: Part I, ch. 2, Part Ill, ch. 2 further Textile industry and 4: v. Contents.-Medieval Textile industry: regulations: France, tolls, 45; freeing of native citi­ 158-168; competition of Indian zens, II 77; fiscal policy, II 87. cotton goods, 172; centre of the -Frontier duties: Austria, 69 f.; Brandenburg-Prussia, 71 f., 74 f.; manufactures, 189 fl.; diligence Bavaria, 76 f.; France, 78, 89- for requirements of the masses, 109 ; England, 46 f.-Export 192, 204 f.; England: special duties (v. under that head): regulation according to Eliza­ Austria, 70; Brandenburg­ 'beth's Statute of Artificers, 231, Prussia. 71 f., 74 f.; Bavaria, 76 f.; small medieval capital require­ ,France, 92 fl., 102 f.-Import ment, 336; export prohibition duties (v. under that head): on .raw materials 'and semi­ Austria, 69 f.; Brandenburg­ manufactured goods, II 89,' II Prussia, '71 f., 74 f.; Bavaria, 11J; on finished products, II 89; 76 f.; France, 91£., 101£.­ textile industry and production of Municipal dues: England, 50f.; necessities contrasted, II 94 f. Germany, 70 f., 73; France -Y. also Luxury industry and (octrois), 87; pertaining to policy Cloth industry of provision, II 87.-Tolls of the Thalamus de Montpellier, Le petit, nobility: Germany, 69, 74 ; n 1:t4* French, '78 f., 83, 86.-River THOMAS, P. J.: Mercantilism and East to/1: (Y. under that bead).-Road India Trade, 175*, II 117*, tolls: (Y. under that head).-Tolls II 128*, II 136*, II 157*, II 183- of commercial policy: policy of THOMAS A BI!CEEITS fraternity, 420 provision, II 87; protectionism, Thrift: cause of unemployment, II 139-145, II 294fl.-Toll dis­ 11209 ruption: Part I, ch: 2: Y. Con­ Timber: in the English exports, II 89 tents.-Tolls in place of prohibl­ Timber planks: tolls: Germany, 68; tions, II 294 fl.-England. 46-56: river transport. 68 ; timber Isle of Man, 53 f., 54-, 467; supply: a privilege for collecting Scotland, 53 f.; Ireland, 54; fines on, 255 ; in 'Swedish colonies, 54 f.-Germany, 56-78: sta.tistics on the policy of provi­ Y. Contents.-France: Y. ditto, sion, II 84 and Douane, Droits, Foraine, 416 INDEX Haut-passage, Imposition foraine, Trading companies--continued Reve, Trepas de Loire,etc.-v. ENGLAND: distinct names for the also Protectionism, particular organizations, 382; seal, 382; counties, countries and goods licenses and permission ships, Tolls-thorough. 30 . 407 f.; local organizations con­ Tolls-traverse, 30 concerned in foreign trade, 416 Tonneau, 113 If.; succession, perpetual and Toul: tolls, 98 non-perpetual, 382, 395, 443, Toulouse: weights and measures, 114 448 Touraine: weights· and measures, 113 Africa Company (Guinea Com~ Tour de France: wanderings of pany): transformed into regu­ journeymen, 149 lated company, 375; sub­ Tournois Livre: in French coinage, participants, 394; originally 120 trading association, 395; form Tournon: non-existent judges of of organization discussed, 396; manufactures, 167 aristocratic, 398; medieval im­ Tours: in French coinage, 120 press: clauses regarding sons, Tracts on Poor Relief, Some Early, employees, and apprentices, 233· 398; soundness and perman­ Tracts, Select, and Table Books re­ ence of capital requirement, lating to Weights, 116· 406; difficulties, 413 f.; striving Trade: domestic, 214: insignificance after monopoly position, 433; in mercantilist ideology, II 193; Elizabeth's share in the profit, blessings of international trade, that of her successor, 438 f.; II 278-282; carried on best by political power, 451.--esp. the heterodox, II 304 Senegal Adventurers: provin­ Trade: meaning of, II 276 ~al participation, 432; Trade unions: in restraint of trade, Banks, 411, 423 f.; Million Bank, 282, 298 f.; comparison between 443; according to Adam Smith, the French and English stand­ 454; Bank of England, v. points, 11.167; attitude of laissez­ under that head; faire to the, II 329 Colonial Companies, 402 f.: sub­ Trading association: origin, 33Of.; ordinate companies, 402; Hansa, 329, 332 f., 388 If.; South Somers Islands (Bermudas), German commercial houses, 335 403; provincial nature, 432 f.; f., 338; Spain, 334; France, 349 f.; political authority, 451; v. Netherlands, 352, 359; England, further Virginia Company 388-392, 400, 445; co-partnership, below; 389 Drainage undertaking, 403; Trading companies: one man trade East India Company; v. East or not, 271 f.; England and the India Companies; Netherlands compared with Eastland Company: robbed of its France: cont>rast, 348, 439; Scandinavian monopoly, 328, agreement, 360; political func­ 375; charter, 383, 449; cessa­ tions, 341, 361, 451-455; Adam tion, 413; against monopoly, Smith's criticism, 452-454; jura 386; power against outside regalia, 450; from point of merchants, 423; York, 426, 430; view of shipping, II 35; staple Newcastle, 426; Hull, 426, policy, II 67 f.; loan of share 430; Ipswich, 430; no exclu­ capital to the state, II 234.-v. sive shipment via London, also Monopoly 427-431; significance of the INDEX 417

Trading compani~ontinued ! Trading companies-,continued state with regard to its exist­ ! Mines Royal, 383, 392: durability _ ence, 437 f. I of the enterprise capital, 401; Fishing companies, 391 f., 411; subordinate companies, 401; French trade: company for the, charter: reason for its corpora­ 379, 4J7; against monopoly, tive character, 443; for the 386; national character, 424; need for artillery, II 33; division among ports, 431; Mining enterprises. 383, 401, 41l. Guinea Company: v. Africa -v. further Mineral and :oat­ Company, above; tery Works as well as Mines Hudson Bay Company: aristo­ Royal, above; oratic, of advanced type, willh Muscovy Company: v. Russia medieval traditions, 398; Prince Company below; Rupert Ilhe first govenor, 398; Newfoundland Company, provin­ present to him, 439; durability cial character, 432; and permanence of capital re­ New Plymouth: (subsidiary) com­ quirements, 406; political pany.403; authority, 451; still main­ New River Company: durability tained, 466; of the enterprise capital, 401; Industrial companies. 401, 411; subsidiary company, 401 f.; Insurance enterprises, 357 f.: James I's share in, 438; development after 1688, 410; North-West Passage, Company according to Adam Smith, for the: Sir H. GiJ.bert, 395; 453 f.; lronmongers Company. 385, Russia Company: teansition to Levant Company: transition to regulated company, 375; regulated company, 374 f.·, charter, 383; numerus clausus 449, 474, prohibition for in­ 387; perpetual succession, 395; dividual trading, 379; against earliest of the companies, 396, monopoly, 364; numerus 432; durability of the enter­ clausus, 387; partnership, 388; prise capital, 40 1; trade in connection !With partnership shares, 413; shadow existence type, 394; limited in time, 395; in the eighteenth century, 414; equipment of ships, 409; con­ co-operation of the provincial tinuation after 1688, 394; cities, 432; still maintained, national by name, 424; purely 466; London company, 428, 434; South Sea Company, 335, II 231; shipping via London, 428; con­ connection with loan opera­ nection with East India tions of the state, 411, 440-446; Company, 395, 434; state's largest capital of all, 411; right of determination, 448; assisted by the Bubble Act. limited in time, 449; -445 f.; Merchant Adventurers: v. under Spanish trade: companies for, that head; 378, 417; national character, Merchants of the Staple: national 424; allocation among -ports, unification, 330; influence of 43J; special company for trade the state, 437; dissolved in 1928, to Andalusia, 328; 466; two-fold meaning of term Virginia Company: the first' "staple", U 58; (southern): creation of capital, Mineral and Battery Work, 383, 402; "the ordering of State 392; trade in shares, 410·, Affairs", 452; 411; wool cards, U 148; Virginia Comp'any: the second 418 INDEX Trading companie&-continued 67 f.-v. also River tolls, Road (northern), 391; provincial tolls, etc. - character, 432; Traverse et haut conduit. transit et Waterway enterprises. 401, 411; tonlieu. 108 according to Adam Smith, 454; Treasure, II 21, II 45 f., II 175 f., v. further New River Com­ II 188, II 196 ff.-d. Treasure, panyabove; accumulation of, Taxation FRANcE: utterances of fihe Savarys, T.reasure, accumulation of, II 209-- father and ,son, 350; licenses 216: war treasure, II 210 in French companies, 407; in Trepas de Loire, 95, 101, 104, 103, Colbert's budget, II 19 f.; 458; abolished, 108, 458 Africa Company (Guinea Com­ Trier, 58 pany),346 Trois-Eveches: tolls, 98; toU reforms, Baltic Sea Company (Compagnie 108 du Nord), 346, II 279 Trois memoires relatifs Ii fameliora­ Compagnie des fournissements de tion des manufactures de France. la marine. II 39 193* East India Company: v. East Troyes: weightS and measures, 114 India Companies; Troy weight: England, 116; still Levant Company. 346: in colon­ existing, 467 ization, 402; slave trade, 405; TRUDAINE, D.: work on French toll trade in skins. 405 f. reform, 107 Mississipi Company. 335, 440, Trust, 364 f., 440 f. II 231 Tudor Economic Documents, 223*, West India Company. 347 227*, 229*, 232*,240*, 247*, NETHERLANDS. 353-373 249*, 250*, 251*, 256*, 257*, Compagnie van Ve"e. 365; 269*, 270*, 273*,286*, 28S*, East India Company: v. East 293*, 425*, II 34*, II 44*, II 70*, India Companies; II 95*, II 106*, II 110*, II 117*, II 123*, II 159*, II 189*, II 194*, Baltic Sea Company: (Noordsche II 209*, II 226*, II 227*, II 239*, Company). 357, 367; II 245*, II 247, II 249*, II 277*, West India Company. 357, 367, II 279*, II 288*, II 305*, II 311*, 382; licenses, 407 II 314*. SwEDEN: General Trading or Tudor regime: anti-capitaIist ten­ South Sea Company, 371, dencies, 257 11279 TURENNE, H. DB L'A. D'A., II 19 Trading war, II 18 f., II 22f., II 25, TURGOT, A. R. 1.: radical attempts at II 27, II 182, II 281, II 316 f.­ ,reform as Minister of Finance: v. also War, Money war opposed to exercise of a craft as Traite: d'Arzac. 97, 100, 103, 108; a .royal right, 180; six edicts: de Charente. 108; de la prev6te; for the abolition of gilds, Febru­ de la Rochelle. 108; domaniale. ary 1776, 216 f.; certain crafts 91 f., 95, 104; 108; et imposition excepted, associations prohibited, par terre. 95, 104, 108 216 f.; free competition applied Transferability, 413 by force, 216; revolutionary Transfer in shares: v. Bonds, trade in tendency, 216 f., 458.-v. also Transport concerns: lack of, in the Statutes, French, and Six Edicts, Middle Ages, 226 f. Apothecaries, Barbers, Printers Transport costs: on land: England, of books, Goldsmiths. 48; ,by waterway: France, 80 f., Turnpike: roads, 49; trusts, 49 85, 86 f., 106; Germany, 59 f., Turnpike toll charges. 47, 49 INDEX 419 Uckermark, 75 discussion' on interest, II 200 f., Unemployment: unemployment in­ II 28611'.-v. further Interest surance, 450; motives behind Utilitarianism, 469. II 271, II 298 protectionism, . II 121, II 123; Utopia: v. MORE, Sir·T. connection with closing down of Utrecht, Treaty of, 1713: English the monasteries, II 121; ;with fear of French competition, 196 f. emigration, II 124; with increase I in population, II 163 ; surplus of Vagrancy: in Elizabeth's Poor Laiw, goods, II 179; thrift, II 208 f. ; 232 ; function of J.P.s, 250; farm­ Lord Keynes on, II 355-8 ; before ing of this function, 255 fJ; appli­ Industrial Revolution, II 356 cation and ell'ects of regulation, Uniformity: industrial regulation in 258; more intense measures France, 157 under Law of Settlement, 298 f. ; Union, Act of: v. Act of Union picturesque exceptions, 465 ; Unit of coinage, metallic, II 245, organized for the wealth of the II 258 f.-v. also Bimetallism country, II 297 f. Unity, system of, 2211'., 24, 28, 33- Valence: douane de, 10011'., lOS, 108, 472 (v. Contents Par,t n, II 273 458 Universalism, 2111'., 3311'., II 13 Valenciennes, 86 Universal monarchy, 21, 33, II 19 VALENTIN, B.: /udarnas historia UNWIN, G.: Industrial Organization in . Sverige, II 3OS* the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Value, theory of: canonical, II 278 Centuries, 172*, 223*, 240*, 243*, VANDAL, A.: L'avenement de Bona- 245*, 268*, 269*, 294*, 296*; parte, 456 Gads and Companies 0/ London, VAN DAM: v. DAM, VAN 223*, 236*, 241*, 243*, 245*, VAN ROBAIS: V. ROBAIS, VAN 296*, 303*, 466*; Studies in VAUBAN, S. I.E P., 125, II 264 Economic History, 223*, 240*, 'VAUCANSON, 154 242*, 244*, 268*, 297*, 387*, VAUGHAN, R.: Discourse 0/ Coin and 391*, 425*; The Merchant Coinage, II 247 Adventurers Company in the VAUZEU.ES,80* Reign of Elizabeth (in prevo Velay: tolls, 105 work), 374*.-v. also Finance Veldenz: letter of the Count of the and Trade under Edward III Palatinate, Hans Georg, 64 Ulneger: v. Aulnager Velocity of circulation of money, ULSTATT,392,393* 11225 United Nations, 34 Venaissin, tolls, 99 f. Upholstery, 292f. ("like Aesop's VENDRAMINO, II 180· bird"), 313 Venice, 39 f.; Hanseatic business, Upper Palatinate, 338 335 ; galley voyages, 343, II 108, Urkunden zur stiidtischen Verfas­ II 140 f.; English bow staves, sungsgeschichte, II 56*, II 67*, II 32 ; passive trade, II 61 ; staple II 134* policy, II 62-65; tights of mer­ Use and Abuses of Money, II 47, chant strangers, II 74; salt works; II 229 f., 11260 fiscalism and shipping policy, II USHER, A. P.: History 0/ the Grain 140; export as condition of im­ Trade in,France, II 81* port: treaty with Ancona, II 140; USSELlNX, W., 371 free export of precious metals, Usury: in English industrial regula­ II 253* tion, 249, 269; application and Verdun: tolls,98 result. 258, 260 t. II 45 f .• in the Verlag in German and Swedish 420 INDEX mining, 337. v. also Putting-out Wage level: importance of stock of system gold for, II 230 Verona, II 140 Wage policy: v. Wages Victoria County History: Lancasier, Wages: level according to protection­ 194*; Worcestershire, 300* ism, II 153-172; in usual mer­ Vienna: staple compulsion II 67; cantiIist view, II, 188 f.; connec­ laws concerning merchant stran­ tion with stock of money, gers, II 75, II 78 II 229 f.--v. further High wages, Vienne: douane de Valence, 101 "economy of -"; Low wages, "Viewing": of cloth: French system "economy of-" of industrial regulation, 166 WAGNER, D.O.: Economic History VILLBNEUVE, Marquis DB: freedom Review VI & VII, 1935-36, of trade, II 275 1937; 224*, 283*, 467· Villes: de 10i,l44; juries, 144, .147 Wales: tolls, 53 VINER, J.: Theories 0/ Foreign Trade wAUJ!R, A. R., V. BOBBES, Leviathan before Adam Smith, II 184*, II W ALPOLB, Sir R., 446 209*, II 237*, II 251*, II 265 f.; WALSINGBAM, Sir P., II 37 Power versus Plenty as Objectives WARGENTIN, P., II 345 of Foreign Policy in the 17th and War, II 17 if., II 99, 11177: conditions 18th Centuries, 25, II 13*, II 20, during modem, 322; precious II 28 f., II 359 if., II 363 if. ; metals, II 182; within the coun­ Economic History Review VI: try: advantages of, II 190 f.--v. II 258·, II 368 Trading War, Money War Vintners of England, II 85, II 98 War fleets: mercantilist attitude Virginia Company: first and second: towards their strength, II 34-40; v. Trading companies English: manning through force­ Visiting: system of: !llodification in ful recruitment of sailors, II 300. control of rural industry in -v. also Defence, Shipping Gevaudan, 209 f. War treasure, II 189 ; in kind, II 189 ; Vivarais: tolls, 99, 104 of the different countries, II 210; VIVIER. R.: La grande ordonnance de attitude of the mercantilists, II tevrier 1351. 138* 209-213 vOGBL, w.: Geschichte der deutschen Wardens, of gilds: France: fiscalism, SeeschiOahrt. 60, 353*, II 133*; 151, 180, 182; as controllers in Hansische Geschichtsbliitter. 60· the cloth factories in Amiens, V oor-compagnieiin. 356 f., 359 f., 366, J62 f.; painter wardens contra 369 f.-v. also East India Com­ artists, innkeeper wardens contra panies, Dutch outside innkeeper, 177; election Voyages of discovery: precious regulations in the IS81 edict, metals, II 175 206 f.; wardens more important than masters, 208; control over WADSWORm, A. P., and MANN, J. DB L: rural industry, 208 The Cotton Trade and Industrial Watch chains: French manufacture Lancashire, 172·, 175*, 193·, of: English influence, 196 20.1·, 300·, 3J7* Water law: codification of French WAGANOR'S Case: v. Cases, English laws, 126 Wage fixing: in Elizabeth's Statute of WAmRMAN, B., V. GILBOY Artificers, 228 f., 235; J.P.s func­ Watermen's Company, 466 tion, 228 f., 250, 25Z. 473 f. ; Waterway undertakings: v. Trading charter for control of wage-fixing companies in the cloth industry, 255 ; appli­ WATJEN. B.: Die Niederliinder im cation and eifects, 258 Mittelmeergebiet. 355· : Das INDEX 421 ludentum und die Anfange der feudal disintegration persisting, modernen Kolonisation, II 307* 467.-Germany, 111,118; Baden, Wax: French duty on, 93; in English 118. - Sweden, 111 ff., 118: industrial regulations, 264 ; weights of staple cities, inland medieval toll conditions in cities, copper and pig iron, 112.; Cologne, II 87 ; in Berwick, II 87 Gustav Vasa, 112; Charles IX, Wealth: centre of interest of mercan­ 118; Age of Liberty, 118 tilist and laissez-faire, 25 ; WEILAND, L. : v. Alonumenta Ger­ synonymous with money, II .186, maniae historica II 201; wealth and capital, II Welfare, policy of: Stuart, 258, 294; 207; "flux of wealth", II 209; economic, II 22 "artificial wealth", II 236; List's Well-being, II 16,11 22; in Wealth of thesis, II 335 Nations, II 24 f. ;of different Wealth of Nations: v. Adam Smith countries: comparison and test, Weavers' Act (1555/6): v. Statutes, 11315 English WELLS, H. 0.: Alr. Britling Sees it' Weaving: v. Spinning Through, 468 WEBB, S. and B.: English Local Gov­ WELSER, 336, 345 ernment: The Parish and the WENDT, B. : Det svenska licent­ County, 223*, 247*, 256*, 295*, viisendet i Preussen, 68· 312*, The Alanor and the Weser: river tolls, 58, 463 Borough, 51*, 54*, 224*, 236*, West Indian Company: v. Trading 237*,244*,295*,297,301*,303*, companies 309*,310*; Statutory Authorities Westphalia: aBsence of .the Bann­ for Special Purposes, 48*, 50*, meile, 463 256*, Story of the King's High­ West Riding: v. Yorkshire way, 48*, 49* ; English Poor Law WE1ZEL, B.: Zollrecht der deutschen History, 223*, 231*, 248*, 252*, Konige, 62* 256*, 300*, II 121*, II 163*, II Weymouth, 430 298*.-History of Trade Union­ Whale: fishing: organization: Dutch, ism, 282* ; Industrial Democracy, 357 II 328* ; Asni.e of Bread, 116* WHBAn.BY, H. B.: v. PBPYS, Diary wEBER, H.: La compagnie francaise des Indes, 348* WHEELER, 1.: Treatise of Commerce, 270·, 423*, 427*, 428*, 429·, II WEBEIl: MAX: Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapital­ 62*, II 95*, II 100·, II .131*f. ismus, II 154 White Sea, trade with the: in Dutch WEaB, B.: Die Zanfte als Trager organization, 354 wirtscha/tlicher Kollektivmass­ Wholesale trade: determination of its nahmen, 385· free position in France, 211 f. * Weights and measures: ·in general: WIESELGREN, 0.: "Om Yppighets medieval confusion, 40; local nyttti', II 292* measures, 111 f.; increasing meas­ WU-BBRFORCB, W., II 323 ure, 112; work of unification, WILD, K.: Staat und Wirtschaft in den 111-118, 458.-France, Iliff., Bistumern Wardurg und Bam­ 117: specification for local differ­ berg, 76* ences, 113 .t.; Philip V, 116; WILKINSON, I., 197 Francis I, 117; Louis XIV, waLIAMSON, o. c.: Curious Survivals, lJ7; unification, 458 f.-England, 467· 116 f.: Edgar's Law, 114; Magna WILLISTON, S.: History of the Law 0/ Charta, 115; variations, 115 f. ; Business Corporations, 382·, in industrial regulation, 248; 398*,444* 422 INDEX

WILLSON, B.: The Great Company, Woollen industry: v. in general Cloth 406*, 439*, 451* industry WILSON, C.: Economic History Review, Wool trade: freedom in France, 215; II (1949), IV (1951), II 249* in English system Of industrial wnsON, T.: Discourse upon Usury, regulation, 249, 268 f.; Mer­ 250*, 379*, II 198*, II 245, II 247, chants of the Staple, 330; 'Wool II 287*; Tawney's Introduction, packers, 292; wool combers, 314; II 247, II 287* relation to laws concerning WlNCBCOMB, J.: II 156; 'The Pleasant strangers, II 75 History of, II .157* Worcester, 323 Winchester: Winchester bushel, 116; WORCESTER, Marquis of: A Century Winton (=Winchester) v. Wilks, of the Names and Scantlings of 285, 291, 307, 309 Such Inventions, etc., II 127, Winchester Assize of Customs, Great II 127* (1203): independent national Workers: versus employers: struggle duties, 52; export prohibition, in Rouen, 211 ; interference with II 90 workers' organization, 298 f., Wine: tolls: Germany, 60, 68; 298* ; mobility, attempts to bring France, 90, 91, 96, 104; England, about higher wages, 303; function Il 88; French toll reforms, 108; in mercantilist society, II 188 f. ; measures: local measures, Ill; attitude of iaissn-faire towards. English, 115; English import II 328 f. of: linked together with bow Workhouse: French large-scale indus­ staves, II 32; export licenses, try, 184, 187 f. ; English system of II 82f. industrial regulation, 233, 258; Wisma.r: ancien regime, 463 Becher's project. II 298; Ben­ tham's ditto, II 298; unemploy­ Withernam, 467 ment problem, II 162 WITT, JAN DB, 214 World War I: universal obligation to Wittenberge, 74 work in Germany, 228; gold Woad: French duty on, 91 ; English, reserves and their pointlessness, II 87 ; French protective measure, II 29, II 215 ; policy of provision, II 148 II 80·, II 84, II 93, II loo f., WOLF, A., and ZWlBDINBCK-SiiDBN­ II 117; system of compensations, HORST, H. VON: tisterreich unter II 141; monetary notion, II 177, Maria Theresia, Joseph II., und II 202, II 331; fIl()netary reserves, Leopold, 70* II 210; conception .of foreign WOOD, A. c.: History of the Levant exchanges, II 249*; restricted Co., 374·, 375*, 389*, 436*, 474 minting of gold in Sweden, II 257; WOOD, W.: Survey of Trade, II 162*

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