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The Eastland Company in Prussia, 1579-1585 Author(S): Adam Szelagowski and N

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The Eastland Company in Prussia, 1579-1585 Author(S): Adam Szelagowski and N The Eastland Company in Prussia, 1579-1585 Author(s): Adam Szelagowski and N. S. B. Gras Source: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 6 (1912), pp. 163-184 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3678245 Accessed: 27-06-2016 07:37 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press, Royal Historical Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the Royal Historical Society This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 07:37:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE EASTLAND COMPANY IN PRUSSIA, 1579-1585 By Professor ADAM SZELAGOWSKI and N. S. B. GRAS, Ph.D. (Harvard). Read December 21, 1911 VERY little is known about the early history of English mercantile venture into the far Eastland. Although some ambitious traders from this island steered their course through the Sound in the fourteenth century, or earlier, and in the fifteenth century seem to have aspired to some degree of common action, it remains true that, previous to the foundation of the Eastland Company in 1579, there was no important body of English merchants organised to trade in the Baltic. It is intended here to focus attention upon the early struggles of this company in Prussia, and particularly in the town of Elbing, where was carried on a contest similar to that maintained in the West by the Merchant Adventurers. Elbing, situated at the mouth of the Vistula, was, in the second half of the sixteenth century, but a shadow of its former greatness, and its citizens recalled with regret the time when their trade had equalled that of Dantzic. Elbing, like Bruges a century earlier, saw itself threatened by a change in the channel of the river--a change which had already spelt partial decay and might mean total ruin. But, enemy though Nature seemed, she was not more patently adverse to the fortunes of Elbing than the neighbouring Dantzic. In this unequal contest with an overshadowing rival, Elbing saw in the king of Poland an ally as willing as able; for the Polish crown had found the proud and arbitrary republic of Dantzic traders little M2 This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 07:37:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 164 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY inclined to serve its ends or to bow to its will. As an earnest of support, both Sigismund Augustus and Stephen Bathory published edicts, by which they sought to raise Elbing from a state of decay. The latter, shortly after his election, went so far as to invite foreign merchants to choose their homes and set up their warehouses in Elbing.' When, therefore, at a later date, during its quarrel with Dantzic, Elbing maintained that the idea of the establish- ment of the English company within its walls really emanated from the Polish king, there was much force in the contention. During the rebellion of Dantzic in 1577, Stephen Bathory ordered his secretary, Peter Kloczewski, to take the measure- ment of the gulf of Svieza. The king's project was, if possible, to restore the port of Elbing.2 But the citizens of Dantzic, seeing in this a supreme danger, conceived the idea of preventing it for ever by blocking up the entrance to the gulf. They held their hand only through the fear that such a step would injure Kd*nigsberg, and decided that it would be safer to destroy the entrance of the little Elbing river. This attempt of Dantzic on Elbing cost the Elbingers more than sixty ships and about Ioo,ooo florins.s Elbing was to be more successful in another direction. As early as the latter half of 1578, and in the first months of 1579, it began to negotiate with English merchants with a view to their settlement within its borders. And at about this time, the magistrates of Dantzic complained that Elbing took the liberty of granting freedom of trade to foreign merchants, which in its eyes was not only a detriment to Elbingers themselves, and contrary to Prussian rights, but quite contrary to the rules and the spirit of the Hanseatic Union.4 But no matter what the ostensible motives were there can be no doubt that the 'Pearl of Poland' kept W. Behring, Beitrdge zur Geschichte Elbings (1900oo), 4. 2 Behring, 6. 3 Behring, Ix. 4 Royal Archives, Dantzic: A cta Hanseatica, zo8, This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 07:37:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE EASTLAND COMPANY IN PRUSSIA 165 always in mind the undoubted loss which would ensue from the establishment of an English staple in a near-by town. For up to this time, English merchants trading in the Baltic had made Dantzic their headquarters, though, so far as is known, they had not organised as a trading company. Elbing, then, in bidding for the English trade, was threatening the coffers of Dantzic and the purses of its citizens. It is an interesting coincidence that at this very time, the ten years period 1 of settlement of the Merchant Adven- turers at Hamburg was elapsing. Hamburg had been the first Hanseatic town to withdraw from the general practice of excluding foreign merchants from the greater part of local trade. There was then a natural fear in the minds of the magistrates of Dantzic that Elbing, like Hamburg, being governed by the calculation of its own interests, would follow this example and admit the English merchants who were clamouring for a foothold in the Baltic. The line of cleavage between the rival towns was deeper now than even before. Dantzic could reckon on the support of a large part of the Hanse against the English-- the common foe of the league. Elbing turned instinctively to Poland and hoisted the banner of national rights, which gave to the Prussian towns, as well as to the nobility, the freedom of concluding commercial treaties with other maritime nations, subject to the consent of the king and the estates of the realm. True to its international, and even anti-national, position, Dantzic took the obvious course of enlisting foreign allies. Denmark had been her friend, and to Denmark Dantzic now turned. Mathias M611er was sent to point out the losses and injuries which would inevitably ensue to the Baltic towns, if English monopolists, as they were called, were suffered to gain a footing in Elbing. Frederic II of Denmark, however, was too prudent to pick a quarrel with 1 1567-77; actually terminating in 1578. This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 07:37:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms i66 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY England and Poland at one and the same time. So his answer was a curt refusal. As yet, he saw no signs that the commercial enterprises of the English would damage, in any way, either himself or his subjects. If in the future he should see that his tolls were injured, then he would take the necessary steps to protect his interests. Besides, it might be expected that the attempt of the English merchants to find a staple in the Baltic would, as heretofore, end in failure. While in this frame of mind, Frederic could not be induced even to send a letter to Queen Elizabeth on the subject.1 It was in November of the year 1579, about three months after the grant of a charter by Elizabeth, that the following English merchants arrived in Elbing: George Rucks, Robert Walton, Matthew Gray, Thomas Gorney, and John Bricks. They lost no time in declaring to the magis- tracy of Elbing, in the name of the newly chartered company, that with the assurances of the goodwill of the town, they would bring in their wares.2 They were at once welcomed to Elbing; and, practically, from this time dates the staple of the Eastland Company at Elbing, though some time was to elapse before final terms were reached between the company and the Elbingers, and before the king gave his sanction to the pact. A working agreement seems soon to have been reached. The English stipulated that they should be guaranteed freedom of trade and navigation, and exemption from new tolls, and they reserved to them- selves the right of withdrawing from the town in case of oppressive measures injurious to their liberty or their trade. To all these conditions Elbing agreed, with the reservation of the dues at the mouth of the river, which it shared conjointly with Kdnigsberg.3 In focusing attention upon the actual events taking place at Elbing, we should not forget the larger arena of I Hanseatica, lo8. 2 Cf. Record Office, State Papers, Foreign, Poland, i. 4. " Kiln. Inv., ii. p. 617. This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 07:37:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE EASTLAND COMPANY IN PRUSSIA 167 struggle, for this was a contest in which a great part of western Europe was to be involved, and in which at this time there were two storm-centres other than Elbing- England itself and Hamburg.
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