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Enterprising Empires Matthew P. Romaniello Index More Information Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49757-2 — Enterprising Empires Matthew P. Romaniello Index More Information Index Abbas II, Shah of Iran, 30–1 Appelbaum, Richard, 8 Academy of Sciences, 101, 220, 222–3, Apraksin, Stepan Fedorovich, 161, 164 226–7 Arapov, Semen, 131, 150, 156 Act of Union, 96. See also Great Britain Arkhangel’sk, 3, 7, 22, 25–7, 31, 33–4, Acts of Navigation, 13, 40–3, 45, 47, 49, 38–9, 41–2, 49, 58, 65, 72, 78, 80, 58, 60, 71, 82, 88, 93, 108, 120, 86–7, 90–1, 93, 95, 145, 178, 184–6, 132–3, 135, 137, 175, 179, 197, 260. 191, 205, 219, 221, 232, 240–1, 249 See also Navigation Act of 1651, 1660, Armed Neutrality, 12, 201–2, 204–5, and 1663; regulations 207–9, 230. See also American Adams, John Quincy, 241 Revolution Admiralty (Britain), 237–8. See also navy Armenian Company, 62, 87, 131, 133. Admiralty (Russia), 129, 225. See also navy See also Armenians Afinogenov, Gregory, 229 Armenians, 62, 95, 98, 106, 119, 130, 133, Agryzhans, 151 135–40, 144, 147, 149, 151, 173, 177, alcohol, 87, 97–8, 215, 218, 244, 252. 183, 189, 232. See also Armenian See also taverns, wine Company, Persian Company Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia, 29, asbestos, 100 31, 38, 42–3, 46 Aster, John Jacob, 252 Aleutian Islands, 188, 224–7, 255. See also Astrabad, 121 Kodiak, Sitka, Unalaska islands Astrakhan, 23, 30, 33–5, 63, 76, 82, 99, Algarotti, Francesco, 158–9 119, 132, 136–7, 145, 152, 154, 158, Alta California, 9, 212–13, 236–7, 243–4, 177, 183–4, 198, 200, 232, 257. 250, 252 See also Caspian Sea, quarantine America. See United States of America customs, 35, 62, 75, 107, 129–30, 148, American Revolution, 9, 12, 17–18, 162, 185–6, 189 204–8, 213, 245. See also Armed officials, 24, 31, 36, 130–1, 140, 147, Neutrality 157, 185, 189 Amsterdam, 97, 125, 141, 146, 187, 194, Atlantic Ocean, 2, 17, 45, 109, 162, 193, 214 199–200, 205, 208, 213–14, 244–5, Amur River, 63, 223–5, 227–8, 248, 255–6 252, 256. See also tobacco crisis Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1716, auctions. See braak 92–5, 117, 258 Austria, 111, 160, 167–8 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734, Avril, Philippe, 63 1, 95, 107, 117–22, 169, 197, 258 Aytoun, Andrew, 97 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1766, Aytoun, David, 96 163, 180–3, 191, 220, 258 Azeris, 130 Anglo-Russian War of 1807–1812, 18, 238, 241, 245 backwardness, 3, 10. See also modernization Anna Ivanovna, Empress of Russia, 112, Baku, 121, 137 114, 117, 120, 125, 127, 144, 256 balance of trade, 3, 5, 22, 73, 115, 158–9, Anne, Queen of Britain, 76, 78–9, 85 169, 220–1, 259 282 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49757-2 — Enterprising Empires Matthew P. Romaniello Index More Information Index 283 Baltic Sea. See Danzig, Konigsberg, Narva, Bukhara, 36, 137, 144, 257 Pernau, piracy, Reval, Riga, St. Bukharans, 34, 75, 127, 139–40, 151, 200 Petersburg, Sound Toll, Stockholm, Vyborg Cabinet of Ministers, 117, 127 bankruptcy, 132, 212. See also credit Cabot, John, 21 bans, 103, 190. See also prohibitions, calicoes, 110, 133. See also textiles embargoes Canada, 198 Baranov, Aleksandr, 234–7, 250–2 Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge, 2 Barratt, Glynn, 188, 203 Canton, 102. See also Guangzhou Bashkirs, 200 capitalism, 13. See also modernization Bechevin, Ivan, 188 cardamom, 86 beef, 177–8 Caribbean, 192, 196, 218, 231, 239 Beerbühl, Magrit Schulte, 8 Carmichael, John, 161, 164 Beijing, 57, 64, 100–1, 108, 124, 126, 128, cartography, 1–2, 11, 106, 132, 134, 159, 223, 262 156 Bell, John, 11, 15, 56–7, 92, 98–102, 115, Caspian Sea, 13, 23, 30, 35, 62–3, 87, 159 98, 107, 129, 132, 137, 140, 147, Bentham, Jeremy, 223–5 150, 152, 155, 157, 159, 184, 186, Bentham, Samuel, 18, 222–5, 227–30, 262 203, 232, 234. See also Astrakhan, Bering, Vitus, 129, 188 Gilan Berkeley, William, 45 Catherine, Empress of Russia, 17, 162–3, Bessarabia, 198 168, 172, 176–7, 179, 183, 188–9, Bestuzhev, Aleksei Petrovich, 103–4, 192, 201, 204–5, 208, 219–20, 222, 147–8, 154, 161, 165–6, 168–9, 171–2, 262 174 Caucasus, 29, 121, 257 Billings, Joseph, 11, 18, 203–4, 224–30, Cayley, John, 226 262 Central Asia, 2, 5, 32, 34, 44, 62, 125, 137, Biron, Ernst Johann, 118 144, 154, 157, 178, 184, 215, 232, Black Sea, 189, 192, 198–200, 203, 208, 260. See also Bukhara, Fergana Valley, 214, 232, 234, 239 Khiva Blathwayt, William, 67 Chancellor, Richard, 21 Board of Trade and Plantations, 48–9, Chantreau, Pierre-Nicolas, 216 51–3, 59–61, 64–71, 74, 77, 79, Charles I, King of England, 28, 36–7, 66 89–91, 93–4, 109–12, 117, 119–20, Charles II, King of England, 37, 39, 45, 47, 123, 135, 142–5, 174–5, 177, 180, 50 202, 216–19, 221, 230, 259. See also Cherepanov, Stepan, 188 Acts of Navigation, companies, Cherkasov, Fedor Lvovich, 152 Council of Trade, Council of Foreign Cherkasskii, Aleksei Mikhailovich, 113 Plantations cherries, 86 Bologna, 214 China, 13, 16, 20, 23, 32, 34, 44, 56, 62–4, Bonaparte, Napoleon, 238, 244–6, 253 75, 97–102, 104, 108, 125–9, 151, Bordeaux, 94, 206 159, 163, 175, 179, 186, 190, 197, Boston traders, 236, 242, 245, 252 203, 211, 214–15, 222–5, 227–30, Boterbloem, Kees, 48 232, 234, 237, 248, 251, 253, 262. braak, 90, 93–4 See also embargoes, Kiakhta, rhubarb, Bradshaw, Richard, 39–40 tea Brand, Adam, 64 chocolate, 179, 215, 241, 244, 247, 249 bribery, 31, 113, 123, 126, 160–1, 164, cinnamon, 86 168, 172, 183, 186. See also corruption circumnavigation, 213, 235, 250. See also Bristol, 21 Adam Johann Ritter Krusenstern Britain. See Great Britain cloves, 86 broadsheets, 70, 72–3, 109, 153, 260 cochineal, 218, 241 Brown, James, 142, 149 cocoa. See chocolate Brown, Thomas, 35 coffee, 87, 231, 240–1, 254 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49757-2 — Enterprising Empires Matthew P. Romaniello Index More Information 284 Index College of Commerce, 117, 122–5, 127, Customs Decree of 1755, 184–8 131, 145, 154, 165, 168, 184–6, 190, Customs House of London, 51, 81, 107, 203, 225, 231–3. See also Commission 175, 180 on Commerce Customs House of St. Petersburg, 179, College of Foreign Affairs, 184–5, 232 189, 220–1 College of Foreigners, 128 College of Manufacturing, 151. See also damask, 26, 101. See also silk, textiles manufacturing Danzig, 41, 125 Collins, Samuel, 43–4 Dawson, William, 70, 77 Commercial Code of 1653, 16, 33–5. Decembrist Revolt, 211 See also regulations Delaney, Samuel, 96 commercial laws. See mercantilism, Denmark, 28, 41, 51, 60, 68, 81, 89, 201, regulations 214, 217, 240. See also Norway, Sound Commission on Commerce, 190–1 Toll Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania. Derbent, 35, 121, 137 See Poland-Lithuania Dickens, Melchior Guy, 153, 161, 164–6, companies. See Armenian, Eastland, East 183 India, Hamburg, Hudson Bay, Levant, divergence theory, 7, 261 Pennsylvania, Persia, Philippines, Dobell, Peter, 18, 211–13, 246–9, 251–2, Russia, Russian American 255, 258 Congress of Vienna, 249 doctors. See physicians Congress System, 253 drugs, 10, 100–1, 218, 231, 240–1. See also Constantinople, 189, 198 sal ammoniac, medicine, spices Continental System, 18, 212, 238–40, 245, Drummond, John, 97 253–4 Dundas, Henry, 230 contraband, 86, 89, 93, 150, 153–4, 157, Dutch dollars, 45, 48, 51, 81. See also specie 171, 201, 205–7, 218. See also Dutch merchants, 23–6, 28–9, 33, 41–3, smuggling 48, 57, 62, 65–6, 73–4, 86–8, 96, Cook, Harold, 229 109–11, 119, 133, 139, 141, 144, 159, Cook, James, 11, 164, 203, 224, 234 173, 189, 191, 216, 219, 230, 260 Cooper, William, 70 corruption, 8, 57, 113, 147. See also bribery, East Asia, 129, 260. See also China, Japan contraband, smuggling East India Company, 7, 11–14, 17, 28, 42, cotton, 101, 196, 215, 218, 231, 235, 58, 87, 97, 100, 102, 108–10, 122, 239–40, 254 133, 138–9, 142, 157, 165, 203, Council of Foreign Plantations, 40, 45. 224–7, 234, 248–9, 261 See also Board of Trade and Plantations Eastland Company, 3–5, 13, 16–17, 20, Council of Trade, 40. See also Board of 40–2, 48, 51–2, 58, 60–2, 64, 66, 68, Trade and Plantations 70–2, 74, 80–1, 86, 88, 90–1, 96, 109, Courland, 114, 219 115, 177, 182, 191 credit, 10, 65, 135, 169, 192, 194–5. Edinburgh, 10, 187, 192, 196–7, 226 See also bankruptcy Edward VI, King of England, 21 Crimea, 44, 131, 186, 192 Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress of Russia, 106, Cromwell, Oliver, 37–40 113, 115, 145, 147–8, 151, 160–1, currants, 86, 219 166, 168, 171–2, 185, 188 customs, 5, 86, 117–18, 191. See also Elton, John, 106–8, 132–44, 146–58, 176, Customs Decree of 1755, Customs 180–1, 212, 258 House, Main Customs Office, Sound embargoes, 17, 163, 190, 197, 200, 225, Toll, Tariff Book of 1782, toll system 228, 238–9, 243. See also bans, duties, 27, 33, 37, 40–3, 47, 53, 57, 62, Continental System, prohibitions 68, 74–5, 91, 93, 107, 118, 128, 130, England. See Anne, Charles I, Charles II, 179, 197, 254 Edward VI, foreign secretary, Great inspections, 8, 35, 47, 157 Britain, James I, James II, Oliver officials, 27–8, 34, 36, 51, 89, 130, 151, Cromwell, Parliament, William III 190, 206, 219, 240 English Civil War, 37.
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