Enterprising Empires Matthew P. Romaniello Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49757-2 — Enterprising Empires Matthew P. Romaniello Index More Information

Index

Abbas II, Shah of Iran, 30–1 Appelbaum, Richard, 8 Academy of Sciences, 101, 220, 222–3, Apraksin, Stepan Fedorovich, 161, 164 226–7 Arapov, Semen, 131, 150, 156 Act of Union, 96. See also Great Britain Arkhangel’sk, 3, 7, 22, 25–7, 31, 33–4, Acts of Navigation, 13, 40–3, 45, 47, 49, 38–9, 41–2, 49, 58, 65, 72, 78, 80, 58, 60, 71, 82, 88, 93, 108, 120, 86–7, 90–1, 93, 95, 145, 178, 184–6, 132–3, 135, 137, 175, 179, 197, 260. 191, 205, 219, 221, 232, 240–1, 249 See also Navigation Act of 1651, 1660, Armed Neutrality, 12, 201–2, 204–5, and 1663; regulations 207–9, 230. See also American Adams, John Quincy, 241 Revolution Admiralty (Britain), 237–8. See also navy Armenian Company, 62, 87, 131, 133. Admiralty (Russia), 129, 225. See also navy See also Armenians Aﬁnogenov, Gregory, 229 Armenians, 62, 95, 98, 106, 119, 130, 133, Agryzhans, 151 135–40, 144, 147, 149, 151, 173, 177, alcohol, 87, 97–8, 215, 218, 244, 252. 183, 189, 232. See also Armenian See also taverns, wine Company, Persian Company Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia, 29, asbestos, 100 31, 38, 42–3, 46 Aster, John Jacob, 252 Aleutian Islands, 188, 224–7, 255. See also Astrabad, 121 Kodiak, Sitka, Unalaska islands Astrakhan, 23, 30, 33–5, 63, 76, 82, 99, Algarotti, Francesco, 158–9 119, 132, 136–7, 145, 152, 154, 158, Alta California, 9, 212–13, 236–7, 243–4, 177, 183–4, 198, 200, 232, 257. 250, 252 See also Caspian Sea, quarantine America. See United States of America customs, 35, 62, 75, 107, 129–30, 148, American Revolution, 9, 12, 17–18, 162, 185–6, 189 204–8, 213, 245. See also Armed ofﬁcials, 24, 31, 36, 130–1, 140, 147, Neutrality 157, 185, 189 Amsterdam, 97, 125, 141, 146, 187, 194, Atlantic Ocean, 2, 17, 45, 109, 162, 193, 214 199–200, 205, 208, 213–14, 244–5, Amur River, 63, 223–5, 227–8, 248, 255–6 252, 256. See also tobacco crisis Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1716, auctions. See braak 92–5, 117, 258 Austria, 111, 160, 167–8 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734, Avril, Philippe, 63 1, 95, 107, 117–22, 169, 197, 258 Aytoun, Andrew, 97 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1766, Aytoun, David, 96 163, 180–3, 191, 220, 258 Azeris, 130 Anglo-Russian War of 1807–1812, 18, 238, 241, 245 backwardness, 3, 10. See also modernization Anna Ivanovna, Empress of Russia, 112, Baku, 121, 137 114, 117, 120, 125, 127, 144, 256 balance of trade, 3, 5, 22, 73, 115, 158–9, Anne, Queen of Britain, 76, 78–9, 85 169, 220–1, 259

282

Index 283

Baltic Sea. See Danzig, Konigsberg, Narva, Bukhara, 36, 137, 144, 257 Pernau, piracy, Reval, Riga, St. Bukharans, 34, 75, 127, 139–40, 151, 200 Petersburg, Sound Toll, Stockholm, Vyborg Cabinet of Ministers, 117, 127 bankruptcy, 132, 212. See also credit Cabot, John, 21 bans, 103, 190. See also prohibitions, calicoes, 110, 133. See also textiles embargoes Canada, 198 Baranov, Aleksandr, 234–7, 250–2 Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge, 2 Barratt, Glynn, 188, 203 Canton, 102. See also Guangzhou Bashkirs, 200 capitalism, 13. See also modernization Bechevin, Ivan, 188 cardamom, 86 beef, 177–8 Caribbean, 192, 196, 218, 231, 239 Beerbühl, Magrit Schulte, 8 Carmichael, John, 161, 164 Beijing, 57, 64, 100–1, 108, 124, 126, 128, cartography, 1–2, 11, 106, 132, 134, 159, 223, 262 156 Bell, John, 11, 15, 56–7, 92, 98–102, 115, Caspian Sea, 13, 23, 30, 35, 62–3, 87, 159 98, 107, 129, 132, 137, 140, 147, Bentham, Jeremy, 223–5 150, 152, 155, 157, 159, 184, 186, Bentham, Samuel, 18, 222–5, 227–30, 262 203, 232, 234. See also Astrakhan, Bering, Vitus, 129, 188 Gilan Berkeley, William, 45 Catherine, Empress of Russia, 17, 162–3, Bessarabia, 198 168, 172, 176–7, 179, 183, 188–9, Bestuzhev, Aleksei Petrovich, 103–4, 192, 201, 204–5, 208, 219–20, 222, 147–8, 154, 161, 165–6, 168–9, 171–2, 262 174 Caucasus, 29, 121, 257 Billings, Joseph, 11, 18, 203–4, 224–30, Cayley, John, 226 262 Central Asia, 2, 5, 32, 34, 44, 62, 125, 137, Biron, Ernst Johann, 118 144, 154, 157, 178, 184, 215, 232, Black Sea, 189, 192, 198–200, 203, 208, 260. See also Bukhara, Fergana Valley, 214, 232, 234, 239 Khiva Blathwayt, William, 67 Chancellor, Richard, 21 Board of Trade and Plantations, 48–9, Chantreau, Pierre-Nicolas, 216 51–3, 59–61, 64–71, 74, 77, 79, Charles I, King of England, 28, 36–7, 66 89–91, 93–4, 109–12, 117, 119–20, Charles II, King of England, 37, 39, 45, 47, 123, 135, 142–5, 174–5, 177, 180, 50 202, 216–19, 221, 230, 259. See also Cherepanov, Stepan, 188 Acts of Navigation, companies, Cherkasov, Fedor Lvovich, 152 Council of Trade, Council of Foreign Cherkasskii, Aleksei Mikhailovich, 113 Plantations cherries, 86 Bologna, 214 China, 13, 16, 20, 23, 32, 34, 44, 56, 62–4, Bonaparte, Napoleon, 238, 244–6, 253 75, 97–102, 104, 108, 125–9, 151, Bordeaux, 94, 206 159, 163, 175, 179, 186, 190, 197, Boston traders, 236, 242, 245, 252 203, 211, 214–15, 222–5, 227–30, Boterbloem, Kees, 48 232, 234, 237, 248, 251, 253, 262. braak, 90, 93–4 See also embargoes, Kiakhta, rhubarb, Bradshaw, Richard, 39–40 tea Brand, Adam, 64 chocolate, 179, 215, 241, 244, 247, 249 bribery, 31, 113, 123, 126, 160–1, 164, cinnamon, 86 168, 172, 183, 186. See also corruption circumnavigation, 213, 235, 250. See also Bristol, 21 Adam Johann Ritter Krusenstern Britain. See Great Britain cloves, 86 broadsheets, 70, 72–3, 109, 153, 260 cochineal, 218, 241 Brown, James, 142, 149 cocoa. See chocolate Brown, Thomas, 35 coffee, 87, 231, 240–1, 254

284 Index

College of Commerce, 117, 122–5, 127, Customs Decree of 1755, 184–8 131, 145, 154, 165, 168, 184–6, 190, Customs House of London, 51, 81, 107, 203, 225, 231–3. See also Commission 175, 180 on Commerce Customs House of St. Petersburg, 179, College of Foreign Affairs, 184–5, 232 189, 220–1 College of Foreigners, 128 College of Manufacturing, 151. See also damask, 26, 101. See also silk, textiles manufacturing Danzig, 41, 125 Collins, Samuel, 43–4 Dawson, William, 70, 77 Commercial Code of 1653, 16, 33–5. Decembrist Revolt, 211 See also regulations Delaney, Samuel, 96 commercial laws. See mercantilism, Denmark, 28, 41, 51, 60, 68, 81, 89, 201, regulations 214, 217, 240. See also Norway, Sound Commission on Commerce, 190–1 Toll Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania. Derbent, 35, 121, 137 See Poland-Lithuania Dickens, Melchior Guy, 153, 161, 164–6, companies. See Armenian, Eastland, East 183 India, Hamburg, Hudson Bay, Levant, divergence theory, 7, 261 Pennsylvania, Persia, Philippines, Dobell, Peter, 18, 211–13, 246–9, 251–2, Russia, Russian American 255, 258 Congress of Vienna, 249 doctors. See physicians Congress System, 253 drugs, 10, 100–1, 218, 231, 240–1. See also Constantinople, 189, 198 sal ammoniac, medicine, spices Continental System, 18, 212, 238–40, 245, Drummond, John, 97 253–4 Dundas, Henry, 230 contraband, 86, 89, 93, 150, 153–4, 157, Dutch dollars, 45, 48, 51, 81. See also specie 171, 201, 205–7, 218. See also Dutch merchants, 23–6, 28–9, 33, 41–3, smuggling 48, 57, 62, 65–6, 73–4, 86–8, 96, Cook, Harold, 229 109–11, 119, 133, 139, 141, 144, 159, Cook, James, 11, 164, 203, 224, 234 173, 189, 191, 216, 219, 230, 260 Cooper, William, 70 corruption, 8, 57, 113, 147. See also bribery, East Asia, 129, 260. See also China, Japan contraband, smuggling East India Company, 7, 11–14, 17, 28, 42, cotton, 101, 196, 215, 218, 231, 235, 58, 87, 97, 100, 102, 108–10, 122, 239–40, 254 133, 138–9, 142, 157, 165, 203, Council of Foreign Plantations, 40, 45. 224–7, 234, 248–9, 261 See also Board of Trade and Plantations Eastland Company, 3–5, 13, 16–17, 20, Council of Trade, 40. See also Board of 40–2, 48, 51–2, 58, 60–2, 64, 66, 68, Trade and Plantations 70–2, 74, 80–1, 86, 88, 90–1, 96, 109, Courland, 114, 219 115, 177, 182, 191 credit, 10, 65, 135, 169, 192, 194–5. Edinburgh, 10, 187, 192, 196–7, 226 See also bankruptcy Edward VI, King of England, 21 Crimea, 44, 131, 186, 192 Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress of Russia, 106, Cromwell, Oliver, 37–40 113, 115, 145, 147–8, 151, 160–1, currants, 86, 219 166, 168, 171–2, 185, 188 customs, 5, 86, 117–18, 191. See also Elton, John, 106–8, 132–44, 146–58, 176, Customs Decree of 1755, Customs 180–1, 212, 258 House, Main Customs Ofﬁce, Sound embargoes, 17, 163, 190, 197, 200, 225, Toll, Tariff Book of 1782, toll system 228, 238–9, 243. See also bans, duties, 27, 33, 37, 40–3, 47, 53, 57, 62, Continental System, prohibitions 68, 74–5, 91, 93, 107, 118, 128, 130, England. See Anne, Charles I, Charles II, 179, 197, 254 Edward VI, foreign secretary, Great inspections, 8, 35, 47, 157 Britain, James I, James II, Oliver ofﬁcials, 27–8, 34, 36, 51, 89, 130, 151, Cromwell, Parliament, William III 190, 206, 219, 240 English Civil War, 37. See also Interregnum, rates, 38, 46, 52, 66, 71, 82, 93, 182, 214 Oliver Cromwell

Index 285

Erskine, Robert, 56, 96, 98 Gilan, 121–2, 132, 139, 141, 149, 164. Estonia, 74, 184 See also Rasht expeditions. See Academy of Sciences, ginger, 240 circumnavigation, Joseph Billings, Glasgow, 195–6 Second Kamchatka Expedition Glen, William, 207, 257. See also Scottish Missionary Society Fedor Ivanovich, Tsar of Russia, 22 globalization, 13–14. See also capitalism, Felstiner, William I. F., 8 modernization Fergana Valley, 62, 132 gold, 27, 29, 33, 128, 144, 151, 159. Finland, 184 See also specie Fitzherbert, Alleyne, 216–17 Gold, Nathaniel, 69, 77, 80 flax, 3, 8, 10, 15, 23, 41, 52, 80–2, Golovkin, Gavrila Ivanovich, 84–6, 91, 113, 88–90, 93, 117, 119, 158, 167, 147 171, 173, 179, 218, 230, 239, 254, Golovnin, Vasilii Mikhailovich, 242–3 259, 261 gosti, 32. See also merchants Florence, 214–15 Graeme, Mungo, 133–42, 144, 158 Forbes, George (diplomat), 118–20, 133 grain, 27, 45, 75, 93, 184–5, 209, 236–7, Forbes, George (merchant), 195 262. See also rye, wheat Foreign Office (Britain), 216, 220, 226–7, Great Britain. See Admiralty, Anne, Board 229–31, 233, 238, 262. See also foreign of Trade and Plantations, England, secretary Foreign Office, foreign secretary, Foreign Office (Russia), 26, 30–1, 34–6 George I, Parliament, Scotland foreign secretary Greeks, 33–4 Britain, 83–6, 93, 97, 111, 113–15, 122, Greenall, Robert, 174 126, 141–2, 144–5, 148, 150, 152–3, Grenada, 196 161, 164, 169, 171, 174–8, 180–3, Grigor’ev, Afonas’ii, 131 198, 201, 204–5, 216, 224 Grinëv, Andrei, 255 England, 39, 41, 43, 49, 53, 67, 74, 76, Grodno, 246 78–80 Guangzhou, 128, 234, 236, 242, 248, 251, Forster, Edward, 199, 220, 237 253. See also Canton Fort Ross, 250–2, 256 Guernsey, 59–60 Fourth Coalition, 238 Gujarat, 149–50 Foust, Clifford, 126 Gunning, Robert, 198 France, 2, 159–61, 165–71, 177–8, 181, 189, 195, 199–203, 221, 230–1, 233, Haistwell, Edward, 77, 80 238. See also Bordeaux, French Hamburg, 39, 54, 69, 86, 92, 125, 173, Revolution, Marseilles, monopolies, 214, 219, 231, 259 Paris, Rouen, tobacco contract Hamburg Company, 61, 109 free trade, 19–22, 52, 66, 94. See also Hanover, 103, 160 mercantilism Hanway, Jonas, 106, 149–50, 154–8 French Party, 176 Harris, James, 12, 162–3, 199–202, 204–10 French Revolution, 9, 211–13, 230. See also Harris, John Levett, 239–41, 244, 249 Continental System, Fourth Coalition, Harris, Katherine Gertrude, 12, 162–3, Napoleon Bonaparte, Second 208–10 Coalition, Third Coalition Hazard, Samuel, 241 furs, 126, 188, 193, 224, 227, 235, 242. Heathcote, Gilbert, 70–1 See also sable Heathcote, Samuel, 70, 77, 80 Hebdon, John, 42–3 Geneva, 214 Hebdon, John (son), 47–53 Genoa, 214 Hebdon, Thomas, 51 George I, King of Britain, 102–3. See also hemp, 3, 7, 10, 15, 27, 33, 41, 48, 52, 61, Hanover 65, 80–1, 88–91, 93, 96, 117, 119, 134, Georgians, 130, 189, 232 159, 165, 169, 173, 179, 194, 196–7, Germans, 33, 216. See also Hamburg, 207, 215, 218, 230, 239, 259, 261 Lubeck Hervey, John, 158–9 Gessner, Volkmar, 8 Hester, John, 96–7

286 Index

Hobart, John, 176–81, 183, 187, 189, Jones, Robert, 184 191–2 Jones, Ryan, 15 Holden, Samuel, 117 Holland. See Netherlands Kama River, 63, 75 Hope, John, 193 Kamchatka, 101, 129, 211, 227, 234–5, Houston, Alexander, 195–6, 205 246–9, 251. See also Second Howard, Charles, 19, 40–2 Kamchatka Expedition Hudson Bay Company, 224, 227, 234, 245, Kasimov, Muhammed-Iusuf, 35–6 255 Kazan’, 23, 31, 36, 75, 141–2, 152 Hull, 59, 171, 194 Keith, Robert, 172–6, 180, 185–6 Hunter, Andrew, 196–8, 207 Khiva, 257 Kiakhta, 125–8, 199, 222–4, 228, 234, 242, Iaguzhinskii, Pavel Ivanovich, 113, 126 248, 253 Ides, Eberhard Isbrand, 64, 75 Kirilov, Ivan, 106 India, 20, 23, 29–31, 36, 44, 63, 76, 99, Kizliar, 186, 189 131, 154, 157, 178, 248 Kodiak Island, 164, 203 Indians, 35, 75, 130, 137, 151, 186 Königsberg, 125 indigo, 159, 174, 179, 218, 239–40 Kotilaine, Jarmo, 37 industrialization, 261 Kotov, Fedot Afanasev syn, 26, 30–1 Ingria, 74 Kronstadt, 5, 92, 251 inspections. See customs Krusenstern, Adam Johann Ritter, Interregnum, 40 235–6 Iran, 1–3, 16, 20, 23–4, 26, 28–31, 33, 35–7, 43, 49, 56, 62, 66, 87–8, 95, Laing, Gilbert, 197 98–100, 104, 106–8, 117–22, 129–58, Lake Baikal, 63, 100 164–5, 170, 174–84, 186, 189, 203, Lake Iamysh, 124 214–15, 234, 258. See also Gilan, Laksman, Kyrill, 227–8 Isfahan, Nader Shah, Rasht, silk Lange, Laurence, 159 Iranian-Afghan War, 158 Langsdorff, Georg Heinrich, 242–3 Irkutsk, 127, 188, 225, 227, 229, 232, 234, leather, 89, 158, 173 248 Leith, 196, 207. See also Edinburgh iron, 10, 22, 41, 81, 90, 112, 134, 159, Leng, Thomas, 8 162, 164–5, 167, 173, 179, 196–7, Leont’ev, Fedor Isakovich, 26 199, 205, 217–19, 239, 244, 254, letters of marque, 171, 199, 205–7. See also 261 piracy, privateering Irtysh River, 63 Levant Company, 43, 58, 108–11, 122, Isfahan, 30, 57, 99, 107, 121, 131, 138, 133, 142–4, 148, 192, 231, 238 157, 262 Lindsay, Lisa, 13 isinglass, 173, 215, 239 linen, 98, 173, 179, 199, 215, 227, 239. Iukht, A. I., 130 See also textiles Ivan IV Vasil’evich, Tsar of Russia, 3 Liston, Robert, 216 Ivan VI, Tsar of Russia, 144–5 Lithuania. See Poland-Lithuania Izmailov, Lev Vasil’evich, 56, 98, 100 Livonia, 22, 74 Livorno, 214 Jacobites, 4, 96 London, 13, 40, 50, 53–4, 58–9, 77, 81, 83, Jamaica, 45–6, 192, 196 103, 122–3, 140, 144, 146, 152, 173, James I, King of England, 25 187, 194, 196, 217, 221. See also James II, King of England, 54–5 Customs House of London Japan, 18, 98, 101, 129, 203, 212–14, 224, Lubeck, 25, 64, 86, 173, 214, 259 227–8, 235–7, 242–3, 248, 256 Lux, David, 229 Jenkinson, Anthony, 3 Jersey, 59–60 Macao, 249, 252 Jesuits, 63, 188. See also Philippe Avril Macartney, George, 15, 180–3, 187, 225, joint-stock company, 13, 19, 21, 40, 49, 229 234. See also companies Madras, 249

Index 287

Main Customs Ofﬁce, 232. See also customs Moscow, 21–3, 26–7, 31, 34, 39, 43, 46, Maister, William, 195 48, 50, 53–4, 63, 68, 76–8, 80–1, 84, Manila, 211, 236, 247–51 87, 90, 108, 114, 117, 135, 148, 208, manufacturing, 132, 162, 174, 219. See also 246 College of Manufacturing, mines, silk Moskva River, 30 production, tobacco workhouse, textile Muraviev, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 257, 262 mills Muscovy. See Russia Marseilles, 214 musketeers, 33, 50 Martin, Joseph, 77 Maryland, 45 Nader Shah, 2, 107, 121–2, 129, 132, masts. See timber 138–9, 149, 152–4, 156, 158, 161, Matveev, Andrei Artamonovich, 83, 85 164, 212 medicine, 87, 100. See also drugs, Nagasaki, 228, 235 quarantine, physicians, plague Napier, George, 134–5, 140, 142, 144 Mediterranean Sea, 109–10, 170, 198, Naples, 214 213–14, 216, 231, 254 Narva, 5, 41, 51, 54, 60, 65, 71, 86, 88, 90, mercantilism, 16, 18, 20–2, 33, 46, 49, 104, 125, 159, 184, 188, 196 128, 190, 219, 262. See also customs, national strength, 14, 64–5, 87, 102, 108, free trade, modernization, monopolies, 146, 261, 263 regulations Navigation Act in 1663. See also Acts of merchant navy. See navy Navigation, regulations merchants. See Armenians, Boston traders, Navigation Act of 1651, 40. See also Acts of Bukharans, companies, Dutch Navigation, regulations merchants, Germans, gosti, Greeks, Navigation Act of 1660, 40. See also Acts of Indians, petitions, Tatars Navigation, regulations Meverall, Josiah, 96 Navigation Act of 1663, 40 Meverall, Mary, 51 navy, 86, 148, 194. See also Admiralty, Meverall, Samuel, 51 national strength, piracy Mexico, 243, 250. See also Alta California British, 15, 61, 96, 166, 195, 205, 212, Miege, Guy, 19, 21 230, 259, 263 Mierop, Martin Kuychkan, 142, 178, 180 merchant, 10, 92, 104, 107, 120, 123 Mikhail Fedorovich, Tsar of Russia, 23–6, Russian, 92, 117, 204, 226 29 Nerchinsk, 63–4, 75–6, 100, 128, 222 Milan, 214 Netherlands, 28, 48, 54, 59, 81, 86–7, 97, mines, 100, 222–3. See also manufacturing, 110, 146, 148, 170, 178, 189, 201–2, Samuel Bentham 214, 221, 231. See also Amsterdam, silver, 22, 100, 104, 167, 222 Dutch merchants, Utrecht Minikh, B. K., 129 New Commercial Code of 1667, 34–7, 46, modernization, 49, 261. See also 57, 62, 67, 76, 108, 184. See also backwardness, capitalism, regulations globalization, mercantilism New England, 45–6 Monahan, Erika, 5, 16 New Julfa, 130, 135. See also Armenians Mongols, 63, 101, 124, 262 Nizhnii Novgorod, 62, 135 monopolies, 10–11, 35, 90–1, 102, 165, North Carolina, 217 183. See also ﬂax, hemp, iron, Norway, 60, 68, 81. See also Denmark mercantilism, regulations, rhubarb, Novgorod, 34 salt, silk, tobacco nutmeg, 86 British, 21, 46, 74, 76, 96, 114, 122–3, 127, 195, 249 O’Brien, Patrick, 5 Dutch, 42, 94 O’Hara, James, 150, 160 French, 167, 170, 179 O’Rourke, Kevin H., 10 Russian, 28, 32, 43, 91–2, 97, 104, 124, Oddy, J. Jepson, 238–9 126, 219 Odessa, 213, 241 Swedish, 51–2 Odoevskii, Ivan Nikitich, 24 Monroe, James, 239 oils, 53, 93, 215, 231, 235, 240–1, 251, 254

288 Index

Okhotsk, 129, 203, 211, 224–6, 236, 248, pitch, 3, 7, 20, 23, 33, 41, 55, 61, 65, 69, 251, 253 80, 90, 93, 159, 165 Omsk, 63 plague, 38–9, 157–8. See also quarantine Orenburg, 106, 183–4, 257 plantations, 45, 58, 66, 81. See also Board of Osterman, Andrei Ivanovich, 98, 114, 118, Trade and Plantations, flax, grain, 123, 145, 147 hemp, tobacco Ottoman Empire, 18, 30–1, 43, 48, 81, 98, Poland-Lithuania, 3, 24, 26, 29, 41, 68, 88, 108–11, 143–4, 148, 160, 167, 170, 166, 185–6, 219, 232, 246 186, 189, 192, 198–9, 203, 208, 214, Pollexfen, John, 65, 67 216, 219, 231, 234, 239. See also Black Pomerania, 74 Sea, Constantinople, Kizliar Portsmouth, 106, 206–7 Ottoman-Safavid War, 110, 121, 130–1 Portugal, 81, 196, 214, 217, 241 Posnikov, Vasilii Timofeevich, 53 Pacific Ocean, 9, 11, 16, 129, 131, 188, Posol’skii Prikaz. See Foreign Office 202–4, 208–9, 211–13, 224–8, 232, (Russia) 234, 236–7, 242–5, 249, 252–3, 255, potash, 10, 33, 81, 171, 254 260. See also Aleutian Islands, Potemkin, Grigorii Aleksandrovich, 204, circumnavigation, Kamchatka, 206, 208, 222 Okhotsk, Russian American Company Potemkin, Petr Ivanovich, 53 Palermo, 214 Preobrazhenskii regiment, 113, 147 Panin, Nikita Ivanovich, 179–81, 208 Prideaux, William, 38–40, 42 Paris, 94, 170, 214 privateering, 205, 240. See also letters of Parliament, 4, 8, 40, 45, 59, 61, 64, 67, 69, marque, piracy 71, 82, 104, 109, 120, 133, 140, 144, prohibitions, 32, 34, 38–9, 42, 45, 58, 65, 146, 153, 175, 194, 231 95, 148, 154, 242, 260. See also bans, parmesan, 8, 215 contraband, embargoes Pennsylvania Company, 61 Prussia, 59, 103, 115, 117, 146, 154, 160, pepper, 240–1, 247 166–8, 175, 205, 218, 233 Perm, 246, 248 Pskov, 34 Pernau, 220 Putivl’, 34, 36 Perry, John, 98, 101 Persia. See Iran Qing China. See China Persian Company, 184 quarantine, 140, 157–8 Peter I Alekseevich, Tsar of Russia, 5, 11, 17, 54, 64, 66, 70, 72–3, 85, 87, 92, 95, Raimbert, Joseph, 169–72, 185 98, 103–4, 112, 124 Rasht, 99, 107, 121, 129, 131, 134–9, 142, Peter II Alekseevich, Tsar of Russia, 112, 150, 152 114 Ravanskii family, 208–9 Peter III Fedorovich, Tsar of Russia, 168, regulations, 10, 45, 61, 125–9, 232, 234. 175–6, 186 See also Acts of Navigation, petitions, 31, 36, 69, 90, 123, 130–1, 138, Commercial Code of 1653, 142, 149, 152, 217, 220, 231 mercantilism, monopolies, New Philadelphia, 147, 212 Commercial Code of 1667, Tariff Philippines, 9, 211, 236, 248–50, 253. Book of 1782 See also Manila British, 8, 20, 40–1, 59, 108–9 Philippines Company, 249 Russian, 9, 13, 15, 22, 25, 27, 32–5, 46, physicians, 39, 43, 56, 96, 98, 100–1. 76, 111, 117, 130–1, 145, 183, 188–9, See also David Aytoun, John Bell, 199 Samuel Collins, Robert Erskine, John Reval, 3, 5, 41, 51, 54, 58, 86, 88, 90–1, Hope 95–7, 125, 184, 186, 221, 240 Pickney, William, 249, 253–5 Rezanov, Nikolai Petrovich, 235–7, 242–3, piracy, 9–10, 17, 110, 171, 195, 199–201, 250, 252 205, 207–8, 215, 259. See also Armed rhubarb, 13, 34, 101–2, 108, 114, 122–8, Neutrality, contraband, letters of 133, 152, 159, 175, 186–8, 191, 215, marque, privateering, smuggling 223, 262

Index 289

Riga, 3–5, 40–1, 50, 54, 58, 79, 86, 88, Saumarez, James, 240 90–1, 95–7, 117, 125, 145, 159, 177, scandals, 2, 50–1, 53–4, 83–6, 107, 118, 182, 184, 186, 188, 191–2, 196, 200, 122–4, 152–3, 179–80 208, 219, 221, 232, 240, 246 Scotland, 4, 57, 101, 134, 196–7, 257. robbery, 164, 207, 209 See also Edinburgh, Great Britain, Rome, 214–15 Leith Rondeau, Claudius, 11–12, 98, 111–23, Scottish Missionary Society, 257 126, 133 Sea of Azov, 170 Rondeau, Jane, 162 Second Coalition, 233 Rouen, 94 Second Kamchatka Expedition, 129 Royal Botanic Gardens at Edinburgh, Seleginsk, 63 193 senate, 114–15, 125–8, 147, 151–2, 158, Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, 223, 229 183, 185–92, 198–200, 204, 214, 227, rum, 42, 179, 196, 239 231, 234 rumors, 79, 85–6, 106, 121, 145, 149, 157, Seven Years’ War, 17, 160, 166–73, 186, 168, 172 188 Russia. See Aleksei Mikhailovich, Anna Shah Jahan, 31 Ivanovna, Cabinet of Ministers, Shairp, Stephen “Jock,” 195 Catherine, Elizaveta Petrovna, Fedor Shairp, Thomas, 192, 195 Alekseevich, Foreign Office, Ivan IV Shairp, Thomas (grandson), 195 Vasil’evich, Ivan VI, Mikhail Shairp, Walter, 192–6, 198–9 Fedorovich, Peter I Alekseevich, Peter Shchupkatov, Sergei, 206 II Alekseevich, Peter III Fedorovich, Shemaka, 35 Senate Shemiakin, Nikita, 185–8 Russia Company. See John Elton, Edward Shiffner, Matthew, 122–4, 126 Forster, Nathaniel Gold, Mungo Shirvan, 30, 35 Graeme, Gilbert Heathcote, Samuel Shuvalov, Ivan, 168 Heathcote, Jonas Hanway, Gilbert Shuvalov, Petr Ivanovich, 172, 185–6, Laing, William Maister, Samuel 189–90, 203 Meverall, Martin Mierop, George Siberia, 22, 34, 44, 62–4, 68, 73, 75, 97, Napier, Matthew Shiffner, Walter 99–100, 125, 129, 184, 211, 222–30, Shairp, James Spilman, Thomas Ward, 235, 243, 246–7, 251. See also Irkutsk, Jacob Wolff Kamchatka, Kiakhta, mines, Russian American Company, 211, 234, Nerchinsk, Okhotsk, Siberian Office, 236–8, 242–4, 252–3, 256 Tobol’sk Russian-Iranian War, 110 officials, 56, 75, 127 Russo-Spanish Commercial Treaty of 1728, Siberian Office, 57, 128 112 silk, 8, 10, 24, 26, 28, 33, 35, 43, 47, 87–8, Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, 198, 94, 106, 108–11, 119, 129, 131–47, 214 149, 154, 157–9, 164–5, 175, 215, rye, 27, 93, 230. See also grain 218, 231, 235. See also textiles Ryukyu Islands, 190 production, 102, 107, 121, 132, 185, 246 sable, 44. See also furs silver, 29, 33, 100, 102, 115, 128, 151, 196. Safavid Iran. See Iran See also mines, specie saffron, 86, 218 Sitka Island, 213, 234–7, 242, 250 Sakhalin Island, 235 slave trade, 48, 65 sal ammoniac, 215 Smolensk, 29, 34 salt, 31–2, 38, 63, 88–90, 93–5, 97, smuggling, 8, 25–6, 33, 35, 46–9, 59–60, 103–4, 159, 185, 188, 215, 223, 89–90, 118, 149, 179, 185, 189, 197, 241, 247 207, 211, 242, 251, 262. See also saltpeter, 93, 173, 178 contraband, customs inspections Saratov, 135, 145 snuff-boxes, 159, 161 Sardinia, 214–16, 235 sodomy, 39 satin, 26. See also textiles Solikamsk, 100

290 Index

Sound Toll, 9, 41, 51, 88–90, 107, 125, tobacco, 17, 20, 28, 64, 75, 87, 91, 95, 100, 201, 240. See also customs, Denmark 185, 200, 202, 206, 244 Spain, 111, 188, 206, 212, 214, 217, 244, Circassian, 73–4, 79, 178, 189–90 250. See also Russo-Spanish contract, 67–75, 77–8 Commercial Treaty of 1728 crisis, 14, 47–53, 58–62, 65–6, 74 specie, 10, 20, 22, 33–4, 68, 81, 100, 128, French contract, 167, 169–73, 189–90 132. See also Dutch dollars, gold, prohibition, 32–4, 38–9, 103 mines, silver Virginian, 7, 45–6, 52, 74, 178, 217, 240 spices. See cardamon, cinnamon, cloves, workhouse, 78, 84, 125 ginger, nutmeg, pepper, saffron, salt Tobol’sk, 30, 34, 63, 75, 128 Spilman, James, 77, 147 toll system, 9, 32, 34. See also customs, St. Petersburg, 4, 7, 56, 58, 88, 90, 92, 96, Sound Toll 100–1, 106, 114, 117, 122, 125, 127, Treaty of Deulino, 24 133, 141, 158, 163, 169, 173, 177–8, Treaty of Ganja, 121, 130 182, 184–5, 187, 191–2, 195–6, Treaty of Kiakhta, 124–5 199–200, 202, 206–7, 214–15, 219, Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, 198 221, 231–2, 239–40, 244, 246, 261. Treaty of Nerchinsk, 62–4 See also Customs House of St. Treaty of Paris of 1783, 213 Petersburg, Kronstadt Treaty of Rasht, 107, 121, 129 Stern, Philip, 14 Treaty of Stolbovo, 24 Stirling, Henry, 97 Treaty of Tilsit, 238, 243 Stirling, Hugo, 134, 140 Tsaritsyn, 186 Stockholm, 51, 62, 125 Tungus, 100, 246–7 sugar, 20, 46, 52, 87, 179, 188, 196, 235, Turin, 214–15 239 Turkey. See Ottoman Empire Sweden, 3, 20, 24–5, 28, 41, 45, 48–9, Tyndal, Onesiphorous, 245–6 51–2, 60–2, 74, 80–1, 86, 89–90, 95, 104, 112, 160, 164, 201, 214, 217, Ukraine, 7, 41, 45, 79, 170, 174, 178, 245. See also monopolies, Reval, Riga, 185–6, 189, 232 Stockholm Ulozhenie of 1649, 32–3 Sweet, John Wood, 13 Unalaska Island, 164, 203 United States of America, 212, 217, 236, Tallinn. See Reval 238–42, 244–5, 248–9, 252–5, 260. tallow, 81, 173, 215, 239, 254 See also American Revolution, Boston tar, 3, 7, 10, 23, 27, 33, 48, 54, 61, 65–6, merchants, War of 1812 69, 80, 89–91, 165, 167, 196, 215, Utrecht, 67, 103 217, 230, 254 Tariff Book of 1782, 214, 217, 219–20, Venice, 28, 81, 189, 214–15 222, 232–3. See also customs, Vienna, 214 regulations Vinius, Andrei, 56, 73 Tatars, 34–5, 54, 95, 126, 184 Vinkovetsky, Ilya, 234 taverns, 32, 43. See also alcohol, monopolies Virginia, 45, 52, 65, 217. See also tobacco tea, 20, 101–2, 159, 179, 197, 215, 235, Virginian 247, 251 Volga River, 7, 23–4, 30, 35–6, 62, 75, 82, Teplov, Grigorii Nikolaevich, 179–80, 183, 135, 141, 146, 148, 186 189–90 Vologda, 26, 80 textiles, 45, 108–11, 117, 133, 235, 244. Vorontsov, Mikhail, 174, 186, 203 See also calicoes, cotton, damask, Vyborg, 5, 86, 221 hemp, linen, satin, silk, wool mills, 131–2, 151, 162, 208–9 War of 1812, 244–5, 252 Third Coalition, 238–9, 243 Ward, Thomas, 113–14 Tiﬂis, 35 Warsaw, 246 timber, 23, 65, 93, 159, 209, 238 Warwick, Philip, 52 Time of Troubles, 22, 29 Weber, Friedrich Christian, 103 Tiumen’,75 wheat, 27, 93, 230. See also grain

Index 291

Whitworth, Charles, Baron Whitworth, Wolff, Jacob, 122–4, 126–7, 134–5, 142, 76–88, 90–2, 97–8 153, 164–5 Whitworth, Charles, Earl of Whitworth, wool, 8, 14, 65, 69–70, 87, 109–10, 112, 220, 227 114, 119–20, 133, 141, 143–4, 159, Wich, Cyril, 148 206, 209, 218, 231, 254. See also Wilberforce, William, 171 textiles William III, King of England, 54, 57, 66–7, Wynne, William, 218 72, 109 Williams, Charles Hanbury, 166–71, 185–6 Xinjiang, 190 Williamson, Jeffrey, 10 wine, 8, 75, 93–4, 99, 159, 215, 219, 240–1, Zahedieh, Nuala, 71 244. See also alcohol Zunghars, 63, 124