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COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

I-1

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...... I-2 INDEX ......

Absolute scale, 159 Cogeneration, 277 Absorption refrigeration cycle, 287 Cold air properties, 294 Acentric factor, A-76 Combined and power (CHP), 277 Active flow devices and systems, 138 Compounding, 326 Actual heat engines, 164 Compressed air system, 141 , definition, 75 Compressed liquid, 41 Aftercooler, 124, 285, 286 Compressed liquid state, 41 Air compressor with tank, 25 Compressed liquid water, 366 Air-conditioner, 1, 282 Compressed solid, 42 Air, properties, 92, A-11, A-89 factor, 49, A-77 Air-standard power cycles, 293 Compressible substances, 30 Air-standard refrigeration cycle, 309 Compression ignition engine, 317 Alternative refrigerant, 282 Compression ratio, 296, 315, 321 Ammonia: Compressor, 24, 55, 124, 211 properties, A-42, A-82, A-107 Condenser, 56, 118 saturated, A-42 Condenser losses, 273 superheated, A-44 Conduction, 76 Ammonia-absorption cycle, 287 Conservation of , 59 Aneroid barometer, 27 Conservation of mass, 97, 111 , 321 Constant , 123 Atmosphere, standard, definition, 13 Constant- and constant- specific , 89 Automotive engine intake throttle, 26 Continuity equation, 97, 111, 130 Automotive tire pressure gauges, 25 Continuum, 5 Availability, see exergy Control mass, definition, 3 Available energy, 232, 244 Control mass process, 239 k Control surface, 4 k Back , 300 , definition, 2 Bar, definition, 13 Convection, 76 Barometer, 16 Conversion factors, A-4 Bernoulli equation, 218 Crank angle, 313 Binary cycle, 324 Critical constants, A-7, A-86 Black body, 77 Critical point, 31, 32 Boiler, steam, 3, 116, 127 Cubic , 54, A-75 Boiling temperature, 31 Cut-off ratio, 318 Bottoming cycle, 277, 324 Cycle, definition, 7 , 294 British thermal unit, 75, A-3 Cyclic integral of the heat transfer, 61 Buoyancy, 56 Cyclic integral of the work, 61

Calorie, 75 Deaerating FWH, 271 Capillary tube, 123 Degree of superheat, 35 Carbon dioxide: Dense fluid, 35 properties, A-9, A-14, A-48 Density: saturated, A-48 critical, A-86 superheated, A-50 definition, 10 Carbon monoxide, properties, A-9, A-16 of solids and liquids, 11, A-8 , 156, 177 Desuperheater, 131, 141, 213 Cascade refrigeration, 285 Diatomic molecule, 21, A-73 Celsius Scale, 23 , 317 Chaos, 202 Diffuser, 123, 137 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 282 Displacement, 100, 312 Clausius, inequality of, 165 Distillation column, 286 Clausius statement, 149 District heating, 277 Closed feedwater heater, 270 Drip pump, 270 Closed system, 4 Dual cycle, 285 Coefficient of performance, 147, 280, 310 Dual fluid heat exchanger, 119

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...... INDEX I-3 ......

Efficiency: Equilibrium: compressor, 228 definition, 6 cycle, 253 , 6 nozzle, 229 thermodynamic, 6 pump, 228 Equilibrium constant, table of, A-22 regenerator, 302 , 303 Second-law, 248, 253 Evaporator, 128, 280 turbine, 248 Exact and inexact differentials, 69 Electrical potential, 101 Exergy, 231, 243, 288 Electrical work, 101, 106 Exergy destruction, 245 Emissivity, 77 Expanders, 124 Energy: Expansion engine, 286 available, 232, 244 Extensive property, 6 conversion, 103 External-combustion engine, 293 electronic, 21 External , 221 internal, 20, 58, 78, 90 Extraction, 268, 270 kinetic, 58 potential, 20, 58 Fahrenheit temperature scale, 23 renewable, 102 Feedwater heater, 141, 267, 271 resources, 102 First law of thermodynamics, 61 storage, 104 Flash evaporator, 130, 285 total, 20, 58 Flow devices, 137 Energy conversion, 59 Flow velocity measurement, 26 Energy conversion and transformation, 103 Flux of , 198 146 Energy conversion devices, Fourier’s law, 76 Energy equation, 58, 59, 114 k Freezing point, 31 k Energy recovery systems, 254 Friction, 153, 217 Energy resources, 102 Fundamental physical constants, A-3 Energy storage, 104 Fusion line, 31 Energy transfer, 106 English engr. system of units, 75, A-3 47 Enthalpy: Gas constant, definition, definition, 86 Gas constants, tables of, A-9, A-90 of formation, A-21 Gas, ideal, 47 of ideal gas, 92, A-9, A-90 Gasoline engine, 313 of solids and liquids, 90 Gas turbine cycle, 294, 300 stagnation, 116 Gauge pressure, 16 total, 116 Generalized charts, compressibility, 51, A-77 Enthalpy chart, generalized, A-79 Geothermal energy, 130 Entropy: Gibbs equations, 182 definition, 173, 174 Gram mole, 8 general comment, 202 generation, 192 Heat: of ideal gas, 183, A-9, A-90 Capacity (see Specific heat) principle of increase, 195, 222 definition of, 75 of solids and liquids, 182 , 143, 144, 159 standard, 184 Heat exchanger: Entropy balance equation, 193 co-and counter-flow, 138 Equality of temperature, 22 definition, 118 Equation of state: dual fluid, 119 cubic, 54 Heating ducts, 141 Lee–Kesler, A-76 Heat pipe, 107 Peng–Robinson, A-75 Heat pump, 1, 144, 164 Redlich–Kwong, A-75 Heat transfer, 76, 107, 154 Soave, A-75 Heat transfer coefficient, 76 van der Waals, A-75 Heat transfer modes, 76

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...... I-4 INDEX ......

Heliostats, 277 Mass flow rate, 113 Historical events, 171 Mean effective pressure, 313 Horsepower, definition, 64 Mechanical energy, 59 Hybrid engines, 323 Mercury density, 11 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 282 Methane: properties, A-68 Ice point, 23 saturated, A-68 Ideal gas: superheated, A-70 properties, 90, A-9, A-90 Metric system, 8 temperature scale, 159 Microscopic point of view, 5 , 47 , 321 Ideal gas states, 46 Mixing, 154 Ideal gas temperature scale, 47 Mixing chamber, 141 Ideal vs. real machines, 161 Mole, 8 Incompressible fluid, 218 Molecular mass, table of, A-86 Incompressible liquid, 42 Mollier diagram, 175 Incompressible solid, 42 Monatomic gas, 21, A-73 Independent properties, 35 Multiflow devices, 141 Indicated work, 69 Multistage compression, 225 Inequality of Clausius, 165 Intensive property, 6 Natural gas furnace, 130 Inter-cooling, 225, 303 Newton, definition, 8 Internal combustion engine, 293, 314 Newton’s law of cooling, 76 , 20, 58, 78, 90 Newton’s second law, 8 Internal irreversible process, 221 Nitrogen: k International temperature scale, 24 properties, A-64 k Irreversibility, 234 saturated, A-64 Irreversible process, 152 superheated, A-65 Isentropic efficiency, 230 Nonuniform distribution of states and mass, 97 , definition, 177 Nozzle efficiency, 229 , definition, 7 Nozzle flow, 120 , definition, 7 Nozzles, 137 , 4 Nuclear reactor, 277 , definition, 7 Open system, 4 Jet engine, 139, 306 Organic , 254 Joule, 63 , 314 Oxygen, P–h diagram, A-83 , 326 Pascal, definition, 13 Kelvin–Planck statement, 149 Path function, 68 Kinetic energy, 20, 58, 63 Perpetual motion machine, 150, 169 Phase, 6, 36 Lee–Kesler equation, A-76 Phase boundaries, 30 Linde-Hampson process, 285 Phase diagram, 31 Liquid oxygen plant, 285 Physical constants, fundamental, A-3 Liquids, properties, A-8 Piping losses, 272 LNG, 55 Point functions, 69 Lost work, 193, 235 Polyatomic gases, A-73 Polytropic exponent, 72, 187 Macroscopic point of view, 5 , 72, 187, 188 Mass, 8 Potential energy, 58, 63 Mass conservation, 97, 111 Pound, 9

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...... INDEX I-5 ......

Power, 64 Reversible work, 234 Power plant, 3, 124, 126, 258 Rotational energy, 21, A-73 Pressure: critical, 32, A-86 Saturated ammonia, A-42 definition, 13 Saturated carbon dioxide, A-48 gauge, 13, 14, 24 Saturated liquid, 34 mean effective, 313 Saturated methane, A-68 reduced, 51 Saturated nitrogen, A-64 relative, A-11 Saturated R-134a, A-58 saturation, 38 Saturated R-410A, A-52 Pressure relief valve, 25 Saturated solid-saturated vapor, A-40 Process, 6, 144, 151 Saturated vapor, 34 Properties, independent, 35 Saturated water, A-24 Property relation, 181 Saturated water pressure, A-28 Property, thermodynamic, 6 Saturation pressure, 38 Psychrometric chart, A-84 Saturation temperature, 31 Pump: Second law efficiency, 248, 253 efficiency of, 228 Second law of thermodynamics: operation of, 124, 137 for control mass, 198 reversible, 218 for control volume, 206, 209 Pump losses, 272 for cycle, 197 Pure substance, 30 historical, 143 P–V diagram, 68 Simple compressible substance, 30 Simple compressible system, 30 Quality, definition, 40 Sink, 149 k Quasi-equilibrium process, 7 SI system of units, 8 k Solar powerplant, 277 R-134a: Solid-saturated vapor, saturated, A-40 saturated, A-58 Solids, properties, A-8, A-87 superheated, A-60 Source, 149 R-410A: Specific heat: saturated, A-52 definition, 89 superheated, A-54 equations, A-10 Radiation, 76 of ideal gases, 90, A-9, A-88 Rankine cycle, 258, 261 of solids and liquids, 90, A-8, A-87 Ratio of specific heats, 187 temperature dependency, 92, A-10, A-73 Redlich–Kwong equation of state, A-75 Specific heat transfer, 75 Reduced properties, 51 Specific volume, 10 Reference state, 78, 87 Standard entropy, 184 Refrigerants: Steady-state process, 116, 207, 208, 235 alternative, 282 Steam drum, 3 CO2 tables, A-48 Steam power plant, 3, 127 R-134a tables, A-58, A-119 Steam tables, 36, 37, A-23, A-96 R-410A tables, A-52, A-113 Steam turbine, 3 Refrigeration cycles, 128, 279, 309 , 320 Refrigerator, 3, 126, 143, 144 Stretched wire, 101 Regenerative cycle, 266, 300 Subcooled liquid, 41 Regenerator, 285, 300 Subcooled solid, 42 Reheat cycle, 265 Sublimation, 33 Relative pressure, A-12 Sublimation line, 31 Relative volume, A-12 Superheated ammonia, A-44 Reversible isothermal process, 177, 190 Superheated carbon dioxide, A-50 Reversible process, 151, 181 Superheated methane, A-70

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...... I-6 INDEX ......

Superheated nitrogen, A-65 efficiency of, 226, 248 Superheated R-134a, A-60 liquid, 138 Superheated R-410A, A-54 operation of, 123 Superheated vapor, 35, 43, 52 steam, 3, 227 Superheated vapor water, A-32 Turbine losses, 272 Superheater, 259 Two-phase states, 39 Surface tension, 101 System definition, 4 Units, 7, 8, A-3 Universal gas constant, 47, A-6 Tank charging, 131, 215 Unrestrained expansion, 153 Temperature: critical, 32, A-86 Valve flow, 123, 138 reduced, 51 Valves, 137 saturation, 31 of state, A-75 thermodynamic scale, 24, 159 Vapor-compression refrigeration, 147, 279 Temperature–entropy diagram, 175 Vaporization curve, 31 , 145, 146 Vibrational energy, 21, A-74 Thermal energy, 59 Volume: Thermal reservoir, 149 critical, 32 Thermal resistance, 77 flow rate, 113 Thermal time constant, 99 relative, A-12 Thermistor, 27 specific, 10, A-6 Thermocouple, 27 Thermodynamic probability, 202 Thermodynamic property relation, 181 Water, properties, A-24, 424 k Thermodynamic tables, 36 Watt, definition, 64 k Thermosyphon, 107 Weight, definition, 9 Throttles, 137 Wind turbines, 140 Throttling process, 26, 123 Work: Topping cycle, 324 definition of, 62 Torque, 64 flow, 114, 216 Total energy, 58 nonequilibrium process, 69 Transient flow process, 131 reversible, 216 Transient process, 98, 131, 214 various forces, 101 Translation energy, 21, A-73 Work done, 67 Trap (liquid), 270 Working substance, 144 Triple point, 31, 32 Turbine: Zero-pressure specific heat, 91 adiabatic, 127 Zeroth law of thermodynamics, 22

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