Trim Size: 8in x 10in Borgnakke bindex.tex V1 - 12/11/2018 8:31pm Page 1 k Index k k COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL I-1 k Trim Size: 8in x 10in Borgnakke bindex.tex V1 - 12/11/2018 8:31pm Page 2 k ....................I-2 INDEX ...................................................................................................................................................................... Absolute temperature scale, 159 Cogeneration, 277 Absorption refrigeration cycle, 287 Cold air properties, 294 Acentric factor, A-76 Combined heat and power (CHP), 277 Active flow devices and systems, 138 Compounding, 326 Actual heat engines, 164 Compressed air system, 141 Adiabatic process, definition, 75 Compressed liquid, 41 Aftercooler, 124, 285, 286 Compressed liquid state, 41 Air compressor with tank, 25 Compressed liquid water, 366 Air-conditioner, 1, 282 Compressed solid, 42 Air, ideal gas properties, 92, A-11, A-89 Compressibility factor, 49, A-77 Air-standard power cycles, 293 Compressible substances, 30 Air-standard refrigeration cycle, 309 Compression ignition engine, 317 Alternative refrigerant, 282 Compression ratio, 296, 315, 321 Ammonia: Compressor, 24, 55, 124, 211 properties, A-42, A-82, A-107 Condenser, 56, 118 saturated, A-42 Condenser losses, 273 superheated, A-44 Conduction, 76 Ammonia-absorption cycle, 287 Conservation of energy, 59 Aneroid barometer, 27 Conservation of mass, 97, 111 Atkinson cycle, 321 Constant enthalpy, 123 Atmosphere, standard, definition, 13 Constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats, 89 Automotive engine intake throttle, 26 Continuity equation, 97, 111, 130 Automotive tire pressure gauges, 25 Continuum, 5 Availability, see exergy Control mass, definition, 3 Available energy, 232, 244 Control mass process, 239 k Control surface, 4 k Back work, 300 Control volume, definition, 2 Bar, definition, 13 Convection, 76 Barometer, 16 Conversion factors, A-4 Bernoulli equation, 218 Crank angle, 313 Binary cycle, 324 Critical constants, A-7, A-86 Black body, 77 Critical point, 31, 32 Boiler, steam, 3, 116, 127 Cubic equation of state, 54, A-75 Boiling temperature, 31 Cut-off ratio, 318 Bottoming cycle, 277, 324 Cycle, definition, 7 Brayton cycle, 294 British thermal unit, 75, A-3 Cyclic integral of the heat transfer, 61 Buoyancy, 56 Cyclic integral of the work, 61 Calorie, 75 Deaerating FWH, 271 Capillary tube, 123 Degree of superheat, 35 Carbon dioxide: Dense fluid, 35 properties, A-9, A-14, A-48 Density: saturated, A-48 critical, A-86 superheated, A-50 definition, 10 Carbon monoxide, properties, A-9, A-16 of solids and liquids, 11, A-8 Carnot cycle, 156, 177 Desuperheater, 131, 141, 213 Cascade refrigeration, 285 Diatomic molecule, 21, A-73 Celsius Scale, 23 Diesel cycle, 317 Chaos, 202 Diffuser, 123, 137 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 282 Displacement, 100, 312 Clausius, inequality of, 165 Distillation column, 286 Clausius statement, 149 District heating, 277 Closed feedwater heater, 270 Drip pump, 270 Closed system, 4 Dual cycle, 285 Coefficient of performance, 147, 280, 310 Dual fluid heat exchanger, 119 k Trim Size: 8in x 10in Borgnakke bindex.tex V1 - 12/11/2018 8:31pm Page 3 k ..........................................................................................................................................................................INDEX I-3 ................... Efficiency: Equilibrium: compressor, 228 definition, 6 cycle, 253 phase, 6 nozzle, 229 thermodynamic, 6 pump, 228 Equilibrium constant, table of, A-22 regenerator, 302 Ericsson cycle, 303 Second-law, 248, 253 Evaporator, 128, 280 turbine, 248 Exact and inexact differentials, 69 Electrical potential, 101 Exergy, 231, 243, 288 Electrical work, 101, 106 Exergy destruction, 245 Emissivity, 77 Expanders, 124 Energy: Expansion engine, 286 available, 232, 244 Extensive property, 6 conversion, 103 External-combustion engine, 293 electronic, 21 External irreversible process, 221 internal, 20, 58, 78, 90 Extraction, 268, 270 kinetic, 58 potential, 20, 58 Fahrenheit temperature scale, 23 renewable, 102 Feedwater heater, 141, 267, 271 resources, 102 First law of thermodynamics, 61 storage, 104 Flash evaporator, 130, 285 total, 20, 58 Flow devices, 137 Energy conversion, 59 Flow velocity measurement, 26 Energy conversion and transformation, 103 Flux of entropy, 198 146 Energy conversion devices, Fourier’s law, 76 Energy equation, 58, 59, 114 k Freezing point, 31 k Energy recovery systems, 254 Friction, 153, 217 Energy resources, 102 Fundamental physical constants, A-3 Energy storage, 104 Fusion line, 31 Energy transfer, 106 English engr. system of units, 75, A-3 47 Enthalpy: Gas constant, definition, definition, 86 Gas constants, tables of, A-9, A-90 of formation, A-21 Gas, ideal, 47 of ideal gas, 92, A-9, A-90 Gasoline engine, 313 of solids and liquids, 90 Gas turbine cycle, 294, 300 stagnation, 116 Gauge pressure, 16 total, 116 Generalized charts, compressibility, 51, A-77 Enthalpy chart, generalized, A-79 Geothermal energy, 130 Entropy: Gibbs equations, 182 definition, 173, 174 Gram mole, 8 general comment, 202 generation, 192 Heat: of ideal gas, 183, A-9, A-90 Capacity (see Specific heat) principle of increase, 195, 222 definition of, 75 of solids and liquids, 182 Heat engine, 143, 144, 159 standard, 184 Heat exchanger: Entropy balance equation, 193 co-and counter-flow, 138 Equality of temperature, 22 definition, 118 Equation of state: dual fluid, 119 cubic, 54 Heating ducts, 141 Lee–Kesler, A-76 Heat pipe, 107 Peng–Robinson, A-75 Heat pump, 1, 144, 164 Redlich–Kwong, A-75 Heat transfer, 76, 107, 154 Soave, A-75 Heat transfer coefficient, 76 van der Waals, A-75 Heat transfer modes, 76 k Trim Size: 8in x 10in Borgnakke bindex.tex V1 - 12/11/2018 8:31pm Page 4 k ....................I-4 INDEX ...................................................................................................................................................................... Heliostats, 277 Mass flow rate, 113 Historical events, 171 Mean effective pressure, 313 Horsepower, definition, 64 Mechanical energy, 59 Hybrid engines, 323 Mercury density, 11 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 282 Methane: properties, A-68 Ice point, 23 saturated, A-68 Ideal gas: superheated, A-70 properties, 90, A-9, A-90 Metric system, 8 temperature scale, 159 Microscopic point of view, 5 Ideal gas law, 47 Miller cycle, 321 Ideal gas states, 46 Mixing, 154 Ideal gas temperature scale, 47 Mixing chamber, 141 Ideal vs. real machines, 161 Mole, 8 Incompressible fluid, 218 Molecular mass, table of, A-86 Incompressible liquid, 42 Mollier diagram, 175 Incompressible solid, 42 Monatomic gas, 21, A-73 Independent properties, 35 Multiflow devices, 141 Indicated work, 69 Multistage compression, 225 Inequality of Clausius, 165 Intensive property, 6 Natural gas furnace, 130 Inter-cooling, 225, 303 Newton, definition, 8 Internal combustion engine, 293, 314 Newton’s law of cooling, 76 Internal energy, 20, 58, 78, 90 Newton’s second law, 8 Internal irreversible process, 221 Nitrogen: k International temperature scale, 24 properties, A-64 k Irreversibility, 234 saturated, A-64 Irreversible process, 152 superheated, A-65 Isentropic efficiency, 230 Nonuniform distribution of states and mass, 97 Isentropic process, definition, 177 Nozzle efficiency, 229 Isobaric process, definition, 7 Nozzle flow, 120 Isochoric process, definition, 7 Nozzles, 137 Isolated system, 4 Nuclear reactor, 277 Isothermal process, definition, 7 Open system, 4 Jet engine, 139, 306 Organic Rankine Cycle, 254 Joule, 63 Otto cycle, 314 Oxygen, P–h diagram, A-83 Kalina cycle, 326 Pascal, definition, 13 Kelvin–Planck statement, 149 Path function, 68 Kinetic energy, 20, 58, 63 Perpetual motion machine, 150, 169 Phase, 6, 36 Lee–Kesler equation, A-76 Phase boundaries, 30 Linde-Hampson process, 285 Phase diagram, 31 Liquid oxygen plant, 285 Physical constants, fundamental, A-3 Liquids, properties, A-8 Piping losses, 272 LNG, 55 Point functions, 69 Lost work, 193, 235 Polyatomic gases, A-73 Polytropic exponent, 72, 187 Macroscopic point of view, 5 Polytropic process, 72, 187, 188 Mass, 8 Potential energy, 58, 63 Mass conservation, 97, 111 Pound, 9 k Trim Size: 8in x 10in Borgnakke bindex.tex V1 - 12/11/2018 8:31pm Page 5 k ..........................................................................................................................................................................INDEX I-5 ................... Power, 64 Reversible work, 234 Power plant, 3, 124, 126, 258 Rotational energy, 21, A-73 Pressure: critical, 32, A-86 Saturated ammonia, A-42 definition, 13 Saturated carbon dioxide, A-48 gauge, 13, 14, 24 Saturated liquid, 34 mean effective, 313 Saturated methane, A-68 reduced, 51 Saturated nitrogen, A-64 relative, A-11 Saturated R-134a, A-58 saturation, 38 Saturated R-410A, A-52 Pressure relief valve, 25 Saturated solid-saturated vapor, A-40 Process, 6, 144, 151 Saturated vapor, 34 Properties, independent, 35 Saturated water, A-24 Property relation, 181 Saturated water pressure, A-28 Property, thermodynamic, 6 Saturation pressure, 38 Psychrometric chart, A-84 Saturation temperature, 31 Pump: Second law efficiency, 248, 253 efficiency of, 228 Second law of thermodynamics: operation of, 124, 137 for control mass, 198 reversible, 218 for control volume, 206, 209 Pump losses, 272 for cycle, 197 Pure substance, 30 historical, 143 P–V diagram, 68 Simple compressible substance, 30 Simple compressible system, 30 Quality, definition, 40 Sink, 149 k Quasi-equilibrium process, 7 SI system of units, 8 k Solar powerplant, 277 R-134a: Solid-saturated