DISCLAIMER the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity And
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DISCLAIMER The IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is composed of 1) a Summary for Policymakers (SPM), approved by the IPBES Plenary at its 7th session in May 2019 in Paris, France (IPBES-7); and 2) a set of six Chapters, accepted by the IPBES Plenary. This document contains the draft Chapter 3 of the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Governments and all observers at IPBES-7 had access to these draft chapters eight weeks prior to IPBES-7. Governments accepted the Chapters at IPBES-7 based on the understanding that revisions made to the SPM during the Plenary, as a result of the dialogue between Governments and scientists, would be reflected in the final Chapters. IPBES typically releases its Chapters publicly only in their final form, which implies a delay of several months post Plenary. However, in light of the high interest for the Chapters, IPBES is releasing the six Chapters early (31 May 2019) in a draft form. Authors of the reports are currently working to reflect all the changes made to the Summary for Policymakers during the Plenary to the Chapters, and to perform final copyediting. The final version of the Chapters will be posted later in 2019. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps used in the present report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. These maps have been prepared for the sole purpose of facilitating the assessment of the broad biogeographical areas represented therein. Unedited draft chapters 31 May 2019 IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Chapter 3. Assessing progress towards meeting major international objectives related to nature and nature’s contributions to people Coordinating Lead Authors: Stuart H. M. Butchart (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland/BirdLife International), Patricia Miloslavich (Venezuela/Australia), Belinda Reyers (South Africa), Suneetha M. Subramanian (India/United Nations University) Lead Authors: Cristina Adams (Brazil), Elena Bennett (United States of America), Bálint Czúcz (Hungary), Leonardo Galetto (Argentina), Kathleen Galvin (United States of America), Victoria Reyes-García (Spain), Leah R. Gerber (United States of America), Tamrat Bekele Gode (Ethiopia), Walter Jetz (Germany/Future Earth), Ishmael Bobby Mphangwe Kosamu (Malawi), Maria Gabriela Palomo (Argentina), Mostafa Panahi (Islamic Republic of Iran/ECO-IEST), Elizabeth R. Selig (United States of America/Norway), Gopal S. Singh (India), David Tarkhnishvili (Georgia), Haigen Xu (China) Fellows: Abigail J. Lynch (United States of America), Tuyeni Heita Mwampamba (Mexico/Tanzania), Aibek Samakov (Kyrgyzstan) Contributing Authors: Tris Allinson (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Shankar Aswani (South Africa), Alpina Begossi (Brazil), Petra Benyei (Spain), Jake Berger (United States of America), Sébastien Boillat (Switzerland), Rainer Bussmann (Georgia), Fulvia Calcagni (Spain), Cristina O’Callaghan (Spain), Joji Carino (Forest Peoples Programme/Philippines), Steve Chignell (United States of America), Sara Diamond (United States of America), Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares (Finland), Wendy Foden (South Africa), David García-del-Amo (Spain), Sara Guadilla (Spain), Anne Guerry (United States of America), Natalia Hanazaki (Brazil), Samantha Hill (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Ankila Hiremath (India), Sander Jacobs (Belgium), Nicolas Kosoy (Canada), Johannes Langemeyer (Spain), Margarita Lavides (Philippines), Ana C. Luz (Portugal), Pamela McElwee (United States of America), Vicky J. Meretsky (United States of America), Carla Morsello (Brazil), Jeanne Nel (Netherlands), Teresa Lynn Newberry (United States of America), , Diego Pacheco (Bolivia), Aili Pyhala (Finland), Sergio Rossi Heras (Spain), Joyashree Roy (Thailand), Isabel Ruiz-Mallén (Spain), Matthieu Salpeteur (France), Fernando Santos-Martin (Spain), Kirk Saylor (United States of America), Anke Schaffartzik (Spain), Nadia Sitas (South Africa), Chinwe Ifejika Speranza (Switzerland), Helen Suich (Australia), Derek Tittensor (Canada), Patricia Carignano Torres (Brazil), Elsa Tsioumani (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Sarah Whitmee (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Sarah Wilson (United States of America), Sylvia Wood (Canada), Felice Wyndham (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Francisco Zorondo-Rodriguez (Chile) 1 Unedited draft chapters 31 May 2019 Review Editors: Fikret Berkes (Canada), Thomas M. Brooks (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland/United States of America) 2 Unedited draft chapters 31 May 2019 Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 10 3.1.1 Premise ................................................................................................................................................ 10 3.1.2 Aichi Targets ....................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.3 SDGs .................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.4 Other global agreements related to nature and Nature’s Contributions to People ............................... 15 3.1.5 Why the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and Sustainable Development Goals are important from the perspective of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities ............................................................................... 16 3.2 Progress towards the Aichi Targets ............................................................................................................ 17 3.2.1 Assessment of progress globally .......................................................................................................... 17 3.2.2 Synthesis of progress globally ............................................................................................................. 53 3.2.3 Assessment of progress regionally and nationally ............................................................................... 57 3.2.4 The Aichi Biodiversity Targets and Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities .............................. 60 3.3 Impacts of trends in nature on progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals .............................. 74 3.3.1 Introduction to an integrated assessment approach .............................................................................. 74 3.3.2 Assessment findings ............................................................................................................................ 77 3.3.3 The Sustainable Development Goals and Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities ................... 143 3.4 Progress towards goals and targets of other global agreements related to nature and nature’s contributions to people 150 3.4.1 The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals .................................. 152 3.4.2 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ................ 155 3.4.3 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands ............................................................................................... 157 3.4.4 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) .................................................... 160 3.4.5 The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage .................. 162 3.4.6 The International Plant Protection Convention .................................................................................. 166 3.5 Cross-cutting synthesis of target achievement ......................................................................................... 174 3.6 Reasons for variation in progress towards policy goals and targets ......................................................... 182 3.7 Implications for development of a new strategic plan on biodiversity and revised targets ...................... 185 3.8 Knowledge gaps and needs for research and capacity-building ............................................................... 191 References 195 3 Unedited draft chapters 31 May 2019 Executive Summary In recognition of the importance of nature, its contributions to people and role in underpinning sustainable development, governments adopted a Strategic Plan on Biodiversity 2011-2020 through the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) containing 20 ‘Aichi Biodiversity Targets’ and integrated many of these into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted through the United Nations in 2015. Additional multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) target particular aspects of nature (e.g. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands; Convention on Migratory Species), drivers of biodiversity loss (e.g. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), or responses (e.g. World Heritage Convention). These various MEAs provide complementary fora in which