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THE REVIEW the Review Is a Public Policy Journal Publication by Roosevelt Institute@Yale-NUS College R THE REVIEW The Review is a public policy journal publication by Roosevelt Institute@Yale-NUS College. A registered student organisation of Yale-NUS, Roosevelt@YNC is a student-run, non-partisan public policy think tank which provides a platform for Yale-NUS students to be exposed to and to engage in local issues thr ough the generation and implementation of progressive policy ideas. This journal is a compilation of policy memos, opinion pieces, essays, and other research our members have written throughout Academic Year 2019/20. Journal Editor and Designer: Yang Pei-wei, Benjamin ('22) Published by Roosevelt Institute@Yale-NUS College, Singapore © 2020 Roosevelt Institute@Yale-NUS College www.roosevelt.commons.yale-nus.edu.sg 2019/20 Leadership Team: President - Yang Pei-wei, Benjamin ('22) Vice President (Organisation) - Giulia de Benedictis ('22) Vice President (Policy) - Ng Yi Ming ('21) Director of Policy - Annabelle Ho Jing Hua ('21), Prairie Soh ('21) Director of Finance and Events - Elizabeth Stepton ('22), Ashley Chan ('22) Head of Economic Development - Heather Cheng Hoi Yeuk ('22) Head of Equal Justice & Human Rights - Claire Phua ('22) Head of Enegy, Technology & the Environment - Esther Um ('21), Alisha Lavendra ('22) Foreword 3 [Economic Development & Inclusion] New SkillsFuture for Women branch to consolidate skills-upgrading programmes for lower-income mothers 5 What is Industry 4.0 and what does it mean for Singapore? 9 Innovation and Inequality: How can the government prepare Singaporeans amidst the Fourth Industrial Revolution? 11 [Equal Justice & Human Rights] Food for Thought: Improving Access to Nutrition for Migrant Construction Workers 17 Phasing out the SAP: Tackling Racial Inequality in Singapore’s Education System 20 The SAP Narrative: Cultural Promotion or Racial Segregation? 23 [Energy, Technology & the Environment] Encouraging Solar Energy in Singapore 30 Singapore’s Development “Stories” - The Exploitation of the Region and its Environment 33 [New York Times-APRU 2019 Global Health Competition - Awarded Entries] The GreenProduct Tax: A Sustainable Goods Tax to clear ASEAN’s Hazy Skies 38 Amending Taiwan’s Air Quality Standards 42 When we took over from the awe-inspiring inaugural leadership team around this time last year, we have strived to build on the foundations of the first year and further develop Roosevelt@YNC as a platform where the Yale-NUS community can learn about and engage in local policy issues. Despite challenges such as disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the academic year, we have started to build a stronger academic capacity through developing an in-house policy research guide (shoutout to Yi Ming and Prairie!) and forged stronger networks with organisations on- and off-campus. The next forty or so pages are a snapshot of everything we have done this past year. You will see policy memos, infographics, explainers, and opinion pieces written by members of our three policy centres, covering a wide range of local policy issues, including publications that we have released online as parts of our COVID-adapted 2020 Singapore (Virtual) Policy Deep- dive. Some of them, like access to nutrition for migrant workers and racial inequality in education, may feel particularly relevant in the current political climate. Others, such as the Fourth Industrial Revolution and energy transition, will hopefully prompt you to think about more long-term visions for Singapore. None of this would have been possible without the contributions of multiple individuals. In particular, I would like to thank the entire leadership team for their perseverance and understanding. We are also indebted to our faculty advisor, Saga Dean’s Fellow Tinesh Indrarajah, for offering valuable input and guidance whenever we were in need. I would also like to extend our gratitude to President Tan Tai Yong, Dean of Students Senior Manager Petrina Loh, and Associate Director of Alumni Affairs & Strategic Events Alyson Rozells for their generous assistance during our transition to a virtual Deep-dive. In such disruptive and uncertain times, the works you are about to read have been some of the only things that have made our disrupted lives feel a little more meaningful. We have been keeping them to ourselves longer than we had initially planned to, but they are all yours now. We hope this journal can serve as a starting point that inspires you, in some way, shape, or form, to delve deeper into issues that you may feel passionate about. In light of everything that has been happening around the world this year, the least we can do is to educate ourselves, especially on topics that we may have felt uncomfortable talking about in the past. So let us all learn together to become more informed and compassionate individuals, in hopes to contribute in building more inclusive and progressive societies—because that’s the essence of policy research, isn’t it? Stay safe and healthy! On behalf of the Roosevelt Institute@Yale-NUS AY2019/20 Leadership Team, President Yang Pei-wei, Benjamin (‘2022) May 2020 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & INCLUSION POLICY CENTRE Roosevelt Network 10 Ideas Policy Memo Submission New SkillsFuture for Women branch to consolidate skills-upgrading ​ programmes for lower-income mothers By Lim Tian Jiao (‘23) and Kaezeel Yeo (‘23) Thesis Statement To enable stay-at-home mothers from However, SkillsFuture courses are skewed towards lower-income backgrounds to access the white-collar industries, with few programmes workforce, Singapore’s Ministry of Manpower geared at helping less-skilled workers seek should create a branch under SkillsFuture to employment. Indeed, Ministry of Manpower consolidate non-profit organisations' current statistics showed a 32.4% training participation employability skills-training programmes for rate among unemployed females aged 15-64, women, accrediting them so they can receive 32.4% in 2018, suggesting that there is room for funding and scale-up. this programme to be better utilised in targeting the needs of stay-at-home mothers ready to move Background Analysis into employment. The Singapore Ministry of Manpower’s Labour Several NGOs such as Daughters of Tomorrow Force Survey 2018 showed that over 80% of (DoT) and the Young Women’s Christian unemployed Singaporean women in their 30s and Association (YWCA) currently conduct 40s were not looking for a job. However, 56.5% small-scale, resource-intensive programmes of respondents in their 30s cited childcare as the tailored towards lower-income mothers’ needs. factor holding them back from employment. For example, programmes provide childminding services to mothers who attend skills-training Women from lower-income brackets are especially courses and sponsor transport to and from affected by pressure to quit their jobs or reduce training venues, dismantling barriers to mothers’ working hours to care for their children, because participation. NGOs also have established they often lack education or skills required for relationships with prospective employers who office or corporate jobs and instead work shifts in understand women’s flexi-employment needs and service industries such as retail, hospitality and are committed to meeting them as far as possible, food and beverages where it is difficult to find enabling them to direct women to these jobs with flexible working hours. Indeed, job companies for internships and job-matching after matching programmes on existing flexi-work their skills-training journey. portals, such as private company Mums@Work and the government-led Employment and However, NGO programmes are limited by their Employability Institute (e2i), cater almost small reach. For example, DoT and YWCA had a exclusively to white-collar workers. combined programme intake of about 430 participants in 2018. A major reason for this is the Currently, the Singapore government has a financially intensive nature of the programme, SkillsFuture, targeted towards programmes—funding one participant through skills-upgrading, offering short courses to deepen the entire programme costs an estimated workers’ skills in different sectors. Courses are SGD$1,000 (for YWCA) to 3,500 (for DoT). mostly offered by private training firms which have passed an internal accreditation process. The Policy Idea: Consolidating and Every Singaporean aged 21 and above is also Facilitating Skills-Training and Job-Seeking entitled to SGD500 in SkillsFuture credits. Opportunities 5 SkillsFuture should open a new branch, Under the SkillsFuture framework, participants SkillsFuture for Women, that caters to would be able to claim course fees from their lower-income women in Singapore. The SkillsFuture Credits as well, defraying the costs of organisation should consolidate pre-existing training and hence incentivising them to sign up. training workshops and vocational programmes provided by NGOs like DoT and YWCA under Consolidating programmes under SkillsFuture for SkillsFuture for Women. This involves Women would also enable women to easily access streamlining Workforce Skills Qualification programmes catered to their specific needs as accreditation for relevant NGOs and waiving SkillsFuture is already being extensively publicised application fees, and allowing NGOs to apply for as a skills-development portal, achieving 1.9 funding to defray up to 80& of programme costs. million page views in 2017 alone and being utilised Resultantly, these NGOs will receive funding for by 280,000 Singaporeans from 2015 to 2018. operational costs and developing their
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