Index

A of the mountains, 260, 267, 270, 281, 315 Adana, 2, 4, 13–17, 20, 24–26, 32, 35, 36, 38, newly created, 250–253 44, 138, 259–284, 314–316, 319 reshaping, 248 Aeolian soil formation, 193–202 sediments, 181 sustainability, 285–291 transport, 181 Anthrosols, 129–130, 135, 154, 164, 169, Afforestation, 60–61, 65, 71–73, 78, 79, 89, 179–180, 184, 187, 190, 207, 209, 215, 93–98, 101, 111, 115, 118–122, 357 220, 223–225, 238 Aggregate measures, 103–110 Approach Agro holistic, 391, 398 environmental schemes, 171 integrated, 44, 59 forestry, 135, 137, 244, 255 multidisciplinary, 289 Agro-silvo-pastoral production system, 244 Apulia, 130, 132 Alghero, 179–191 Archaeological imprints, 155–156 Amanos, 267 Arenosol, 32, 136–138, 168, 169, 236, 335 American civil war, 274–277 Assyrians, 260, 262 Analysis Atriplex, 133, 244, 251–254 affordability, 394–395 Averting and mitigating behavior, 403 livelihood, 395 PEST, 395, 397 B Anatolia, 25, 64, 65, 135, 259, 267, 315 Benefit cost analysis, 402 Anazarbos, 269, 271 Byzantine empire, 265 Andosols, 134 Anthropic Regosols, 171, 173 C Anthropogenic soils Calcisol, 32, 35, 131–136, 139 anthrosols, 179–181, 184, 187, 190 Calcrete processes, 181, 183, 184, 186, 187, 189, horizon and petrocalcic horizon, 135 190 pedogenesis, 180–181 Anthroscape Calibration of model, 320–321, 329 Asian, 205–238 Cambisols, 23, 32, 35, 128, 131, 134, 135, Atriplex, 244, 251–254 137–139, 173, 174, 236 cotton, 272–273 Carbon degraded, 146, 193–202 emission, 388 economic and social impact of, 379–407 sequestration, 129 historical, 259–284 stocks, 218–221 hydrogeologic, 314 Cartagena, 194, 294 land quality classes, 2, 33–34, 41–43 Chalcolithic, 260 of the middle east, 57–123 China, 205–238, 270, 351

411 412 Index

Chinese soil taxonomy, 209, 215, 223, G 226, 238 Geochemistry, 293 Cilicia, 259, 260, 265, 269–271, 273, 274, Geophysics, 293 278, 279 Gleysols, 128, 132–133, 135, 138, 236 Clay Soil District, 163–178 Greece, 129, 132, 134, 135, 137–139 Climate change Groundwater, 19, 22, 23, 128, 140, 181, 189, projected impacts of, 311–330 211, 214, 215, 225, 229, 230, 312–314, scenarios, 319, 320 316–318, 320–330 Community measures, 103, 110–119 Gypsisol, 132–136 Convergence in economic growth, 385–390 Cotton, 22–24, 32, 132, 135, 136, 264, 269, H 270, 272–278, 281, 282 Hadrian, 265, 270 Cydnos, 267 Heavy metals, 150, 295, 298, 301, 302, 304 Hebron highlands, 63–64 D Hedonic prices, 404 Degradation Herodotus, 260, 267 cost of, 127, 400–407 Histosols, 128–129, 168, 236, 288 of rangeland systems, 243–256 Hittite, 27, 260 Desertification, 5, 25, 46, 57–123, 127, 140, Horizon 244, 253, 333, 334, 337, 391, 401 argic, 136, 137 Dioscorides, 279 cambic/calcic, 136, 138, 235, 238 Driving forces, 4, 9–10, 46, 55 duric, 136 Durisols, 135–136 hydragric, 209, 218 petroduric, 136 E salic, 132 Early Bronze Age, 155, 156, 260 Horse driven wells, 262–264 Egypt, 127, 132, 133, 140, 268, 274 Human pressures, 125 Electrical resistivity (ER), 196, 197, 199, 296, Humret Es-Sahin watershed, 61–63, 82, 114 303, 304, 309 Hydrogeology, 311–330 Eluviation, 212–215 Hydrology, 290, 319, 354 Environmental decay, 386, 387 I degradation, 58, 127, 244, 247, 405, 406 Illuviation, 137, 184, 210, 212–213, 223, 226, externalities, 386–390 230 sustainability, 206 illuvial transport, 181 Epipedon Impact analysis, 288–289 anthrogleyic, 206, 225, 226, 238 Impacts anthropic, 215–217 income inequality, 387, 388 anthrostagnic, 209, 217–218 of misuse, 3, 9–10 cumulic, 209, 216–217, 238 of winter resorts, 145–147 fimic, 215, 217, 223 Indigenous technologies, 2, 45, 333–349, 397 siltigic/irragric, 209, 215, 216, 238 Inheritance, 153–158 EU Soil thematic strategy, 51–56 Intra pedon, 181, 186, 187 Extra pedon, 181, 186, 187 Irrigation, 7, 14, 16, 17, 19, 24, 30–32, 38, 118, 127, 130, 132–135, 137, 139, 140, 180, F 184, 187, 206, 209–211, 213–217, 221, Farmers decision system, 400 223, 225, 229, 236, 238, 253, 261–264, Fertile lands, 259–284 266, 270–272, 281, 314–321, 323–325, Floods, 267 327, 329, 330, 352–354, 356–362, 401 Forest decay, 388 Israel, 59–61, 65–71, 73–75, 77–79, 81, 83, 92, Fragmentation, 388 94–97, 99, 102, 105, 109, 112–117, 119, France, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 274, 297 131, 134, 137, 139 Index 413

Italy, 9, 54, 56, 130–132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 125–141, 181, 184, 187, 194, 244, 245, 149, 151, 155, 157, 179–202 250, 269, 278, 279, 281, 294, 311–330, Italian Alps, 143–160 374, 377 Mersin, 44, 261 J Micronorphology, 199, 229, 250 Jordan, 60–63, 67, 70, 73, 74, 80–82, 84, 85, microstructure, 196, 199 96, 111, 119, 121, 126, 135, 137, 139 Migration, 3, 10–19, 23, 38, 45, 47, 214, 286, Justinian, 265, 266, 269, 270 357, 400 Mining K dumpings, 145, 149, 150 Karst processes, 181 mine tailings, 199, 294 Kastanozem, 132, 134 plant establishment in mine tailings, Keli-calcrete surfaces, 283–284 200–201 Kiziloz€ Microcatchment, 64–65, 75–77, 100, ponds, 294–297 103 Mismanagement, 20 Kizzuwatna, 260 Mitamashi, 351 Morocco, 127, 131–135, 137, 243–256 L Murcia, 194, 293–309 Land capability, 2, 26, 288, 290 N leveling, 210–211 Natural resources, 3, 18, 20, 25, 48, 127, 175, restoration, 55, 56, 255 351, 358, 398, 404 Land management Neolithic, 53, 259, 261 position, 41, 252 Net primary production (NPP), 2, 39–43, region, 125–141, 337 45–47 Landscape, 5, 52–55, 60, 63, 66, 120, 127, 129, Niger, 333–349 131, 132, 135, 139, 143–145, 151–155, Norway, 163–178 164–171, 173–175, 179, 180, 190, 206, 211, 212, 219, 223, 228, 230, 238, 244, O 245, 247, 251, 252, 255, 313, 334–338, Oldman saltbush, 244 352, 356, 364 Organic matter, 52, 62, 67, 91, 98–100, 120, Land use change, 5, 68, 165, 171, 206, 312 129, 134, 139, 165, 170, 172, 173, 177, Lebanon, 131, 134, 137, 139 194, 195, 199–202, 211–212, 214, 224, Legislation, 10, 19, 24, 25, 53, 302, 338 225, 236, 253, 267, 336, 366–368, 370, Leptosols, 8, 35, 128, 130–131, 134, 135, 372, 377 137, 139 Ottoman Empire, 260, 271, 274 Linen, 268–270, 272, 281 Overgrazing, 19, 90, 139, 148, 149, 157–159, Linthitic horizon, 215 245 Luvisols, 35, 127, 128, 131, 134, 135, 137–139, Ownership, 10, 247, 255, 288 168, 169, 171, 172, 236 P M Paddy Malaysia, 285–291 cultivation culture, 351 Management, 2, 5, 10, 18, 24, 27, 38, 39, 45, history, 213 48, 55, 59, 60, 62–66, 77–79, 82, 98, paddification, 213–214 125–141, 151, 163–165, 169–178, 184, soil chronosequences, 221–223 202, 209, 215, 221, 223, 244, 250, 251, soils, 206, 207, 210–215, 217–221, 223, 254, 270, 281, 288, 291, 313, 314, 330, 225–238 333–349, 351–362, 364, 385, 397, Palaeo 400, 401 environment, 253 Marrakech, 133, 244–247, 255 micro-topography, 186 Mediterranean, 2, 5, 7, 10, 23, 25, 26, 32, morphology, 183, 186 37, 55, 59, 62, 63, 89, 114–120, Palaeolithic, 155–156 414 Index

Palestine, 60, 61, 63, 65–67, 80, 82, 85–88, 92, Satoyama, 48, 354–361 98, 99, 101, 103, 106, 108, 111, 114, Satsneferru, 268–269 115, 121, 260 Settlements Pastureland, 146, 148, 157–158, 247 civil, 145, 149–150, 159 Pedogenic industrial, 145, 149–150, 159 features, 235 Seyhan basin, 2, 3, 5–18, 22, 23, 38, 40–43, iron, 221–223 45–47, 313 manganese, 221–223 Seyhan dam, 267, 314, 319 Percogenic horizon, 215, 238 Shifting agriculture, 285–291 Petrocalcic Palexeralfs, 190 Silk, 270, 272 Phaeozem, 132, 134, 135, 139, 171, 237 Socio-economy, 10 Phoenicians, 278–279 Soil Phosphate extractable organic nitrogen classification, 207–209, 233, 234, 236 (PEON), 367–368, 371, 372, 377 cover, runoff and erosion, 81–82, 91, Piri Reis, 266 98–100 Post-cultivation succession, 363–377 degradation, 36, 51, 52, 139–140, 154, 163, Project 164, 398, 399 implementation, 397 description, 208 preparation, 140, 353 development, 128, 163, 164, 223, 232 strategy map, 392, 393 erosion, 55, 57–123, 134, 154, 165, 173, Projected impact, 311–330 177, 180, 244, 247, 253, 342 Pyramos, 259, 261, 267, 279 organic matter, 67, 91, 98–100, 120, 194, 200, 201, 211–212, 253, Q 367–368 Quantification of carbon, 38–41 organic nitrogen, 365 Quantification of degradation, 406 protection, 11, 51–53, 55, 56, 101, 122, 139–141 R quality, 164, 168, 253, 363–377, 401 Rainfall, throughfall and stemflow, 71 resources, 140, 154 Reconstructing the past, 363–377 scape, 51 Redoximorphic features, 205, 218, 226–227, Soil units (WRB) 229, 230, 236, 238 Calcic, 134 Regenerating biodiversity, 363–377 Chromic, 134 Regosol, 128, 137–139, 171, 173, 174, 236 Gleyic, 134 Resources Haplic, 131 non-renewable, 24, 287, 289 Leptic, 134 Rhizosphere, 365–367, 370–373, 375 Luvic, 134 Risk assessment, 293–309 Mollic, 131 Roman Pachic, 134 age, 155–156 Siltic, 134 mining, 293–309 Skeletic, 134 terraces, 131 Solonchak, 132–134 Root zone, 121, 201, 365–368, 372–375, 377 Solonetz, 132–134 Runoff and sediment discharge, 65, 72, 86 Vertic, 134 Spain, 129, 131–139, 171, 193–202, S 293–309 Sahel, 333–349 Spatial data, 289–291 Saline intrusion, 133, 314 Spinnable fibres, 269–270 Sarawak, 285–291 Stewardship, 288, 291 Sardinia, 179–191, 260 Stone quarrying, 151–152 Saros, 259, 261, 267 Sub-microscopy, 367 Sassari, 244 Suido, 352–361 Index 415

Sustainability strategy, 392–398 V Sustainable Vertisols, 8, 32, 128, 131–132, 135, 136, 138 soil, 140, 333–349 Vineyard, 20, 21, 35, 55, 136, 137, 154, 155, use, 20, 43, 44, 48, 125–141, 357 180, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190 water management, 333–349, 360 Swot analysis, 10, 20, 394 W Sylvi-agro-pastoral watershed, 64–65 Wakf, 266 Syria, 131, 134, 135, 137, 139 Waste disposal, 145, 152–153, 159 Watersheds, 59–61, 64–66, 68, 71–73, 75, 76, T 78, 79, 103, 106, 119, 121, 122, 171, Taiwan, 205–238 174, 175 Taurus mountains, 260, 267, 270, 281, 315 Water stable aggregates (WSA), 366, 367, Terracing mountain, 153–155, 159 370–377 Terra rossa, 127, 128, 137 Weed rhizospheres, 365, 370–373 Tomatoes, 132, 267, 282, 283 Weeds, 287, 336, 364–369, 372 Traditional economic growth theory, 382–385 Western Balkans, 131, 134 Turkey, 2, 5, 10, 19, 44, 60, 64–65, 68, 70, 73, World Reference Base (WRB), 127, 128, 154, 75–77, 103, 104, 119, 122, 129, 179, 180, 187, 209, 215, 236, 237 131–139, 274, 277, 280, 282, 313, 314, WSA. See Water stable aggregates 318, 320, 329, 366, 388 Y U Yatir forest, 60–61, 71, 81, 94, 96, 97, 99, Umbrisol, 134–135, 168, 169, 171 101–104, 106