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3193-Savash Ve Dunya-Askeri Guc Ve Dunyanin Kadri-1450-2000-Jeremy Black

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3193-Savash Ve Dunya-Askeri Guc Ve Dunyanin Kadri-1450-2000-Jeremy Black Sava§ ve Dünya AskeriGüç ve KıtalannKaderi 14 50,2000 Jeremy Black (1955) İngiliz sava§ tarihçisi. Exeter Üniversitesi'nde profesör olmasının yanı sıra Dı§ Politika Ara§tırma Enstitüsü'nde de sava§ tarihi üzerine dersler vermektedir. Cambridge'teki Queen's College'te eğitim gördükten sonra akademik kariyerine St. John's, Merton ve Durham üniversitelerinde devam etti. Kanada, Avustralya, Almanya, Fransa, Danimarka gibi ülkelerde konuk öğretim üyesi olarak bulundu. 1996 yılından bu yana Exeter Üniversitesi'nde profesör olarak ders vermektedir. Ba§lıca yapıtları arasında World War Two: A Military History (2003), Retitinking Military History (2004), ve Kings, Nobles and Comrrwners: States and Societies in Early Modem Europe (2004) sayılabilir. D Black, Jeremy Savaş ve Dünya: Askeri Güç ve Kıtaların Kaderi 1450-2000 ISBN 978-975-298-388-5 1 Türkçesi: Yeliz Özkan 1 Dost Kitabevi Yayınları Mart 2009,.Ankara, 504 sayfa. Tarih-Sovo§ Tarihi-Toplumbilim-Notlar-isim Dizini SAVAŞ VE DÜNYA AskeriGüç ve KıtalannKaderi 14 50� 2000 . Jeremy Black ISBN 978-975-298-388-5 War and the World: Miliıary Power and the Faıe of Conıinenıs JEREMY BLACK ©Jeremy Black, 1998 Bu kitabın Türkçe yayın hakları Akcalı Telif Ajansı aracılığıyla Dost Kitabevi Yayınları'na aittir. Birinci Baskı, Mart 2009, Ankara İngilizceden çeviren, Yeliz Özkan Teknik Hazırlık, Mehmet Dirican-Dost İTB Baskıve cilı, PelinOfset Ltd. Şti.; İvedikOrganize Sanayi Bölgesi,Maıbaacılar Sitesi 58 8. SokakNo: 28-30, Yenimalıalle Arıkara 1 Tel:(0312) 3952580-81 • Fax:(0312) 3952584 Dost Kitabevi Yayınlan MeşrutiyetNo: Cad. 37!4Yerıi§elıir06420,Arıkara Tel:(0312)43593 70 • Fax:(0312) 4357902 www.dosıyayinevi.com • bi/gi@dosıyayinevi.com İçindekiler Önsöz 9 Teşekkürler ıı 1 Giriş 13 2 Gibbon Stratejileri 17 3 OnBeşinci ve OnAltıncı YüzYıllar: Yayılma ve Savaş 40 4 OnYedinci YÜzYıl 110 5 Devrim ÖncesiOn Sekizinci YüzYıl 167 6Devrim Çağıve Emperyal Büyüme 1775-1815 221 7 OnDokuzuncu YüzYd 280 8 Savaşve Devlet 1450-1900 347 9 Yirminci YüzYıl 392 İsimDizini 494 Geoffrey Parker'a Önsöz Yeni bir göreve getirilm em ve 1400-2000 arasındaki sava§larla ilgili bir ders v�rme kararım beni bu kitabı yazmaya itti. Kitap, uzun yıllardır verdiğim askeri tarih derslerimin bir yansıması ve daha önceki çalı§ma­ lanmın, özellikle de European Warfare 1660-1815 (Londra ve New Ha­ ven, 1994) isimli kitabıının daha geli§tirilmi§ bir §eklidir. Giri§ bölümünde de açıkça belirtildiği gibi, birçok açıdan yeni yakla§ımlar getirmeyi amaç­ ladım. Bu çapta bir konu ve bu büyüklükte bir çalı§ma ile bu kitap yal­ nızca konuya bir katkı olarak görülmelidir: sava§, çok geni§ ve geli§en bir konudur ve tarih meselesinde olduğu gibi küresel bir bakı§ açısı ile dünya askeri tarihini özellikle de tek bir ciltte anlatırken kesin konu§uyormu§ gibi davranmak yanlı§ olur. Bu kitapta eğilimleri incelemenin yanı sıra önemli bilgileri vermeyi amaçladım. Bazı kısımlarda, özellikle tarihler bakımından büyük oranda bilgi bulunmaktadır, fakat bu bilgiler Batılı okurların da bilmediği olaylan biçimlendirmek ve ili§kilendirmek için gereklidir. Kitabın konusu sayfaların elverdiği oranda geni§ kapsamlı olarak ele alınmı§tır. Notlar, metine daha fazla yer kalması ve bu kitabın yazılmasını sağlayan bursun reklamını yapmayı değil daha geni§ okur 10 SAVAŞ VE DÜNYA kitlelerine ula§mayı amaçladığım için çok kısıtlı ölçüde kullanılml§, doğ­ rudan alıntılada ve mümkün olduğunca da eri§ilebilir ikincil literatür ile sınırlandırılmı§tır. Teşekkürler Kitabın ilerleyen bölümlerindeki argümanları geli§tirmem konusunda a§ağıda sıraladığım kurumlarda konu§ma yapmam için aldığım davetler­ le sunulan fırsatlar için müte§ekkirim: Aberdeen, Bristol, British Co­ lombia, Cambridge, Denver, Dundee, Edinburgh, Illinois (Urbana) , India­ napolis, Maine, Manchester, Marburg, Missouri (St. Louis), New Hamp­ shire, Northumbria, Odense, Oxford, Plymouth, Southeastem Lousia­ na, Victoria, Virgina ve Yale üniversiteleri ile West Point, Royal Mili­ tary College of Canada, Brown, Lamar, Lethbridge, McMaster, Pennsyl­ vania State, Rice, St. Andrews, Simon Fraser, Stirling, Temple, Texas Christian, Washington (St. Louis), Wesleyan (Normal), Westem On­ tario ve Wilfrid Laurier üniversiteleri, Austin, Corpus Christi ve Peter­ house yüksekokulları, Cambridge ÜniversitesiTarih Ara§tırmaları Ensti­ tüsü, Londra'daki Alman Tarih Enstitüsü, Oxford'daki Virginia Mezun Yaz Okulu ve York'taki Açık Öğretim Üniversitesi Yaz okulu, Dartington, Huddersfield, City of London School ve St. Swithun's School'da verdi­ ğim donanma tarihi konferansları. Tom Amold, Chris Bartlett, Ian Bec­ kett, Volker Berghahn, George Boyce, Ahron Bregman, Martin van Cre- 12 SAVAŞ VE DÜNYA veld, Brian Davies, Kelly DeVries, Jan Glete, JeffreyGrey, John Hatten­ dorf, Nicholas Henshall, Stewart Lone, Peter Large, Piers Mackesy, John Pocock, George Raudzens, Dennis Showalter, Gene Smith, Lawrence Sondhaus, Edward Spiers, Armstrong Starkey, David Stevenson, John Thronton, Spencer Tucker, Bruce Vandervort, Arthur Waldron, Geof­ frey Wawro, Scott Wheeler, Russell Weigley ve Peter Wilson'a ilk tas­ lakla ilgili yorumlan için te§ekkür ederim. Wendy Duery' e ise sekreterya i§lerinden ötürü müte§ekkirim. Bu kitabı Sarah'ın sevgisi ve desteği ol­ madan yazamazdım. Bu kitabı yazmayı San Jacinto Devlet Sava§ Alanı Tarihi Parkı'nda bulunan Amerikan gemisi Texas'ı ziyaret etmemden kısa bir süre sonra bitirdim. Bu özel gün, yaptığım seyahatin beni Galveston'daki Gulf'e, Baton Rouge'd:iki Mississippi'ye ve Pontchartrain Gölü'nü a§an geçite götürmesi gibi en çok sevdiğim iki §eyi bir araya getirdi; birincisi, Amerika Birle§ik Devletleri'ni gezerek canlılıktan, çe§itlilikten ve Amerikalıların arkada§lıklarından keyif almak ve ikincisi, ı§ığın ve suyun tadını çıkar­ mak- dalgalanan denizde ı§ığın oyna§ması, altın ı§ık altında barı§ arayı§ı. 1 Giriş Tekrar olamaz. 1 770'lerde yazan Edward Gibbon'ın, çağda§ Avrupa'nın kendisinin barbar olarak nitelendirdiklerine yenilip yenilmeyeceğini de­ ğerlendirirken vardığı iyimser sonuç buydu. Gibbon'ın cevabı askeri iler­ leme ile ifade edilir: "Büyük toplar ve surlar artıkTatar atma kar§ı a§ılmaz bir engel halini almı§tır."1 Gibbon'ın analizi, bu kitapta, Avrupa askeri gücünün küresel boyutta yükseli§i ve Avrupalı olmayan halkların göre­ celi askeri geli§imi ve ba§arısı arasındaki ili§ki üzerinde yoğunla§an bir dizi çok önemli ve ili§kili meseleyi ele almak için ba§langıç noktası ola­ rak kullanılmaya çalı§ılmı§tır. Geni§ bir alandaki sosyal ve politik sis­ temlerin sava§ın sonsuz mücadelesine uyarlanabilirliğini gösterme ve harekat malzemesi ve 'yeni askeri tarih' ba§lığı altında toplanan daha kapsamlı konular arasında bir denge amaçlanmı§tır. Ba§langıçta iki noktayı ele alırrak gerekmektedir. İlk olarak, Avrupalı gücün yükseli§inin iyi bir §ey olduğu öne sürülmerni§ve zaferci bir yakla§ıtn 1) Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, (yay. haz.) J. B. Bury (7 cilt, Londra, 1896-1900), IV, 166-7. 14 SAVAŞ VE DÜNYA kesinlikle benimsenmemi§tir. Bu, yalnızca sava§ın bölgesel kontrol açısın­ dan doğurduğu sonuçlar için değil, aynı zamanda çatı§manın doğası ve §ekilleri için de geçerlidir. İrısanları daha 'etkin biçimde' ya da acımasızca öldürmek medeniyetin arzulanan bir yönü veya geli§menin bir safhası ola­ rak görülmemektedir. Bu nokta önemle vurgulanmalıdır, çünkü bu gibi varsayımlar sava§la ilgili yazınların tümünde olmasa da çoğunda saklıdır. İkinci olarak, bu konu tabula rasa değildir; önemi göz önünde bulundu­ mlmasına rağmen konuya daha fazla ilgi gösterilmemi§ olması §a§ırtıcıdır. Bu durum, bir bakıma, son kırk yılda akademik çevrelerin askeri tarihi, özellikle de 1990 öncesini, nispeten ihmal ettiğini göstermektedir. Bir bakıma da, ister eylemsel isterse daha geni§ çaplı bir sosyal yönü olan sözde 'yeni askeri tarih' olsun, askeri tarih çoğunlukla Batı tarihine odak­ lanmı§ ve dünyanın diğer bölgelerindeki geli§meleri değerlendirirken bile çok fazla Avrupa merkezli olmu§tur. -Bu da birkaç etkene bağlıdır. Mevcut kaynaklar ve dil becerisi elbette çok önemlidir, ancak değerlendirmesi daha zor olan tutumlara ili§kin etkenler de öyledir. Bunlardan ilki ve veri ile dil meseleleriyle ili§kili olanı askeri tarihin çoğunluğuna hakim olan olumlu havadır. Bu ise hem eylemsel hem de 'yeni' askeri tarihle uğra§mak için geli§tirilen yakla§ımla­ rın tartl§malı sonuçları, modemAvrupalı askeri güçlerin bürokratik doğa­ sı, askeri tarihçi olan insan tipleri ve konunun 'kültürü' ile ba§a çıkabil­ mek için geli§tirilen yakla§ımların bir sonucudur. Aynca, daha kapsamlı küresel durumu anlamaya kar§ı bir isteksizlik ya da konuya klasik olarak Batının teknoloji vasıtasıyla zafer kazandığını söyle­ yen belirli açıklayıcı modelin bir i§levi olarak yakla§ma eğilimi vardır. Bu, entelektüel ve görsel açıdan, askeri tarihe "Rorke's Drift" yakla§ımı mese­ lesidir: teknoloji ve bir görev a§kıyla az sayıda Avrupalı pek çok Avrupalı olmayan 'diğer' askerleri yenebildi, hatta mahvetti. Avrupalı olmayanla­ rın askeri kültürleri büyük oranda göz ardı edildi ve edilmekte; bunun bir nedeni, meseleyi incelemede kar§ıla§ılan problemler, yani tarafsız 'akade­ mik' bir yakla§ımdır; diğeri ise, Avrupalı olmayan halkların eskiden oldu­ ğu gibi §imdi de anakronik ve kaybetmeye mahkum görünmeleridir. Aslında, Avrupalı olmayanlar geçmi§te ve günümüzde genellikle an­ cak Avrupalılada ili§kili olduğunda ve özellikle de Avrupalıların kullan­ dıkları silahları ve yöntemleri benimseyip benimsemedikleri söz konusu olduğunda askeri yönden ilgi görürler. Birincisi, "Plassey Yakla§ımi"na i§aret eder. Bu yakla§ımda,
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