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Pinus Spp.) Slovenska Folia faunistica Slovaca, 2010, 15 (7): 47–54 ISSN 1335-7522 Potravné nároky húseníc motýľov (LePidoPtera) troficky viazaných na Pôvodné druhy borovíc (Pinus spp.) Slovenska 1 2 1Miroslav Kulfan & Milada Holecová Katedra ekológie, Prírodovedecká fakulta UK, Mlynská dolina B–2, 842 15 Bratislava [[email protected]]2 Katedra zoológie, Prírodovedecká fakulta UK, Mlynská dolina B–1, 842 15 Bratislava [[email protected]] kulfan m & holecová m, 2010: food requirement of Lepidoptera larvae trophically associated with indigenous Pinus species of slovakia. Folia faunistica slovaca, 15 (7): 47–54. abstract: Pinus Pinus sylvestris Pinus mugo Pinus cembra On the territory of Slovakia 111 lepidopteran species on the basis of larval stage on three indigenous species ( , and ) have been reported. The family Tortricidae encompassed the highest number of found species (34 species). The majority of the species is liv- ing only on coniferous woods (61 species).Pinus Phyllophages sylvestris represent the greatest part (38 species). Six speciesOdontopera belong bidentata to monophages.Paradarisa In the region consonaria of Záhorie Protected Landscape Area 26 speciesPinus on have been found. Phyl- lophagous geometers and have beenkey words: discovered for the first time on . Pinus Lepidoptera, larvae, food specialization, , Slovakia, Záhorie Protected Landscape Area. úvod Pinus Na Slovensku sa motýľom, ktoré sú troficky svojím larválnym štádiom viazané na prítomnosť pôvod- Borovica ( ) sa na území Slovenska vyskytuje ných druhov borovice, venovalo málo entomoló- gov. Hrubý (1964) v Prodrome lepidopter Sloven- od Pinusnížin (dubový vegetačný stupeň)Pinus až po sylvestris kosodre- P. sylvestris ska uvádza viacero druhov motýľov viazaných na vinový vegetačný stupeň.Pinus uncinata K pôvodným druhom ro- borovicu, najmä na druh , ale ucelenej- duPinus mugo u nás patrí borovica lesnáPinus ( cembra ), borovica barinná ( ), borovica horská šia štúdia zaoberajúca sa spoločenstvami motýľov na borovici lesnej na Slovensku zatiaľ neexistuje. ( ) a borovica limbová ( ). Z oblasti Borskej nížiny chýbajú konkrétne údaje V súčasnej dobe sa v oblasti Záhorskej nížiny (du- o výskyte motýľov troficky viazaných na borovi- bový vegetačný stupeň), do ktorej patrí aj CHKO Zá- cu lesnú. Jamnický (1988, 1990)Pinus vomugo svojichP. prácachcembra horie ako súčasť sústavy chránených území európ- podáva komplexnejší prehľad motýľov žijúcich na dvoch druhoch borovice – a skeho významu NATURA 2000, Pinusnachádza sylvestris najväčší komplex nížinných lesov na Slovensku. Najmä roz- v kosodrevinovom vegetačnom stupni s podrobnej- šími bionomickými poznámkami. Hrubík (1988) siahle porasty borovice lesnej ( ) na uvádza tri škodce z radu Lepidoptera žijúce na bo- viatych pieskoch Borskej nížiny, ktoré z väčšej časti rovici lesnej aj s ich bionómiou. nahradili pôvodné lesné ekosystémy, plnia dôležitú pôdoochrannú funkciu. Hlavným cieľom tejtoPinus práce sylvestris je vypracovaťP. mugo P. databázu cembra motýľov žijúcich na troch domácich druhoch boro- Komplexné poznanie fauny motýľov viazanej lar- víc na Slovensku ( , , ) válnym štádiom na najrozšírenejší druh borovice s dôrazom na borovicu lesnú v dubovom vegetačnom u nás - borovicu lesnú je v oblasti strednej Európy stupni na území CHKO Záhorie a uviesť potravné ná- slabo© Faunima, spracované. Bratislava, 2010 roky larválneho štádia jednotlivýchhttp://zoology.fns.uniba.sk/ffs druhov. 47 materiáL a metódy sú zoradené podľa abecedy. Druhy motýľov patria do 17-tich čeľadí, z ktorých najpočetnejšia je čeľaď Pre vytvorenie databázy motýľov vyskytujúcich sa Tortricidae (34 druhov). na Slovensku, ktoré sú troficky viazané na borovi- Prevažná väčšina druhov žije iba na ihličnatých cu, sme vychádzali z dostupnej literatúry z územia drevinách – Coniferae (61 druhov), čo predsta- Slovenska a Európy, kde sú údaje o bionómii a po- vuje 54,9 %, z toho iba na borovici 11 druhov (9,9 travných nárokoch larválnych štádií jednotlivých %) (tabuľka 1, obrázok 1). Početne veľkú skupinu druhov (Bergmann 1953, 1954, 1955; Bradley et predstavujú druhy, ktorých larválne štádiá žijú na al. 1973, 1979; Buhl et al. 1992; Čaputa 1970, 1975; ihličnatých drevinách a krytosemenných rastli- Elsner et al. 1999; Escherich 1931; Fajčík 1998; nách (Angiospermae), najmä na drevinách (46 dru- Fajčík & Slamka 1996; Forster & Wohlfahrt hov, 41,4 %) (tabuľka 1, obrázok 1). Do tejto sku- 1960, 1981; Gaedike & Petersen 1985; Gozmány piny okrem fylofágov (listožravé druhy) patria aj 1956; Gozmány & Szöcs 1965; Hannemann 1961, lichenofágy (druhy živiace sa lišajníkmi), fungivo- 1964, 1977; Hofmann 1887; Hrubík 1988; Hrubý ry (druhy požierajúce huby) a algofágy (druhy ži- 1964; Jamnický 1988, 1990; Kudela 1970; Kulfan viace sa riasami) žijúce na kmeňoch a konároch. 1991; Laštůvka & Laštůvka 1995; Lhomme 1923; Niektoré patria ku xylofágom (druhy žerúce drev- Loužil 1964; Madlen 1975; Miller 1956; Novák nú hmotu), anthofágom (druhy živiace sa kvetmi) 1970; Nüsslin & Rhumbler 1927; Patočka 1951, a karpofágom (druhy požierajúce plody) (tabuľka 1960, 1979, 1983, 1987; Pfeffer 1954; Reiprich 1). Osobitnú skupinu (ostatné druhy) predstavu- 1976, 1983, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2001; Reiprich jú druhy živiace sa bylinami, zvyškami rastlín, su- & Okáli 1988, 1989; Reiprich & Petrašovič 1972; chým ovocím, zrnom, čokoládou, tabakom, látkami Schütze 1931; Schwarz 1953; Slamka 1995; Spu- živočíšneho pôvodu a pod. (3 druhy, 2,7 %) (tabuľ- ler 1910; Steuer 1988; Szöcs 1977; Toll 1964; ka 1, obrázok 1). Trematera 1990; Tykač 1963; Werner 1958) a z vlastných zberov z oblasti Borskej nížiny. Podľa potravnej špecializácie najväčšie percento predstavujú fylofágne druhy – 38 druhov (62,3 %) V rokoch 2008 a 2009 sme v oblasti CHKO Záhorie v (tabuľka 1, obrázok 2), ktoré sa živia prevažne ihli- okolí obce Lakšárska Nová Ves (štvorec mapovacej cami, prípadne ihlicami aj púčikmi, alebo väčšinou siete DFS: 7468/69) uskutočnili na štyroch stacio- len púčikmi (tabuľka 1). Viaceré druhy mínujú (10 nároch výskum húseníc motýľov na borovici lesnej Archips oporanus druhov), ale niektoré nie počas celého larválneho (vek drevín približne 5–120 rokov) na základe me- štádia (tabuľka 1). Mínovač patrí tódy oklepov konárov vo výške 50 až 200 cm nad zároveň k fylofágom a korticivorom, pretože sa ži- povrchom zeme. Uvedené plochy patria do biotopu ví aj kôrou. Druhé miesto v poradí predstavuje sku- vlhko- a kyslomilných brezovo-dubových lesov a sú pina druhov preferujúcich plody, hálky, rakovinové súčasťou prírodných biotopov európskeho význa- Cidia coniferana a podobné útvary – 11 druhov (18 %) (tabuľka 1, mu (Stanová & Valachovič 2002). výsLedky a diskusia obrázok 2). ZDioryctria nich obaľovač abietella prijíma aj živicu a môže sa vyskytovať v chodbách pod kô- rou. VijačkaCidia illutana Assara sa terebrellaživí aj púčikmi, a pretoEupithecia je čiastočne abietaria aj fylogágnym druhom. Oba- Na základe vyššie uvedenej literatúry (pozri Mate- ľovač , vijačka a pia- riál a metodika) a vlastných výsledkov sa z územiaPinus divka sú typické karpofágne Slovenska udáva celkove 111 druhov motýľov, kto- druhy požierajúce šišky. Xylofágne a korticivorné rých larválne štádia sa zistili na borovici ( ) druhy (druhy živiace sa drevom a kôrou) predstaElatobia- (tabuľka 1). Nomenklatúra a systematická klasifi- vujúfuliginosella 9,8 % (6 Denisiadruhov) stipella (tabuľka 1, obrázok 2). DvaSie- kácia v tabuľke 1 je podľa práce Laštůvku (1998) z nich sa špecializujú na práchnivé drevo ( s tým rozdielom, že jednotlivé druhy v čeľadiach a ). Larva vreckovca obrázok 1. obrázok 2. Trofické vzťahy lariev motýľov k Potravná špecializácia druhov žijúcich Foliarastlinám. faunistica Slovaca, 2010, 15 (7): 47–54 iba na ihličnanoch (Coniferae). 48 tabuľka 1. Pinus PrehľadPinus motýľovPinus (Lepidoptera) sylvestris zistených na základe larválnehoPinus sylvestris štádia na domácich druhochPinus borovicemugo (Pinus )cembra s trofickou špecializáciou.Pinus cembra Vysvetlivky: P = , Ps = , Ps! = monofágny druh, PS = v CHKO Záhorie, Pm = , Pc = , (Pc) = - možný výskyt na Slovensku, Co = Coniferae, CoAn = Coniferae a An- giospermae, f. = fylofág, m. = mína v liste, gem. = púčik, fr. = plod, hálka, hrčka, fl. = kvet, rhiz, = koreň, Alg. = riasy, Lich. = lišajníky, Fungi = huby, herb. = byliny, xyl. = drevo, pod kôrou, ost. = rôzny prírodný materiál, nezn. = neznáme; faunistické elementy: EU = európsky, ES = eurosibírsky, OR = orientálny, HO = holarktický, ME = mediteránny, BA = boreoalpínsky, AL = alpínsky, AT = atlantický, NE = neoarktický, KO = kozmopolitný.Potravná špecializácia faunistické ČeľaĎ / DRUHY druh borovice larválneho štádia elementy tineidae Archinemapogon yildizae Elatobia fuliginosella Kocak, 1981 Ps CoAn, Fungi EU Triaxomera parasitella (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) Ps! xyl. EU Psychidae (Hübner, 1796) Ps CoAn, Fungi, xyl. EU Bacotia claustrella Siederia pineti (Bruand, 1845) Ps CoAn, Lich. EU yponomeutidae (Zeller, 1852) Ps, PS Lich. EU Argyresthia bergiella Cedestis gysseleniella (Ratzenburg, 1840) Ps Co, gem. EU Cedestis subfasciella Zeller, 1839 Ps, PS, Pm Co, m. EU Ocnerostoma friesei (Stephens, 1834) Ps, Pm m. EU Ocnerostoma piniariellum Svensson, 1966 Ps, Pm m. EU oecophoridae Zeller, 1847 Ps, Pm, Pc Co, m. EU Batia internella Decantha borkhausenii Jäckh, 1972 P Co, xyl., Lichenes EU Denisia luctuosella (Zeller, 1839) P Co, xyl. NE Denisia similella (Duponchel, 1840) Ps CoAn, xyl. EU Denisia stipella (Hübner, 1796) Ps CoAn, xyl., Fungi ES Esperia oliviella (Linnaeus, 1758) Ps, (Pc) Co, xyl. EU Fabiola pokornyi (Fabricius, 1794)
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