Infrared Thermometry Understanding and Using the Infrared Thermometer
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Radiant Heating with Infrared
W A T L O W RADIANT HEATING WITH INFRARED A TECHNICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND APPLYING INFRARED HEATERS Bleed Contents Topic Page The Advantages of Radiant Heat . 1 The Theory of Radiant Heat Transfer . 2 Problem Solving . 14 Controlling Radiant Heaters . 25 Tips On Oven Design . 29 Watlow RAYMAX® Heater Specifications . 34 The purpose of this technical guide is to assist customers in their oven design process, not to put Watlow in the position of designing (and guaranteeing) radiant ovens. The final responsibility for an oven design must remain with the equipment builder. This technical guide will provide you with an understanding of infrared radiant heating theory and application principles. It also contains examples and formulas used in determining specifications for a radiant heating application. To further understand electric heating principles, thermal system dynamics, infrared temperature sensing, temperature control and power control, the following information is also available from Watlow: • Watlow Product Catalog • Watlow Application Guide • Watlow Infrared Technical Guide to Understanding and Applying Infrared Temperature Sensors • Infrared Technical Letter #5-Emissivity Table • Radiant Technical Letter #11-Energy Uniformity of a Radiant Panel © Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company, 1997 The Advantages of Radiant Heat Electric radiant heat has many benefits over the alternative heating methods of conduction and convection: • Non-Contact Heating Radiant heaters have the ability to heat a product without physically contacting it. This can be advantageous when the product must be heated while in motion or when physical contact would contaminate or mar the product’s surface finish. • Fast Response Low thermal inertia of an infrared radiation heating system eliminates the need for long pre-heat cycles. -
Experiment 5: Molar Volume of a Gas (Mg + Hcl)
1 CHEM 30A EXPERIMENT 5: MOLAR VOLUME OF A GAS (MG + HCL) Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this lab, the student will be able to: 1) Demonstrate a single replacement reaction. 2) Calculate the molar volume of a gas at STP using experimental data. 3) Calculate the molar mass of a metal using experimental data. Introduction Metals that are above hydrogen in the activity series will displace hydrogen from an acid and produce hydrogen gas. Magnesium is an example of a metal that is more active than hydrogen in the activity series. The reaction between magnesium metal and aqueous hydrochloric acid is an example of a single replacement reaction (a type of redox reaction). The chemical equation for this reaction is shown below: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) è MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Equation 1 When the reaction between the metal and the acid is conducted in a eudiometer, the volume of the hydrogen gas produced can be easily determined. In the experiment described below magnesium metal will be reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid and the volume of hydrogen gas produced at the experimental conditions will be determined. According to Avogadro’s law, the volume of one mole of any gas at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP = 273 K and 1 atm) is 22.4 L. Two important Gas Laws are required in order to convert the experimentally determined volume of hydrogen gas to that at STP. 1. Dalton’s law of partial pressures. 2. Combined gas law. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures According to Dalton’s law of partial pressures in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. -
Use of Laboratory Equipement
USE OF LABORATORY EQUIPEMENT C. Laboratory Thermometers Most thermometers are based upon the principle that liquids expand when heated. Most common thermometers use mercury or colored alcohol as the liquid. These thermometers are constructed as that a uniform-diameter capillary tube surmounts a liquid reservoir. To calibrate a thermometer, one defines two reference points, normally the freezing point of water (0°C, 32°F) and the boiling point of water (100°C, 212°F) at 1 tam of pressure (1 tam = 760 mm Hg). Once these points are marked on the capillary, its length is then subdivided into uniform divisions called degrees. There are 100° between these two points on the Celsius (°C, or centigrade) scale and 180° between those two points on the Fahrenheit (°F) scale. °F = 1.8 °C + 32 The Thermometer and Its Calibration This section describes the proper technique for checking the accuracy of your thermometer. These measurements will show how measured temperatures (read from thermometer) compare with true temperatures (the boiling and freezing points of water). The freezing point of water is 0°C; the boiling point depends upon atmospheric pressure but at sea level it is 100°C. Option 1: Place approximately 50 mL of ice in a 250-mL beaker and cover the ice with distilled water. Allow about 15 min for the mixture to come to equilibrium and then measure and record the temperature of the mixture. Theoretically, this temperature is 0°C. Option 2: Set up a 250-mL beaker on a wire gauze and iron ring. Fill the beaker about half full with distilled water. -
Understanding Infrared Light
TEACHER/PARENT ACTIVITY MANUAL Joint Polar Satellite System Understanding Infrared Light This activity educates students about the electromagnetic spectrum, or different forms of light detected by Earth observing satellites. The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS), a collaborative effort between NOAA and NASA, detects various wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum including infrared light to measure the temperature of Earth’s surface, oceans, and atmosphere. The data from these measurements provide the nation with accurate weather forecasts, hurricane warnings, wildfire locations, and much more! Provided is a list of materials that can be purchased to complete several learning activities, including simulating infrared light by constructing homemade infrared goggles. Learning Objectives Next Generation Science Standards (Grades 5–8) Performance Disciplinary Description Expectation Core Ideas 4-PS4-1 PS4.A: • Waves, which are regular patterns of motion, can be made in water Waves and Their Wave Properties by disturbing the surface. When waves move across the surface of Applications in deep water, the water goes up and down in place; there is no net Technologies for motion in the direction of the wave except when the water meets a Information Transfer beach. (Note: This grade band endpoint was moved from K–2.) • Waves of the same type can differ in amplitude (height of the wave) and wavelength (spacing between wave peaks). 4-PS4-2 PS4.B: An object can be seen when light reflected from its surface enters the Waves and Their Electromagnetic eyes. Applications in Radiation Technologies for Information Transfer 4-PS3-2 PS3.B: Light also transfers energy from place to place. -
Ear and Forehead Thermometer
Ear and Forehead Thermometer INSTRUCTION MANUAL Item No. 91807 19.PJN174-14_GA-USA_HHD-Ohrthermometer_DSO364_28.07.14 Montag, 28. Juli 2014 14:37:38 USAD TABLE OF CONTENTS No. Topic Page 1.0 Definition of symbols 5 2.0 Application and functionality 6 2.1 Intended use 6 2.2 Field of application 7 3.0 Safety instructions 7 3.1 General safety instructions 7 3.3 Environment for which the DSO 364 device is not suited 9 3.4 Usage by children and adolescents 10 3.5 Information on the application of the device 10 4.0 Questions concerning body temperature 13 4.1 What is body temperature? 13 4.2 Advantages of measuring the body tempera- ture in the ear 14 4.3 Information on measuring the body tempera- ture in the ear 15 5.0 Scope of delivery / contents 16 6.0 Designation of device parts 17 7.0 LCD display 18 8.0 Basic functions 19 8.1 Commissioning of the device 19 8.2 Warning indicator if the body temperature is 21 too high 2 19.PJN174-14_GA-USA_HHD-Ohrthermometer_DSO364_28.07.14 Montag, 28. Juli 2014 14:37:38 TABLE OF CONTENTS USA No. Topic Page 8.3 Backlighting / torch function 21 8.4 Energy saving mode 22 8.5 Setting °Celsius / °Fahrenheit 22 9.0 Display / setting time and date 23 9.1 Display of time and date 23 9.2 Setting time and date 23 10.0 Memory mode 26 11.0 Measuring the temperature in the ear 28 12.0 Measuring the temperature on the forehead 30 13.0 Object temperature measurement 32 14.0 Disposal of the device 33 15.0 Battery change and information concerning batteries 33 16.0 Cleaning and care 36 17.0 “Cleaning” warning indicator 37 18.0 Calibration 38 19.0 Malfunctions 39 20.0 Technical specification 41 21.0 Warranty 44 3 19.PJN174-14_GA-USA_HHD-Ohrthermometer_DSO364_28.07.14 Montag, 28. -
Equilibrium, Energy Conservation, and Temperature Chapter Objectives
Equilibrium, Energy Conservation, and Temperature Chapter Objectives 1. Explain thermal equilibrium and how it relates to energy transport. 2. Understand temperature ranges important for biological systems and temperature sensing in mammals. 3. Understand temperature ranges important for the environment. 1. Thermal equilibrium and the Laws of thermodynamics Laws of Thermodynamics Energy of the system + = Constant Energy of surrounding Energy Conservation 1. Thermal equilibrium and the Laws of thermodynamics Energy conservation Rate of Rate of Rate of Rate of Energy In Energy Out Energy Generation Energy Storage 1. Thermal equilibrium and the Laws of thermodynamics Ex) Solid is put in the liquid. specific mass heat temperature Solid Liquid Energy = m( − ) 1. Thermal equilibrium and the Laws of thermodynamics Energy In = − Energy Out = 0 Energy Generation = 0 Energy Storage = ( +) − −( −) >> Use the numerical values as shown in last page’s picture and equation of energy conservation. Using energy conservation, we can find the final or equilibrium temperature. 2. Temperature in Living System Most biological activity is confined to a rather narrow temperature range of 0~60°C 2. Temperature in Living System Temperature Response to Human body How temperature affects the state of human body? - As shown in this picture, it is obvious that temperature needs to be controlled. 2. Temperature in Living System Temperature Sensation in Humans - The human being can perceive different gradations of cold and heat, as shown in this picture. 2. Temperature in Living System Thermal Comfort of Human and Animals - Body heat losses are affected by air temperature, humidity, velocity and other factors. - Especially, affected by humidity. 3. -
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2 February 15, 2006 . DRAFT Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as part of the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kits to aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out with support from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe. For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk or contact Dr. Peter Long Prof. Alex Slocum Cambridge University Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trumpington Street, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge. Cambridge MA 02139-4307 CB2 1PZ. USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1223 332779 tel: +1 617 253 0012 For information about the CMI initiative please see Cambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org CMI CMI, University of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10 Miller’s Yard, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Mill Lane, Cambridge MA 02139-4307 Cambridge. CB2 1RQ. USA tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207 tel. +1 617 253 7732 fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891 fax. +1 617 258 8539 . DRAFT 2 CMI-MDP Programme 1 Introduction This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi- neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a number of existing glossaries together with a number of local additions. -
Thermal Physics
Slide 1 / 163 Slide 2 / 163 Thermal Physics www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 163 Slide 4 / 163 Thermal Physics · Temperature, Thermal Equilibrium and Thermometers · Thermal Expansion · Heat and Temperature Change · Thermal Equilibrium : Heat Calculations · Phase Transitions · Heat Transfer · Gas Laws Temperature, Thermal Equilibrium · Kinetic Theory Click on the topic to go to that section · Internal Energy and Thermometers · Work in Thermodynamics · First Law of Thermodynamics · Thermodynamic Processes · Second Law of Thermodynamics · Heat Engines · Entropy and Disorder Return to Table of Contents Slide 5 / 163 Slide 6 / 163 Temperature and Heat Temperature Here are some definitions of temperature: In everyday language, many of us use the terms temperature · A measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or substance with and heat interchangeably reference to some standard value. But in physics, these terms have very different meanings. · Any of various standardized numerical measures of this ability, such Think about this… as the Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Celsius scale. · When you touch a piece of metal and a piece of wood both · A measure of the ability of a substance, or more generally of any resting in front of you, which feels warmer? · When do you feel warmer when the air around you is 90°F physical system, to transfer heat energy to another physical system. and dry or when it is 90°F and very humid? · A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample · In both cases the temperatures of what you are feeling is of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a the same. -
Thermal Equilibrium State of the World Oceans
Thermal equilibrium state of the ocean Rui Xin Huang Department of Physical Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA April 24, 2010 Abstract The ocean is in a non-equilibrium state under the external forcing, such as the mechanical energy from wind stress and tidal dissipation, plus the huge amount of thermal energy from the air-sea interface and the freshwater flux associated with evaporation and precipitation. In the study of energetics of the oceanic circulation it is desirable to examine how much energy in the ocean is available. In order to calculate the so-called available energy, a reference state should be defined. One of such reference state is the thermal equilibrium state defined in this study. 1. Introduction Chemical potential is a part of the internal energy. Thermodynamics of a multiple component system can be established from the definition of specific entropy η . Two other crucial variables of a system, including temperature and specific chemical potential, can be defined as follows 1 ⎛⎞∂η ⎛⎞∂η = ⎜⎟, μi =−Tin⎜⎟, = 1,2,..., , (1) Te m ⎝⎠∂ vm, i ⎝⎠∂ i ev, where e is the specific internal energy, v is the specific volume, mi and μi are the mass fraction and chemical potential for the i-th component. For a multiple component system, the change in total chemical potential is the sum of each component, dc , where c is the mass fraction of each component. The ∑i μii i mass fractions satisfy the constraint c 1 . Thus, the mass fraction of water in sea ∑i i = water satisfies dc=− c , and the total chemical potential for sea water is wi∑iw≠ N −1 ∑()μμiwi− dc . -
Infrared Forehead Thermometer (4DET-306) Quick Start Guide
Infrared Forehead Thermometer (4DET-306) Quick Start Guide To take a forehead temperature: 1” (2-3cm) 1 Press the power button , wait for 2 beeps. 2 Aim the thermometer at the center of the forehead about 1 inch (2-3 cm) from the skin and press the start button S T A R T . 2 START If the body temperature is below 100°F (38.7°C) you will hear one short beep and a 1 happy face will appear on the display. If the body temperature is above 100°F (38.7°C) you will hear one long beep followed by three short beeps and a sad face will appear on the display. Detailed instructions are included in the packaging Temperature Taking Hints and Tips • All body site temperatures are not the same. The • Temporal artery temperature changes faster than a temperature taken at different sites on the body will vary temperature taken rectally, orally or under the arm. A significantly. A forehead (temporal) temperature, for difference of 1°F (.6°C) is normal. Body temperature can example, is usually 0.5°F (0.3°C) to 1.0°F (0.6°C) lower change throughout the day. than an oral temperature. • Consistently low temperature readings may be caused by a • Make certain the thermometer is in FOREHEAD MODE. dirty instrument window. Use an alcohol wipe or a cotton • Non-contact infrared thermometers measure surface swab moistened with alcohol (70% isopropyl) to clean the temperature. Hold the device approximately 1 inch (2-3 instrument window and housing. Gently wipe and let air dry. -
Undersea Warfare
THE EMERGING ERA IN UNDERSEA WARFARE BRYAN CLARK www.csbaonline.org 1 The Emerging Era in Undersea Warfare Introduction U.S. defense strategy depends in large part on America’s advantage in undersea warfare. Quiet submarines are one of the U.S. military’s most viable means of gathering intelligence and pro- jecting power in the face of mounting anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) threats being fielded by a growing number of countries. As a result, undersea warfare is an important, if not essential, element of current and future U.S. operational plans. America’s rivals worry in particular about the access submarines provide for U.S. power-projection operations, which can help offset an enemy’s numerical or geographic advantages.1 Broadly speaking, undersea warfare is the employment of submarines and other undersea sys- tems in military operations within and from the underwater domain. These missions may be both offensive and defensive and include surveillance, insertion of Special Forces, and destroy- ing or neutralizing enemy military forces and undersea infrastructure. America’s superiority in undersea warfare is the product of decades of research and develop- ment (R&D), a sophisticated defense industrial base, operational experience, and high-fidelity training. This superiority, however, is far from assured. U.S. submarines are the world’s qui- etest, but new detection techniques are emerging that do not rely on the noise a submarine makes, and that may render traditional manned submarine operations far riskier in the future. America’s competitors are likely pursuing these technologies while also expanding their own undersea forces. -
Model 914-604 Infra-Red Thermometer
Not recommended for use in measuring shiny or polished metal surfaces (stainless steel, aluminum, etc.) The reading will not be accurate. It is not possible to take measurements through transparent materials (glass, Plexiglas, etc.). It will Model 914-604 measure the temperature of the transparent surface Infra-red thermometer instead. It is not possible to measure air temperatures. Measurement errors can occur due to air contaminated with dust, steam, smoke, etc. Battery Replacement: Battery is low and no more measurements are possible. Replace the battery immediately with a CR2032 lithium button cell. 1- Power off the thermometer before replacing the battery A malfunction may occur if the power is on during battery replacement. If a malfunction occurs, restart the device. 2-Twist the battery cover on the back of thermometer to loosen the cover and remove the old battery. A coin will work well. 3- The new CR2032 battery is installed positive side up. Take care that the metal contacts at the top of the battery Congratulations on your purchase of the Infrared compartment are not bent. Thermometer! One-click for a temperature reading. Metal Contacts Metal Contacts No surface contact required, prevents contamination. Take a Measurement: 4-Replace the battery cover and tighten. Place the thermometer close to the item to measure. Click the button once to measure the surface temperature. The Troubleshooting: reading will display for 15 seconds. Problem Solution Hold the button for ongoing readings. No Display: Press the button Auto Shut Off: Ensure battery polarity is correct When the button has not been pressed for 15 seconds, the Change the battery thermometer will automatically shut off to save power.