Online Submissions: http://www.journaltcm.com J Tradit Chin Med 2013 December 15; 33(6): 815-826 [email protected] ISSN 0255-2922 © 2013 JTCM. All rights reserved.

REVIEWTOPIC Parsley: a review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and bio- logical activities

Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Zahra Abbasabadi, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, Roja Rahimi, Fatemeh Farzaei aa Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman- num hortence". shah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Fac- RESULTS: Parsley has been used as carminative, ulty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sci- gastro tonic, diuretic, antiseptic of urinary tract, an- ence, Tehran 1417653761, Iran ti-urolithiasis, anti-dote and anti-inflammatory and Zahra Abbasabadi, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah Uni- for the treatment of amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, versity of Medical Science, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran gastrointestinal disorder, hypertension, cardiac dis- Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, Department of Tradi- tional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran Uni- ease, urinary disease, otitis, sniffle, diabetes and al- versity of Medical Science, Tehran 1417653761, Iran; Depart- so various dermal disease in traditional and folklore ment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Uni- medicines. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids versity of Medical Science, Tehran 1417653761, Iran particularly apigenin, apiin and 6"-Acetylapiin; es- Roja Rahimi, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty sential oil mainly and apiol; and also cou- of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sci- marins are the active compounds identified in ence, Tehran 1417653761, Iran Petroselinum crispum. Wide range of pharmacolog- Fatemeh Farzaei, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kerman- ical activity including antioxidant, hepatoprotec- shah Razi University, Kermanshah 6715685414, Iran Correspondence to: Prof. Roja Rahimi, Department of Tra- tive, brain protective, anti-diabetic, analgesic, spas- ditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran molytic, immunosuppressant, anti-platelet, gastro- University of Medical Science, Tehran 1417653761, Iran. ro- protective, cytoprotective, laxative, estrogenic, di- [email protected] uretic, hypotensive, antibacterial and antifungal ac- Telephone: +98-2166412653 tivities have been exhibited for this plant in mod- Accepted: August 12, 2013 ern medicine.

CONCLUSION: It is expectant that this study result- ed in improvement the tendencies toward Petrose- Abstract linum crispum as a useful and important medicinal OBJECTIVE: To summarize comprehensive informa- plant with wide range of proven medicinal activity. tion concerning ethnomedicinal uses, phytochem- istry, and pharmacological activities of parsley. © 2013 JTCM. All rights reserved.

METHODS: Databases including PubMed, Scopus, Key word: Petroselinum; Jafari; Medicine, tradition- Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched al; Pharmacological processes; Chemistry for studies focusing on the ethnomedicinal use, phytochemical compounds and biological and INTRODUCTION pharmacological activities of parsley. Data were col- lected from 1966 to 2013. The search terms were: Petroselinum crispum (mill.) Nym.ex A.W. Hill and in "Parsley" or "Petroselinum crispum" or "Petroseli- some region Petroselinum hortence Hoffm. From the

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 815 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review family Umbeliferae, are commonly known as parsley. icine, Petroselinum crispum seeds have been claimed to The origin of parsley is from Mediterranean region, be antimicrobial, antiseptic, astringent, gastrotonic, an- but today is cultivated wherever of the world. Parsley is tidote, antispasmodic, carminative, digestive and seda- biennial and glabrous. Its height is 60 to 100 cm, nu- tive and is used for gastrointestinal disorder, inflamma- merous stems grow from one root. Roots are thin or tion, halitosis, kidney stone, and amenorrhoea.2-6 thick fusiform to tuberous and vertical. The leaves are Leaves also are employed as food flavor and antitussive tripinnate and ovate. Inflorescences are long pedicled, and used for gastrointestinal disorder, exanthema, der- terminal, with yellowish umbels. The involucre possess- matitis, alphosis, macula, headcool, sniffle, vision per- es one or two bracts. The petals are splayed with a formance, hemorrhoid, kidney stone, diuretic and oti- curved tip. The style thickening is very developed. The tis.4-6 The leaves also possess anticoagulant and abortifa- fruit is orbicular ovate and greenish-gray, with 2.5 mm cient activity and are useful in skin disease, hyperten- length.1 Moreover than its widely use as a green vegeta- sion, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxic, diabetes, cardiac ble and garnish, it is used for different medicinal pur- disease, renal disease, lumbago, eczema, nose bleed, poses in traditional and folklore medicine of different amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhea, kidney stones, prostati- countries. Various compounds from different phyto- tis, halitosis, anaemia, hypertension, hyperuricaemia, chemical categories have been identified in Parsley. Al- constipation, odontalgy, pain, baldness, urinary tract so, different pharmacological activities have been attrib- disease, fluid retention and urinary tract infections in uted to this plant. The present review summarizes com- ethnomedicine of other countries.7-16 The seeds showed prehensive information concerning ethnomedicinal us- diuretic and carminative activity and are useful in gas- es, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of tritis.17,18 parsley. For this purpose, databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were Phytochemical constituents searched for studies focusing on the ethnomedicinal Table 2 shows the structure and phytochemical cate- use, phytochemical compounds and biological and gory of compounds isolated from different parts of pharmacological activities of parsley. Data were collect- parsley. ed from 1966 to 2013 (up to June). The search terms were: "Parsley" or "Petroselinum crispum" or "Petroseli- Flavonoids num hortence". There was no language restriction. The Flavonoids are dominant compounds of this plant.19 reference list from retrieved articles was also reviewed Flavonoids including Apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol, for additional applicable studies. All published studies quercetin and isorhamnetin were detected in cell sus- as well as abstracts presented at meetings were evaluat- pension cultures of Petroselinum hortence.20 Flavo- ed. In vitro, in vivo and human studies were separated noids apigenin, cosmosiin, oxypeucedanin hydrate and and the data from each was extracted in individual ta- apiin were detected from aqueous extract of Petroseli- bles. num crispum leaves.21 6"-Acetylapiin, a flavone glyco- side, and petroside, its monoterpene glucoside, were Ethnomedicinal uses isolated for the first time from extract of Ethnomedicinal uses of parsley in different countries Petroselinum crispum aerial part. Myristicin, apiol, cni- have been shown in Table 1. In traditional Iranian med- dilin, isoimperatorin, diosmetin, 7-O- -D-glucopyran- β Table 1 Ethnomedicinal uses of Petroselinum crispum Region Plant part (s) used Traditional uses and ethnobotanical reports Antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic and sedative, gastrointestinal disorder and carminative, di- Iran Seeds2-6 gestive, astringent, gastrotonic, inflammation, antidote, halitosis, kidney stone and amenorrhoea Food flavor, exanthema, alphosis, macula, headcool, sniffle, otitis, antitussive, diuretic, kidney stone, Leaf 4-6 hemorrhoid, gastrointestinal disorder, vision performance and dermatitis Iraq Leaf 7 Skin disease Leaf 8,9 Turkey Anticoagulant, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxic and diabetes

Seeds17 Diuretic

China Leaf36 Food flavor Arterial hypertension, diabetes, cardiac disease, renal disease, lumbago, high blood pressure, eczema, Morocco Leaf 10-13 and nose bleed Amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhea, kidney stones Spain Leaf 14 Prostatitis, diabetes , halitosis, abortion, anaemia , hypertension, hyperuricaemia, constipation, odon- talgy, pain, baldness Italy Aerial part15 Abortifacient

Peru Seeds18 Carminative and gastritis Urinary tract disease, fluid retention and Serbia Leaf 16 urinary tract infections

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 816 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 2 Phytochemical constituents of parsley Compound Chemical category Part/extract Apigenin Flavonoid Leaf/aqueous extract21 Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20 Leaf23 Luteolin Flavonoid Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20 Chrysoeriol Flavonoid Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20 Quercetin Flavonoid Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20 Isorhamnetin Flavonoid Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20 Apiose Hydrocarbon Cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense20 Seed, stem and leaf of Petroselinum crispum24 Petroside Hydrocarbon Aerial part/methanol extract22 Cosmosiin Flavonoid glycoside leaf/aqueous extract21 Oxypeucedanin hydrate Flavonoid leaf/aqueous extract21 Apiin Flavonoid glycoside leaf/aqueous extract21 6"-Acetylapiin Flavone glycoside Aerial part/methanol extract22 Cnidilin Flavonoid Aerial part/methanol extract22 Diosmetin Flavone glycoside Aerial part/methanol extract22 7-O- -D-glucopyranoside Kaempferolβ Flavone glycoside Aerial part/methanol extract22 3-O- -D-glucopyranoside Kaempferolβ Flavonoid Leaf23 Myristicin Essential oil/ Aerial part/methanol extract22 Seed/essential oil26 Apiol Essential oil/ Aerial part/methanol extract22 Seed/essential oil26 Plant, callus and cell extracted volatile oil29 -Pinene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26 α Leaf/essential oil28 Sabinene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26 Leaf/essential oil28 -Pinene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26 β Leaf/essential oil28 -Cymene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26 ρ Leaf/essential oil28 Limonene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26 Leaf/essential oil28 -Phellandrene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26 β Plant, callus and cell extracted volatile oil29 Leaf/essential oil28 -Terpinene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Seed/essential oil26 γ Leaf/ essential oil28 Essential oil/ phenylpropene Seed/essential oil26 Leaf/essential oil28 1-Allyl-2,3,4, Essential oil/ phenylpropene Seed/essential oil26 5-tetramethoxy-benzene Carotol Essential oil/ sesquiterpene Seed/essential oil26 Essential oil/ phenylpropene Seed/essential oil27 -Elemene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 β -Caryophyllene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 β JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 817 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 2 Phytochemical constituents of parsley (continued) Compound Chemical category Part/extract Phenylacetaldehyde Essential oil/ aldehyde Leaf/essential oil28 -Elemene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 γ -Terpineol Essential oil/ Monoterpene alcohol Leaf/essential oil28 α -Thujene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 α Essential oil/ Leaf/essential oil28 Camphene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 Hexanal Essential oil/ aldehyde Leaf/essential oil28 3-Carene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 m- and/or -Xylene Essential oil/ aromatic compound Leaf/essential oil28 ρ Myrcene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 -Phellandrene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 α -Terpinene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 α 2-Pentylfuran Essential oil/ Leaf/essential oil28 cis- -Ocimene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 β trans- -ocimene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 β -Terpinolene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 α -1,3,8-Menthatriene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 ρ Plant, callus and cell extracted volatile oil29 cis-Hex-3-en-l-ol Essential oil/ alcohol Leaf/essential oil28 4-isopropenyl-1-Methylbenzene Essential oil/ monoterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 -Cubebene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 α Benzaldehyde Essential oil/ aldehyde Leaf/essential oil28 -Copaene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 α Cryptone Essential oil/ ketone compound Leaf/essential oil28 -Bisabolene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 β -Elemene Essential oil/ sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Leaf/essential oil28 α 2-( -Tolyl) propan-2-ol Essential oil/ monoterpene alcohol Leaf/essential oil28 ρ -Cadinol Essential oil/ sesquiterpene alcohol Leaf/essential oil28 δ Nonanal Essential oil/ aldehyde Plant, callus and cell extracted volatile oil29 Decanal Essential oil/ monoterpene aldehyde Plant, callus and cell extracted volatile oil29 Oxypeucedanin Furanocoumarin Leaf and root30 Psoralen Furanocoumarin Leaf and root30 8-Methoxypsoralen Furanocoumarin Leaf and root30 5-Methoxypsoralen Furanocoumarin Leaf and root30 Imperatorin Furanocoumarin Leaf and root30 Isoimperatorin Furanocoumarin Aerial part/methanol extract22 Leaf and root30 -Carotene Carotenoid leaf and stem acetone extract31 β Lutein Carotenoid leaf and stem acetone extract31 Violaxanthin Carotenoid leaf and stem acetone extract31 Neoxanthin Carotenoid leaf and stem acetone extract31 Ascorbic acid Vitamin Aerial part32

33 Crispane Sesquiterpene Seed/Et2O extract

33 Crispanone Sesquiterpene Seed/Et2O extract l-methyl-4-(methylethenyl)-2,3-dioxabicyclo Oxygenated derivative of monoterpens Leaf/Et O extract34 [2.2.2]Oct-5-ene 2

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 818 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review oside and kaempferol 3-O- - D-glucopyranoside were Pharmacological activities also detected in this extract.22βMoreover, Gadi et al 23 de- Table 3 shows pharmacological effects of Petroselinum tected kaempferol and apigenin are in Petroselinum crispum in detail. crispum leaf. Antioxidant activity Carbohydrates Adding Petroselinum crispum leaves to the diet of 14 D-glucose and apiose have been detected in cell suspen- people for one week caused significant increase in anti- sion cultures of Petroselinum hortence (Kreuzaler oxidant enzymes compared with their levels in the ba- 1973). Apiose is a sugar detected in seed, stem, and sic diet received group. Apigenin was demonstrated to leaf of Petroselinum crispum.24 These sugars mostly be the main compound responsible for this activity contribute in the structure of flavonoid glycosides. Petroselinum crispum.35 Different extracts from Petrose- linum crispum leaves and stems exhibited antioxidant Essential oil components properties in various in vitro models.36-39 The essential Seeds of Petroselinum crispum produced high amount oil from seed showed in vitro antioxidant activity. Api- of essential oil. Root and leaf also possess the essential ol and myristicin were two components responsible for oil.25 Myristicin and apiol are the two main compo- its antioxidant activity.26 nents of Petroselinum crispum essential oil which are responsible for its antioxidant activity.26 -pinene, sabi- Antidiabetic activity nene, -pinene, -cymene, limonene, α-phellandrene, Various extract from Petroselinum crispum leaves en- -terpinene,β myristicin,ρ elemicin, 1-allyl-2,3,4,5-tetra-β hanced the liver and blood antioxidant function in nor- methoxy-benzene,γ carotol, eugenol and apiol were iden- mal mice. On the other hand in carbon tetrachloride tified in Petroselinum crispum seed essential oil.26,27 (CCl(4)) induced oxidative stress mice, the extracts Leaf essential oil contained -elemene, -caryophyl- showed both protective and deteriorative activity on liv- lene, phenylacetaldehyde, -elemene,β -terpineol,β -pi- er and blood antioxidant function.37 Petroselinum nene, -thujene, toluene,γ camphene,α hexanal, α-pi- crispum leaves decreased blood glucose level and dem- nene, sabinene,α 3-carene, m- and/or -xylene, myrce-β onstrated hepatoprotective activity in diabetic rats via ne, -phellandrene, -phellandrene, -terpinene,ρ limo- antioxidant activity.9,40 Yanardağ et al reported that the nene,α 2-pentylfuran,β cis- -ocimene,α -terpinene, antihyperglycemic activity of Petroselinum crispum is trans- -ocimene, -cymene,β -terpinolene,γ -1,3, not due to improvement and regeneration of secretory 8-menthatriene,β ρ cis-Hex-3-en-l-ol,α 4-isoprope-ρ granules and -cells of pancreas islets.41 Furthermore, nyl-1-methylbenzene, -cubebene, benzaldehyde, -co- Petroselinumβ crispum improves hyperglycemia- in- paene, cryptone, -bisabolene,α -elemene, 2-( -Tolyl)α duced heart and aorta oxidative damage via its antioxi- propan-2-ol, -cadinolβ and elemicin.α 28 Analysisρ of vola- dant activity in the heart and aorta tissue.42 However, it tile oil fromδ Petroselinum crispum plant, callus and did not showed significant effect on non-enzymatic gly- cell culture showed that monoterpenes were the main cosylation of skin proteins in diabetic rats.43 constituent. -1,3,8-menthatriene was high abundant compound amongρ monoterepenes followed by -phel- Analgesic and spasmolytic activity landrene and apiol. Moreover, aldehydes (nonanalβ and Petroselinum crispum seed hydroalcoholic extract re- decanal) and also fatty acids (Free and bound) were vealed analgesic activity in mice.2 It also reduced 29 found in the volatile oil. KCl- and CaCl2-induced contractions on rat isolated ileum dose dependently via blocking voltage-gated Coumarins calcium channels.3 Different extracts from aerial parts Oxypeucedanin is the major furocoumarin of Petroseli- demonstrated antispasmodic activity on spontaneous num crispum and is responsible for contact photoder- and - induced contractions of rat isolat- matitis induced by this plant. Psoralen, isopimpinellin, ed ileum.44 8-methoxypsoralen, 5-methoxypsoralen and imperato- rin are other furocoumarins isolated from its leaf and Immunomodulating activity root.30 Essential oil from Petroselinum crispum seed sup- pressed humoral and cellular immune response via in- Miscellaneous compounds hibiting splenocytes and macrophages function.45 Carotenoids including -carotene, lutein, violaxanthin and neoxanthin were detectedβ in Petroselinum crispum Gastrointestinal activity leaf and stem.31 Moreover, ascorbic acid is identified in Ethanol extract from Petroselinum crispum leaves exe- Petroselinum crispum.32 Ethanol extract of Petroseli- cuted beneficial effects on different models of peptic ul- num crispum seed have crispane and crispanone.33 cer in rats via its anti-secretory and cytoprotective activ- Moreover, l-methyl-4-(methylethenyl)-2,3-dioxabicyclo ity.46 Aqeoues extract from Petroselinum hortence seeds [2.2.2]oct-5-ene and 4-methyl-7-(methylethenyl)-3,8- demonstrated laxative activity in rat by significant ab- dioxatricyclo [5.1.02-4] octane were isolated from sorption of sodium and water and also enhancing Na- 34 47 leaves. KCl2 transporter activity in the colon.

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 819 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 3 Pharmacological activities of parsley Pharmacologi- Plant part Plant extract Method Result Active cal activity constituent Antioxidant- Leaf 35 Plant material Randomized crossover clinical trial on 7 Erythrocyte glutathione Apigenin clinical trial men and 7 women added leafs in their reductase↑ (GR) and superoxide daily diet for one week dismutase (SOD) compared with those in the basic diet received group Antioxidant- Leaf and Methanol and (a) DPPH radical-scavenging activity, (a) DPPH radical-scavenging - in vitro stem36 water extract (b) reducing power of activity, (b) significant reducing ferric-ferricyanide complex, (c) ferrous power, (c) higher ion- chelating ion-chelating activities, (d) hydroxyl activity than EDTA, (d) higher radical-scavenging activity, (e) hydroxyl radical activity than iron-induced linoleic acid oxidation ascorbic acid of all extracts except model all extracts except stem water extract, (e) inhibition of lipid peroxidation inhibition especially by methanol extracts Antioxidant - Leaf and Methanol (a) lipid peroxidation activity, (b) (a) Dose dependent inhibition of in vitro root37 extract hydroxyl radical activity, (c) DPPH lipid peroxidation, (b) dose radical scavenging activity of fractions dependently hydroxyl radical scavenging, DPPH radical scavenging; (c) ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity Antioxidant Leaf 38 (a) Methanol (a) Non-specific free radical scavenging (a) Dose- dependent free radical -in vitro extract and activity via chemiluminescence method, scavenging activity, (b) inhibition (b) water (b) determination of malondialdehyde of lipid peroxidation (membrane extract production in isolated brains from protection activity) young male wistar albino rats

Antioxidant Seeds26 Essential oil (a) -carotene bleaching assay, (b) (a) EC50 of the essential oil Myristicin -in vitro ferrousβ ion chelating assay, (c) DPPH dissolved in methanol in bleaching and apiol free radical scavenging assay, (d) test was 5.12 mg/mL which was fractionation of the essential oil and much less than the standard agents screeninig of components with (BHT and -tocopherol), (b) no antioxidant activity using DPPH free inhibition onα metal chelating, (c) radical scavenging method EC50 of the essential oil in DPPH radical scavenging activity was 80.21 mg/mL and was very less than standards, (d) only ethyl acetate/methanol fraction demonstrated free radical scavenging activity Antioxidant Leaf 37 Aqueous, (a) Measurement of lipid peroxidation, (a) Enhancing activities on Flavonoids and ether, glutathione peroxidase, peroxidase, measured antioxidant enzymes and hepato , catalase, and xanthine oxidase, (b) reduced lipid peroxidation in liver -protection ethylacetate, glutathione reductase and reduced homogenate and blood sample of -in vivo and glutathione in liver homogenate and mice, (b) the extracts in CCl4 n-butanol blood of mice after 5 days, CCl4 received animals showed both extract induced liver damage in mice protective and deteriorative activity: both inducing and suppressing of the oxidative action of CCl4 Brain Leaf 39 Ethanol Measurement of superoxide dismutase, Significant increase of antioxidant protective extract catalase, glutathione peroxidase and enzymes and decrease of lipid -in vivo also lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial peroxidation level fraction of various regions of the mouse brain in mice brain of D-galactose-induced oxidative stress Antidiabetic, leaf 9 Aqueous STZ- induced diabetic rats, parsley No change in body weight; Flavonoids hepato- extract extract at 2 g/kg administrated for 28 significant decrease in blood and ascorbic protective days glucose level, serum ALP and ALT acid -in vivo compared with control; hepatocytes were improved and degenerative changes were reduced

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 820 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 3 Pharmacological activities of parsley (continued) Pharmacologic Plant part Plant extract Method Result Active al activity constituent Antidiabetic, leaf 40 Aqueous STZ- induced diabetic rats, parsley Significant decrease in blood Flavonoids, hepato extract extract at 2 g/kg for 28 days glucose, serum ALP, sialic acid, phenolic -protective uric acid, potassium and sodium compounds -in vivo levels, liver lipid peroxidation and and ascorbic non-enzymatic glycosylation and acid increase in liver glutathione; no effect in body weight Antidiabetic leaf 41 Aqueous STZ- induced diabetic rats, 2 g/kg Significant decrease in blood - -in vivo extract parsley extract for 28 days glucose; no increase in number of secretory granules and cells in islets of pancreas; morphologic changes of the pancreas tissue were not different from control; no regeneration of -cells occurred by extract Antidiabetic, leaf 42 Aqueous STZ- induced diabetic rats, 2 g/kg Significant decrease in blood Flavonoids heart damage extract parsley extract for 28 days glucose and lipid peroxidation -in vivo administrated, blood glucose, lipid activity in aorta and heart tissue; peroxidation and glutathione activity of increase of glutathione level in the aorta and heart tissue were measured. aorta and heart tissue

Antidiabetic, leaf 43 Aqueous STZ- induced diabetic rats, 2 g/kg Significant decrease in blood - skin damage extract parsley extract for 28 days glucose; no effect on lipid -in vivo peroxidation and non enzymatic glycosylation of skin tissue

Analgesic Seed2 Hydroalcoholi 300, 600, 800 mg/100 g Parsley extract significant analgesic action on - -in vivo c extract administrated in 2.5% formalin formalin induced paw licking test; induced paw licking test and 150, 300, no significant activity on writhing 600 mg/100 g parsley extract test administrated in 1% acetic acid (intraperitoneal injection)-induced writhing test on male swiss mice

Spasmolytic Aerial part44 Aqueous and Spontaneous and acetylcholine- Dose dependently reduction in - -in vitro ethanol induced contractions on rat isolated spontaneous and acetylcholine- extracts ileum induced ileum contraction; ethanol extract had higher activity

Spasmolytic Seed3 80% ethanol Contraction induced by 60 mM KCl, dose dependently reduction in - -in vitro extract parsley added before and after KCl- induced contraction;

contraction and also induced by CaCl2 inhibition of KCl contraction and on Wistar rat isolated ileum dose dependently reduction in

CaCl2-induced contraction; blocking of voltage-gated calcium channels

Immunosuppr Seeds45 Essential oil Effect of parsley essential oil in different Suppression of splenocytes - essant concentrations (0.01-100 g/mL) on proliferation, PHA-stimulated -in vitro proliferation of splenocytesμ by using splenocytes and NO by all plant methyl tetrazolium (MTT) method; concentrations (0.01-100 g/mL) nitrite (NO) levels of the cells measured μ using the diazotization method.

Peptic ulcer Leaf 46 Ethanol Pyloric ligation-induced hyper secretion Siginificant suppression of gastric Tannins, protection extract and ulcer , stress induced- ulcer using secretion in concentrations of 1 flavonoids -in vivo hypothermic restraint, and 2 g/kg; siginificant protection and indomethacin-induced ulcer and on stress- induced ulcer and triterpenes cytodestructive agents (80% ethanol, indomethacin- induced ulcer; 0.2 M NaOH and 25% replenishment of gastric wall NaCl) -induced ulcer on rats mucus and non-protein sulfhydryl contents in cytodestructive agents-induced ulcer

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 821 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 3 Pharmacological activities of parsley (continued) Pharmacologic Plant part Plant extract Method Result Active al activity constituent Estrogenic Aerial part22 Methanol Proliferation of the estrogen-sensitive Significant proliferative activity on Flavone function extract breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was MCF-7 cell which was equal to glycosides -in vitro assayed and bioassay-guided separation isoflavone glycosides from soybean; particularly, performed for detection of the active removing the glycoside moieties of 6"-acetylapiin compounds the components resulted in and the increasing of Estrogenic activities: aglycones; the EC50 values of apigenin, apigenin, diosmetin, kaempferol were 1.0, diosmetin 2.9, and 0.56 µM, respectively that and are equel to soybean isoflavone kaempferol Uterine tonic Aerial part22 Methanol 7 days oral administration of the extract Significant regeneration in the Apiin, and -in vivo extract in ovariectomized mice. uterus weight of the apigenin ovariectomized mice

Antimicrobial Leaf 7 Hot and cold 100 ,150, 200, 250 mg/mL of parsley Antibacterial activity; higher - -in vitro water extract extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhibition zone in hot water Staph aureus and Staph pyogenes extract isolated from patient with burn infection Antimicrobial Leaf and Methanol and Effect on bacterial cell damage and Leaf extracts showed higher cell Furocoumarin -in vitro stem36 water extract Bacterial growth inhibition on Bacillus damage on both bacteria with s and subtilis and Escherichia coli higher activity with methanol furanocoumar extract; stem extracts showed ins higher action on the inhibition of the growth of both bacteria Antimicrobial Leaf 53 Photoactive Antimicrobial assay on human Inhibitory activity on Escherichia Psoralen, -in vitro furocoumarins pathogens bacteria and spoilage coli O157∶H7, DNA 8-methoxypso extract microorganisms by media-modified repair-deficient E. coli , Listeria ralen, method and also, DNA repair-deficient monocytogenes, and also the 5-methoxypso Escherichia coli using photobiological spoilage microorganisms Erwinia ralen, method carotovora, and Listeria innocua; oxypeucedani no inhibitory activity on n and Pseudomonas fragi isopimpinellin Antimicrobial Leaf 52 Ethanol Antibacterial assay on Lactobacillus inhibitory activity on both - -in vitro extract plantarum and Leuconostoc Lactobacillus plantarum and mesenteroides using culture media assay Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Antimicrobial Aerial part54 Essential oil Effect on the growth of Listeria No antibacterial activity against - -in vitro innocua, Serratia marcescens and Listeria innocua, Serratia Pseudomonas fluorescens by disc marcescens and Pseudomonas diffusion method fluorescens Antimicrobial Leaf 55 Methanol Effect 37 µg/ml of extract on the inhibitory activity on B. subtilis, P. Coumarins -in vitro extract growth of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, S. coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aureus and S. cerevisiae. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S.aureus , Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger using agar diffusion method

Anti- platelet Leaf 21 Aqueous Inhibitory effect of extract and isolated No inhibitory effect on clotting Apigenin and -in vitro extract flavonoids on clotting formation and activity, while strong antiplatelet cosmosiin ADP- induced platelet aggregation aggregation was demonstrated

Anti-platelet Leaf 23 Aglycone Effect of pre-incubation of the parsley Decreased adhesion of human Aglycone -in vitro flavonoids components on human platelet platelets to collagen surface and flavonoids; adhesion to a collagen-coated surface also inhibited platelet aggregation kaempferol under physiologic flow situation and in all models dose dependently; the and apigenin human platelet thrombin-, ADP- and higher inhibition was collagen- induced aggregation demonstrated in collagen induced aggregation

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 822 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review

Table 3 Pharmacological activities of parsley (continued) Pharmacologic Plant part Plant extract Method Result Active al activity constituent Anti-platelet Leaf 51 Aqueous Effect of parsley extract on thrombin-, dose dependent inhibition on all Polyphenols -in vitro, extract ADP-, collagen- and epinephrine- model of in vitro aggregation; ex vivo induced aggregation (in vitro) significant inhibition on ex vivo and in vivo subsequent to pre-incubation of platelet aggregation in rats and platelets with the extract and also on significant delay in bleeding time bleeding time of rat and ex vivo aggregation after oral treatment with extract (3 g/kg) Cardiovascular Leaf 50 Aqueous and Effect on mean blood pressure which Aqueous extract showed less - activity ethanol recorded from the carotid artery in activity on mean blood pressure -in vivo extracts anaesthetized rats and concomitant than ethanol; ethanol extract with muscarinic showed stronger inhibitory action ( 1 mg/kg). Effect on rate and on rate and amplitude of the amplitude of contraction of atria on contraction, which blocked by isolated rat atria and in pre- agent administration of atropine (1 mg/kg). Laxative Seed47 Water extract (a) Effect on the activity of kidney (a) Inhibition of both kidney Essential oil -in vitro Na+-K+ and colonocyte Na+-K+ Na+-K+ ATPase and colonocyte and in vivo ATPase activity in homogenate of crude Na+-K+ATPase activity; (b) rat colon and effect of 20% w/v parsley inhibition of absorption of sodium extract on movements of rat colon and water in the luminal which luminal water in the presence and (b) enhanced by adding furosemide absence of sodium buffer and also concomitant with furosemide by perfusion method Diuretic Seed49 Aqueous (a) Effect on urine volume of rats (a) Significant increase in urine - -in vitro extract which received the extract 20 %w/v volume; (b) significant decreas in and in vivo compared with control; (b) Inhibitory activity of kidney cortex and effect of extract on kidney homogenate medulla Na+-K+ ATPase Na+-K+ ATPase activity (in vitro); (c) compared with control; (c) effect of extract on urine flow using significant increase in kidney urine kidney perfusion method in following flow rate compared with control; condition was assayed: extract with diuretic action of extract was sodium free buffer, extract with enhanced with amiloride and potassium free buffer, extract with furosemide and also in sodium free amiloride and extract with furosemide condition, which was not observed in potassium free codition Cytotoxic Aerial part57 Hot water Effect on viability of CV1-P fibroblast No significant activity on the - -in vitro extract cells and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells growth of fibroblast cells and neuroblastoma cells Protection of Seed48 Isolated oil Effect on Zearalenone (nonsteroidal improved significantly reduction in - reproductive estrogenic mycotoxin)- induced testis testosterone level and sperm count system toxicity assayed by determination of and sperm motility; lessoned -in vivo testosterone level and also sperm significantly germ cells abnormality and germ cells chromosomal aberrations induced chromosomal analysis by Zearalenone Note: STZ: streptozotocin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ADP: Adenosine diphosphate. Effects on genitourinary system icity and significantly improved testosterone level, Methanol extract from pseudomonas crispum aerial sperm count and sperm motility and inhibited germ part showed proliferative activity in estrogen-sensitive cells chromosomal aberrations.48 Aqeoues extract of breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) equal to isoflavone gly- pseudomonas hortense seeds exhibited diuretic effect cosides from soybean. This estrogenic activity was relat- and inhibited Na +-K + ATPase activity in kidney cortex ed to flavone glycosides; 6"-acetylapiin and also agli- and medulla.49 cones; apigenin, diosmetin, and kaempferol. Further- more, oral administration of the extract regenerated Cardiovascular activity the uterus weight in ovariectomized mice and apiin Pseudomonas crispum leaves decreased mean blood and apigenin were responsible for this activity.22 seudo- pressure which recorded from the carotid artery in an- monas crispum oil demonstrated significant protective aesthetized rats. This effect was attenuated with musca- activity against zearalenone -induced reproductive tox- rinic receptor antagonist. It also decreased rate and am-

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 823 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review plitude of contraction on isolated rat atria which weak- activity of pseudomonas crispum on urinary tract dis- ened by muscarinic antagonist. These data indicate hy- ease was proved via diuretic activity. Its antiseptic prop- potensive and negative inotropic and chronotropic ac- erty on urinary tract could be due to antimicrobial ac- tivity of pseudomonas crispum.50 pseudomonas tivity. Ethnomedicinal use of pseudomonas crispum on crispum leaves demonstrated strong antiplatelet aggre- amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea can be related to its an- gation effect. Aglycone flavonoids; keampferol, apigen- ti-platelet, anti-coagulant, spasmolytic, analgesic and al- in and cosmosiin are responsible compounds for this so estrogenic activity. Furthermore, the abortive proper- activity. However, it did not exert inhibition on clot- ty could be due to estrogenic and utrerine tonic activi- ting activity in vitro.21,23,51 ty. Efficacious uses of pseudomonas crispum in cardiac disease and hypertension were proved which may be re- Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity lated to its hypotensive, anti-platelet and negative ino- Pseudomonas crispum leaves and stems possess antibac- tropic and chronotropic mechanism. Useful effect on terial activity on B. subtilis and E. coli.36 Hot and cold hemorrhoids in ethnomedicine may be due to its im- water extract from pseudomonas crispum leaves dem- munomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant onstrated antibacterial activity against pseudomonas ae- mechanisms. Efficacious folklore uses of pseudomonas ruginosa, S. aureus and S. pyogenes isolated from pa- crispum on liver disease and diabetes were confirmed tient with burn infection.7 Ethanol extract of pseudo- by several modern studies. Beneficial activity of pseudo- monas crispum leaves inhibited the growth of Lactoba- monas crispum on Headcool, otitis, sniffle and flu may cillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides.52 The be related to its antimicrobial and immunomodulatory furocoumarins isolated extract from pseudomonas activity. Pharmacological studies in order to evaluation crispum leaves demonstrated inhibitory activity against and confirmation of other unproved ethnomedicinal ef- E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Erwinia carotovora, and Lis- fects of parsley especially antiurolithiasis and antitus- teria innocua and no inhibition against Pseudomonas sive activity and beneficial effects on exanthema, ecze- fragi. Psoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, 5-methoxypso- ma and various dermal disease and also visuality are rec- ralen, oxypeucedanin and isopimpinellin were among ommended. Because of the reports about abortive prop- the responsible antimicrobial furocoumarins.53 Essential erties of parsley, It should not be administered during oil from aerial part of Petroselinum crispum had no an- pregnancy. tibacterial activity against Listeria innocua, Serratia Phenolic compounds particularly flavonoids (such as marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens.54 Methanol apigenin, apiin and 6"-Acetylapiin), essential oil com- extract of Petroselinum crispum leaves demonstrated ponents (mainly Myristicin and apiol), coumarins and antimicrobial activity on B. subtilis, Petroselinum aeru- furocoumarins are the active components isolated and ginosa, S. epidermidis, S.aureus and S. cerevisiae in vi- detected in Petroselinum crispum. Various bioactive tro. Coumarins are responsible components for this compounds have been isolated and identified in property.55 Petroselinum crispum, whereas many active com- pounds responsible for ethnomedicinal uses or proved Toxicity and tolerability pharmacological activities have not been completely In ethnomedicine, it has been claimed that parsley is evaluated. Therefore, new investigations are proposed abortificient. Acute toxicity of pseudomonas crispum to isolate, identify, and obtain the Petroselinum was evaluated in rat and no toxicological effect was ob- crispum active compounds in order to explore novel served.46 Photodermatitis has been reported in pigs ex- natural component for rectifying the stalemate on the posed to pseudomonas crispum.56 Furocoumarins par- way of modern medicine. Overall, it is expectant that ticularly oxypeucedanin are responsible for its contact this study resulted in improvement the tendencies to- photodermatitis activity.30 ward Petroselinum crispum as a useful and important medicinal plant with wide range of proven medicinal activity. CONCLUSION Parsley is a medicinal plant with various proven phar- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS macological properties including antioxidant, hepato- protective, neuroprotective, anti-diabeic, analgesic, This research received no specific grant from any fund- spasmolytic, immunosuppressant, anti-coagulant, an- ing agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit ti-ulcer, laxative, estrogenic, diuretic, hypotensive, anti- sectors. bacterial and antifungal activities. Beneficial effects of pseudomonas crispum on gastroin- testinal tract which claimed in ethnomedicine of vari- REFERENCES ous nations, proved via spasmolytic, analgesic, gastro- 1 Mozafarian V. Flora of Iran. Tehran: Forest & Ranglands protective, anti secretive and laxative mechanisms in Research Institute Press, 2007: 54. modern scientific investigations. Moreover, the useful 2 Behtash N, Kargarzadeh F, Shafaroudi H. Analgesic ef-

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 824 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review

fects of seed extract from Petroselinum crispum (Tagetes nopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in minuta) in animal models. Toxicol Lett 2008; 180(Suppl Nor-Yauyos, a part of the Landscape Reserve Nor-Yauy- 5): S127-S128. os-Cochas, Peru. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 133(1): 75-85. 3 Moazedi AA, Mirzaie DN, Seyyednejad SM, et al. Spas- 19 Pápay ZE, Kósa A, Boldizsár I, et al. Pharmaceutical and molytic effect of Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) on rat's il- formulation aspects of Petroselinum crispum extract. Arti- eum at different calcium chloride concentrations. Pak J Bi- cle in Hungarian. Acta Pharm Hung 2012; 82(1): 3-14. ol Sci 2007; 10(22): 4036-4042. 20 Kreuzaler F, Hahlbrock K .Flavonoid glycosides from illu- 4 Aghili MH, Makhzan-al-Advia. Rahimi R, Shams Ar- minated cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense. dekani MR, Farjadmand F, editors. Tehran: Tehran Univer- Phytochemistry 1973; 12(5): 1149-1152. sity of Medical Sciences, 2009: 329-330. 21 Chaves DS, Frattani FS, Assafim M, et al. Phenolic chemi- 5 Tonkaboni MM. Tohfeh-al-Momenin Rahimi R, Shams cal composition of Petroselinum crispum extract and its ef- Ardekani MR, Farjadmand F, editors. Tehran: Shahid Be- fect on haemostasis. Nat Prod Commun 2011; 6(7): heshti University of Medical Sciences, 2007: 129. 961-964. 6 Avicenna. The cannon of medicine, translated from Ara- 22 Yoshikawa M, Uemura T, Shimoda H, et al. Medicinal bic to Persian by AbdulrahmanSharaf-kandi. Tehran: So- foodstuffs. XVIII. Phytoestrogens from the aerial part of rush Publication, 1983: 141. Petroselinum crispum MIll. (Parsley) and structures of 7 Aljanaby AAJJ. Antibacterial activity of an aqueous ex- 6"-acetylapiin and a new monoterpene glycoside, petrosi- tract of Petroselinum crispum leaves against pathogenic de. Chem Pharm Bull 2000; 48(7): 1039-1044. bacteria isolated from patients with burns infections in 23 Gadi D, Bnouham M, Aziz M, et al. Flavonoids purified Al-najaf Governorate, Iraq. Res Chem Intermed 2013; 39 from parsley inhibit human blood platelet aggregation and (8): 3709-3714. adhesion to collagen under flow. J Complement Integr 8 Oztürk Y, Baser CHK, Aydın S. Hepatoprotective (anti- Med 2012; 9: article 19. doi: 10.1515/1553-3840.1579. hepatotoxic) plants in Turkey Proceedings of the 9th Sym- 24 Hudson CS. Apiose and the Glycosides of the Parsley posium on Plant Drugs. Baser KHC (Ed). Eskisehir: Tur- Plant. Adv Carbohyd Chem 1949; 4: 57-74. key, 1991: 40-50. 25 Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal 9 Bolkent S, Yanardag R, Ozsoy-Sacan O, et al. Effects of Plants, 2nd ed. London: Intercept Ltd, 1999: 519-520. parsley (Petroselinum crispum) on the liver of diabetic 26 Zhang H, Chen F, Wang X, et al. Evaluation of antioxi- rats: a morphological and biochemical study. Phytother dant activity of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) essential Res 2004; 18(12): 996-999. oil and identification of its antioxidant constituents. Food 10 Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Mekhfi H, et al. Phytotherapy of hy- Res Int 2006; 39(8): 833-839 pertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco. J Ethnophar- 27 Wagner H, Bladt S. Plant drug analysis. Berlin-Heidel- macol 1997; 58(1): 45-54. berg: Springer-Verlag; 1996: 154-175. 11 Eddouks M, Maghrani M, Lemhadri A, et al. Ethnophar- 28 Macleod AJ et al. volatile constituent of parsley leaves. macological survey of medicinal plants used for the treat- Phyrochemistry. 1985; 24(11): 2623-2627. ment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac diseas- 29 López MG, Sánchez-Mendoza IR, Ochoa-Alejo N. Com- es in the south-east region of Morocco (Tafilalet). J Ethno- partive study of volatile components and fatty acids of pharmacol 2002; 82(2-3): 97-103. plants and in vitro cultures of parsley (Petroselinum 12 Jouad H, Haloui M, Rhiouani H, et al. Ethnobotanical crispum (Mill) nym ex hill). J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47 survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabe- (8): 3292-3296. tes, cardiac and renal diseases in the North centre region 30 Chaudhary SK, Ceska O, Têtu C, et al. Oxypeucedanin, of Morocco (Fez-Boulemane). J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 77 a major furocoumarin in Parsley, Petroselinum crispum. (2-3): 175-182. Planta Med 1986; 52(6): 462-464. 13 Merzouki A, Ed-Derfoufi F, El-Aallall A, et al. Wild me- 31 Francis GW, Isaksen M. Droplet counter current chroma- dicinal plants used by local Bouhmed population (Moroc- tography of the carotenoids of parsley Petroselinum co). Fitoterapia 1997; 68(5): 444-460. crispum. Chromatographia 1989; 27(11-12): 549-551. 14 Benítez G, González-Tejero MR, Molero-Mesa J. Pharma- 32 Davey MW, Bauw G, Montagu MV. Analysis of ascorbate ceutical ethnobotany in the western part of Granada prov- in plant tissue by high performance capillary zone electro- ince (southern Spain): Ethnopharmacological synthesis. J phoresis. Anal Biochem 1996; 239(1): 8-19. Ethnopharmacol 2010; 129(1): 87-105. 33 Spraul MH, Nitz S, Drawert F, et al. Crispane and crispa- 15 Montesano V, Negro D, Sarli G, et al. Notes about the us- none, two compounds from Petroselinum crispum with a es of plants by one of the last healers in the Basilicata Re- new carbon skeleton. Phytochemistry 1992; 31(9): gion (South Italy). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2012; 8: 15. 3109-3111. 16 Savikin K, Zdunic G, Menkovic N, et al. Ethnobotanical 34 Nitz S, Kollmannsberger H, Spraul MH, et al. Oxygenat- study on traditional use of medicinal plants in South-West- ed derivatives of menthatriene in parsley leaves. Phyto- ern Serbia, Zlatibor district. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 146 chemistry 1989; 28(11): 3051-3054. (3): 803-810. 35 Nielsen SE, Young JF, Daneshvar B, et al. Effect of parsley 17 Marczal G, Balogh M, Verzar-Petri G. -ether com- (Petroselinum crispum) intake on urinary apigenin excre- ponents of diuretic effect in pseudomonas crispum I. Acta tion, blood antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers for oxida- Agron Acad Sci Hung 1997; 26(1-2): 7-13. tive stress in human subjects. Br J Nutr 1999; 81(6): 18 Rehecho S, Uriarte-Pueyo I, Calvo J, Vivas LA, et al. Eth- 447-455.

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 825 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 | Farzaei MH et al. / Review

36 Wong PYY, Kitts DD. Studies on the dual antioxidant 46 Al-Howiriny T, Al-Sohaibani M, El-Tahir K, et al. Preven- and antibacterial properties of parsley (Petroselinum tion of experimentally-induced gastric ulcers in rats by an crispum) and cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) extracts. ethanolic extract of "Parsley" Petroselinum crispum. Am J Food Chem 2006; 97(3): 505-515. Chin Med 2003; 31(5): 699-711. 37 Popović M, Kaurinović B, Jakovljević V, et al. Effect of 47 Kreydiyyeh SI, Usta J, Kaouk I, et al. The mechanism un- parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A.W. Hill, derlying the laxative properties of Parsley extract. Phyto- Apiaceae) extracts on some biochemical parameters of oxi- medicine 2001; 8(5): 382-388. dative stress in mice treated with CCl(4). Phytother Res 48 Abdel-Wahhab MA, Abbes S, Salah-Abbes JB, et al. Pars- 2007; 21(8): 717-723. ley oil protects against Zearalenone-induced alteration in 38 Fejes SZ, Blázovics A, Lemberkovics E, et al. Free radical reproductive function in male mice. Toxicol Lett 2006; scavenging and membrane protective effects of methanol 164: S266. extracts from Anthriscus cerefolium L. (Hoffm.) and 49 Kreydiyyeh SI, Usta J. Diuretic effect and mechanism of Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) nym. ex A.W. Hill. Phytoth- action of parsley. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 79(3): 353-357. er Res 2000; 14(5): 362-365. 50 Brankovic S, Djosev S, Kitic D, et al. Hypotensive and 39 Vora SR, Patil RB, Pillai MM. Protective effects of Petrose- negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of the aqueous linum crispum (Mill) Nyman ex A. W. Hill leaf extract on and ethanol extract from parsley leaves. J Clin Lipidol D-galactose-induced oxidative stress in mouse brain. Indi- 2008; 2(5) (Suppl 1): S191, S408. an J Exp Biol 2009; 47(5): 338-342. 51 Gadi D, Bnouham M, Aziz M, et al. Parsley extract inhib- 40 Ozsoy-Sacan O, Yanardag R, Orak H, et al. Effects of its in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation and prolongs parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extract versus glibornuride bleeding time in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 125(1): on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Eth- 170-174. nopharmacol 2006; 104(1-2): 175-181. 52 Kim OM, Kim MK, Lee SO, Lee KR, Kim SD. Antimi- 41 Yanardağ R, Bolkent S, Tabakoğlu-Oğuz A, et al. Effects crobial effect of ethanol extracts from spices against Lacto- of Petroselinum crispum extract on pancreatic B cells and bacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides isolat- blood glucose of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol ed from kimchi. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Sci- Pharm Bull 2003; 26(8): 1206-1210. ence and Nutrition 1998; 27(3): 455-460. 42 Sener G, acan O, Yanardak R, et al. Effects of parsley 53 Manderfield MM, Schafer HW, Davidson PM, et al. Iso- (petroselinum crispum) on the aorta and heart of stz in- lation and identification of antimicrobial furocoumarins duced diabetic rats. Plant Food Hum Nutr 2003; 58(3): from parsley. J Food Protect 1997; 60(1): 72-77. 1-7. 54 Viuda-Martos M, Mohamady MA, Fernández-López J,et 43 Tunali T, Yarat A, Yanardağ R, et al. Effect of parsley al . In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essen- (Petroselinum crispum) on the skin of STZ induced dia- tials oils obtained from Egyptian aromatic plants. Food betic rats. Phytother Res 1999; 13(2): 138-141. Control 2011; 22(11): 1715-1722. 44 Branković S, Kitić D, Radenković M, et al. Relaxant ac- 55 Ojala T, Remes S, Haansuu P, et al. Antimicrobial activity tivity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of parsley (Petroseli- of some coumarin containing herbal plants growing in Fin- num crispum (Mill) Nym. ex A. W Hill, Apiaceae) on iso- land. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 73(1): 299-305. lated ileum of rat. Article in Serbian. Med Pregl 2010; 63 56 Griffiths IB, Douglas RGA. Phytophotodermatitis in pigs (7-8): 475-478. exposed to parsley (Petroselinum crispum). Vet Rec 2000; 45 Yousofi A, Daneshmandi S, Soleimani N, et al. Immuno- 146(3): 73-74. modulatory effect of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) essen- 57 Lantto TA, Colucci M, Závadová V, Hiltunen R, Raasma- tial oil on immune cells: mitogen-activated splenocytes ja A. Cytotoxicity of curcumin, resveratrol and plant ex- and peritoneal macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immuno- tracts from basil, juniper, laurel and parsley in SH-SY5Y toxicol 2012; 34(2): 303-308. and CV1-P cells. Food Chem 2009; 117(3): 405-411.

JTCM | www. journaltcm. com 826 December 15, 2013 |Volume 33 | Issue 6 |