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Inventory of Toxic Plants in Morocco: an Overview of the Botanical, Biogeography, and Phytochemistry Studies
Hindawi Journal of Toxicology Volume 2018, Article ID 4563735, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4563735 Review Article Inventory of Toxic Plants in Morocco: An Overview of the Botanical, Biogeography, and Phytochemistry Studies Hanane Benzeid , Fadma Gouaz, Abba Hamadoun Touré, Mustapha Bouatia , Mohamed Oulad Bouyahya Idrissi, and Mustapha Draoui LaboratoiredeChimieAnalytiqueetdeBromatologie,FacultedeM´ edecine´ et de Pharmacie, Universite´ Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco Correspondence should be addressed to Hanane Benzeid; [email protected] Received 10 December 2017; Revised 22 February 2018; Accepted 25 March 2018; Published 3 May 2018 Academic Editor: Orish Ebere Orisakwe Copyright © 2018 Hanane Benzeid et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Since they are natural, plants are wrongly considered nondangerous; therefore people used them in various contexts. Each plant is used alone or in mixture with others, where knowledge and the requirements of preparation and consumption are not mastered. Tus, intoxications due to the use of plants have become more and more frequent. Te reports of intoxications made at the Antipoison Center and Pharmacovigilance of Morocco (ACPM) support this fnding, since the interrogations sufered by the victimsshowthattheuseofplantsispracticedirrationally,anarchically, and uncontrollably. Faced by the increase of these cases of poisoning in Morocco, it seemed necessary to investigate the nature of poisonous plants, their monographs, and the chemicals responsible for this toxicity. 1. Introduction Tus, we thought it is necessary to study the nature of these poisonous plants and their monographs. Sinceimmemorialtime,thehumanhasusedplants,frstto feed himself and then to heal himself. -
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002
Description of document: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002 Requested date: 2002 Release date: 2003 Posted date: 08-February-2021 Source of document: Information and Privacy Coordinator Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Fax: 703-613-3007 Filing a FOIA Records Request Online The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is a First Amendment free speech web site and is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. 1 O ct 2000_30 April 2002 Creation Date Requester Last Name Case Subject 36802.28679 STRANEY TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH OF INDIA; HONG KONG; CHINA AND WTO 36802.2992 CRAWFORD EIGHT DIFFERENT REQUESTS FOR REPORTS REGARDING CIA EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS 36802.43927 MONTAN EDWARD GRADY PARTIN 36802.44378 TAVAKOLI-NOURI STEPHEN FLACK GUNTHER 36810.54721 BISHOP SCIENCE OF IDENTITY FOUNDATION 36810.55028 KHEMANEY TI LEAF PRODUCTIONS, LTD. -
PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (P.L) 1. Terminology “Hallucinogens
PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (p.l) 1. Terminology “hallucinogens” – induce hallucinations, although sensory distortions are more common “psychotomimetics” – to minic psychotic states, although truly most drugs in this class do not do so “phantasticums”or “psychedelics” – alter sensory perception (Julien uses “psychedelics”) alterations in perception, cognition, and mood, in presence of otherwise clear ability to sense” may increase sensory awareness, increase clarity, decrease control over what is sensed/experienced “self-A” may feel a passive observer of what “self-B” is experiencing often accompanied by a sense of profound meaningfulness, of divine or cosmic importance (limbic system?) these drugs can be classified by what NT they mimic: anti-ACh, agonists for NE, 5HT, or glutamate (See p. 332, Table 12.l in Julien, 9th Ed.) 2. The Anti-ACh Psychedelics e.g. scopolamine (classified as an ACh blocker) high affinity, no efficacy plant product: Belladonna or “deadly nightshade” (Atropa belladonna) Datura stramonium (jimson weed, stinkweed) Mandragora officinarum (mandrake plant) pupillary dilation (2nd to atropine) PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (p.2) 2. Anti-ACh Psychedelics (cont.) pharmacological effects: e.g. scopolamine (Donnatal) clinically used to tx motion sickness, relax smooth muscles (gastric cramping), mild sedation/anesthetic effect PNS effects --- dry mouth relaxation of smooth muscles decreased sweating increased body temperature blurred vision dry skin pupillary dilation tachycardia, increased BP CNS effects --- drowsiness, mild euphoria profound amnesia fatigue decreased attention, focus delirium, mental confusion decreased REM sleep no increase in sensory awareness as dose increases --- restlessness, excitement, hallucinations, euphoria, disorientation at toxic dose levels --- “psychotic delirium”, confusion, stupor, coma, respiratory depression so drug is really an intoxicant, amnestic, and deliriant 3. -
Is Truth Serum Torture?
KELLER FINISHED 4.24.05.DOC 4/26/2005 7:51:18 PM IS TRUTH SERUM TORTURE? LINDA M. KELLER* INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 522 I. WHAT IS TRUTH SERUM? ................................................... 530 A. NEXT-GENERATION TRUTH SERUM..................................... 530 B. PREVENTIVE INTERROGATIONAL TRUTH SERUM ................. 533 II. WHAT IS TORTURE?............................................................. 534 A. INTERNATIONAL LAW ......................................................... 534 B. U.S. RATIFICATION OF CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE............................................................................... 537 1. U.S. Reservations, Understandings, and Declarations............................................................. 538 2. Validity of U.S. Reservations, Understandings, and Declarations.................................................................... 540 C. U.S. DOMESTIC LAW ON TORTURE...................................... 545 D. U.S. LEGAL INTERPRETATIONS OF TORTURE....................... 549 III. CIDT (CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT) ........................................ 556 A. BAN ON CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT...................... 557 B. PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION.......................... 559 C. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS ............................................... 564 IV. PREVENTIVE INTERROGATIONAL TRUTH SERUM AS TORTURE.............................................. 569 A. SEVERE MENTAL PAIN OR SUFFERING -
The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants
medicines Review The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants William N. Setzer 1,2 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519 2 Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA Received: 25 October 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines. Keywords: Cherokee; Native American; traditional herbal medicine; chemical constituents; pharmacology 1. Introduction Natural products have been an important source of medicinal agents throughout history and modern medicine continues to rely on traditional knowledge for treatment of human maladies [1]. Traditional medicines such as Traditional Chinese Medicine [2], Ayurvedic [3], and medicinal plants from Latin America [4] have proven to be rich resources of biologically active compounds and potential new drugs. -
Common Poisonous Plants in Sri Lanka
COMMON POISONOUS PLANTS IN SRI LANKA ATHTHNA (THORN APPLE) Most poisonous flowers/ stem/ fruit/ leaves/roots Fatal dose: 50-75 seeds Botanical Name: Datura stramonium Toxin: Belladonna alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine and hyoscyamine) CIRCUMSTANCES OF DATURA POISONING Stupefying purpose Mixed with cigarettes produce state of unconsciousness to facilitate robbery & rape mixed with sweets (gingerly) robbery & rape Accidental poisoning: Children Suicidal Homicidal : very rare DATURA POISONING SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Produce characteristic manifestations of anticholinergic poisoning Dryness of mouth Autopsy findings Dysphagia Seeds in stomach & non specific Dysarthria features Diplopia Dry hot and red skin Drowsiness leading to coma Urinary retention Death : respiratory failure or cardiac arrhythmia DIVI KADURU (EVE’S APPLE) Most poisonous / latex/ fruit/ seeds Botanical Name: Pagiy antha dicotoma Botanical Name: Tabernaemanta dicotoma Toxin: alkaloids/ strychnine SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF DIVI KADURU POISONING White latex : inflammation of eye Ingestion : dryness of mucus membranes, thirst, dilataiton of pupils, rapid pulse, psychomotor disturbances, hallucinogenic effects. Autopsy findings Accidental poisonin g: Children Seeds in stomach & non specific Suicidal poisoning features GODA KADURU (BITTER NUT) Most poisonous: Seed (although all parts toxics) Fatal dose: 1-2 seeds Botanical Name: Strychnos nux vomica Toxin: alkaloids ( strychnine/ brucine) CIRCUMSTANCES OF GODA KADURU POISONING Strychnine injections are used to kill stray dogs/ -
The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate" the Cia and Mind Control
THE SEARCH FOR THE "MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE" THE CIA AND MIND CONTROL John Marks Allen Lane Allen Lane Penguin Books Ltd 17 Grosvenor Gardens London SW1 OBD First published in the U.S.A. by Times Books, a division of Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., Inc., and simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Ltd, 1979 First published in Great Britain by Allen Lane 1979 Copyright <£> John Marks, 1979 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner ISBN 07139 12790 jj Printed in Great Britain by f Thomson Litho Ltd, East Kilbride, Scotland J For Barbara and Daniel AUTHOR'S NOTE This book has grown out of the 16,000 pages of documents that the CIA released to me under the Freedom of Information Act. Without these documents, the best investigative reporting in the world could not have produced a book, and the secrets of CIA mind-control work would have remained buried forever, as the men who knew them had always intended. From the documentary base, I was able to expand my knowledge through interviews and readings in the behavioral sciences. Neverthe- less, the final result is not the whole story of the CIA's attack on the mind. Only a few insiders could have written that, and they choose to remain silent. I have done the best I can to make the book as accurate as possible, but I have been hampered by the refusal of most of the principal characters to be interviewed and by the CIA's destruction in 1973 of many of the key docu- ments. -
And Issues of Life and Death
TRUTH BE TOLD: TRUTH SERUM AND ITS ROLE IN THE WAR ON TERROR INTRODUCTION It is a terrifying scenario: a terrorist group has acquired numerous canisters of deadly poison gas and has threatened to unleash these weapons of mass destruction upon American civilians. A valiant counter terrorism agent has apprehended an individual who possesses valuable information that could thwart the impending attack, but the individual is immune to traditional methods of “information extraction.” To facilitate a more effective interrogation, the counter terrorist agent transports the subject to agency headquarters and injects him with a chemical compound, which inhibits the subject’s psychological defenses and makes him more responsive to questioning. Fortunately, this scenario is the product of popular Hollywood fiction, and not a description of a real-life occurrence.1 The events of September 11th fundamentally altered America’s awareness concerning the threat of devastating terrorist attacks. The al- Qaeda terrorists who perpetrated the September 11th attacks used commercial airliners as weapons,2 but the specter of an attack employing radiological, chemical, or biological weapons looms over American cities.3 Furthermore, the likelihood that a nuclear, chemical, or biological attack will occur has increased due to the emergence of Iran and North Korea as nations that are currently producing, or could have the potential to produce, nuclear weapons.4 The level of insecurity and anxiety is only 1 24: Day 5: 5 pm–6 pm (FOX television broadcast Mar. 6, 2006). 2 THE 9/11 COMM’N REPORT: FINAL REPORT OF THE NAT’L COMM’N ON TERRORIST ATTACKS UPON THE U.S. -
Truth Serum: Boon Or Just a Vain Glory?
TRUTH SERUM: BOON OR JUST A VAIN GLORY? TRUTH SERUM: BOON OR JUST A VAIN GLORY? * Preethi. D.S. ** Nithin. M.D. Abstract Interrogation is an important aspect of criminal investigation. It plays a major role in investigation whenever there is little or no physical evidence. Police and other investigators depend on interrogation as principal means of determining facts and resolving issues1. The search for effective aids to interrogation is probably as old as man's need to obtain information from an uncooperative source and as persistent as his impatience to shortcut any torturous path2,3. In the annals of police investigation, physical coercion has at times been substituted for pain staking and time consuming inquiry in the belief that direct methods produce quick results. Development of new tools of investigation has led to the emergence of scientific tools of interrogation like the narco-analysis test2. © 2011 Karnataka Medico Legal Society. All rights reserved. Keywords: Truth serum, thiopental sodium, narco-analysis, criminal investigation, interrogation. Introduction The term 'truth-serum' has been applied to “It is far pleasanter to sit comfortably in the drugs that are used in narco analysis. This term is shade rubbing red pepper in a poor devil's eye a misnomer in two ways: the drugs used are not 5 than to go about in the sun hunting up evidence.”4 serums and the truthfulness is not guaranteed . Humans always go for shortcuts and the Many researchers report that interrogators same rule applies to criminal investigation4. using truth serum are often successful in Development of new tools of investigation has obtaining truthful information not only from led to the emergence of scientific tools of those intending to withhold certain pieces of interrogation like narco-analysis test2. -
12 –Dimethylbenz(Α) Anthracene (DMBA) / Croton
TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Editorial II. Message from the PPhA President III. Pharmacy Practice a. Gender sensitivity in clinical pharmacy: a descriptive study on pharmacy students’ perspectives and gender-based patient characteristics – R. L. Salenga, A. D. Barcelona ….. b. Medication knowledge and attitudes towards professional collaboration among pharmacy assistants in Manila: a descriptive study – M.J. Bacayo, M.T. Gonzales, K. Z. Roque, R.L. Salenga ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. c. Retrospective Drug Utilization Study on NSAIDs in Osteoarthritic Elderly Patients in a Tertiary Government Hospital - K.C. Baguio, J.R. Mariano, M.B. Sagun, R.L. Salenga d. Assuring quality when sourcing pharmaceutical excipients – R.Marcuelo IV. Pharmaceutical Science a. Evaluation of 5-HT2A Receptor Agonistic Property of Elemicin – M.G. Cervantes, S.C. Co, E.B.King, M.K. Lacro, S.J.M. Lansan, K.A. Li, J.G. Apostol b. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Polycaprolactone/k-Carrageenan Scaffolds – N.M.R. Ang, R.A. Guiterrez, R.M. Mendoza, J.C. Tan, J.L. Tan, F.E. Valmores, A. Bayquen c. The Efficacy of Musca Domestica (Muscidae) Larval Secretions in Debridement of Necrotic Wounds in Diabetic Rats – A.M. Abella, R.R. Balmes, M.V.C. Cambri, J. Cua, J. Del Prado, J. Apostol V. Undergraduate Research Journal (Pharmaceutical Science) a. The chemopreventive potential of crude leaf extract of Pak-Choi (Brassica rapa L. cv. Pak-choi Family Brassicaceae) in 7,12 –dimethylbenz(α) anthracene (DMBA) / croton oil-induced in vivo two-stage skin tumorigenesis in male ICR mice – S. Chua,F. Cobar, R. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Editorial II. Message from the PPhA President III. -
Chapter 2 Narco-Analysis, Polygraph and Brain-Mapping: a Glimpse 2.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 2 NARCO-ANALYSIS, POLYGRAPH AND BRAIN-MAPPING: A GLIMPSE The object of criminal law is in terms of order- survival, security, maintenance of conditions which permit the society to progress, experience of higher values and finally the good life which subsumes all the ideals of the world; in which a democratic society moves. Justice Hall 2.1 INTRODUCTION Justice is the basis of law. Speaking particularly about criminal law, it contains a set of rules for the maintenance of social order in society where change is constant 1. Whether one examines the legal socialization process, the judicial process or the criminal justice process, the concerns about justice pervades in all these areas 2. In a democratic country like India, the system of governance is based on the concept of ‘Rule of Law’ i.e. law is the supreme authority, all are equal before law and justice is to be achieved through it 3. In the words of Justice S.R. Bannurmath, “ The ultimate aim of criminal law is protection of right to personal liberty against invasions by others, protection of weak against strong, law abiding against law-less, peaceful against violent.” It would be correct to say that the human beings’ right to life and security has to be respected and protected otherwise it would defeat the very core of Rule of Law and would give rise to the ‘Law of Fishes’, the strong will swallow the weak. Of all the branches of law governs every aspect of a man in a civilized society still criminal law is one that specific branch that has contact with an individual in his everyday routine. -
Poisonous Plants
Plants Poisonous Plants ACMT Board Review Course September 9, 2012 Thomas C. Arnold, M.D. 1 Special Acknowledgement • Thanks to Michelle Ruha and other previous presenters for their efforts on this topic. 2 Plants • Natural Products: 5% of tox boards – Includes food and marine poisonings, herbals, plants, fungi, toxic envenomations • ~ 5% of exposures reported to PCC each year, most in children < 6 years – Often a few deaths per year, but most reported exposures minor 3 1 Plants Plant Poisoning by Organ System • GI toxins • CNS toxins • Cardiovascular toxins • Multiorgan-system toxins • Hepatotoxins • Nephrotoxins • Endocrine toxins • Dermal and mucous membrane irritants 4 Lots of calls / Little threat • Euphorbia pulcherrima – Poinsettia • Ilex spp – Holly • Phoradendron spp – Mistletoe • Lantana spp • Spathiphyllum spp – Peace lily 5 • Ingestion of this plant may produce severe vomiting and diarrhea. Purple stains on fingers and a foamy quality to the diarrhea may provide a clue to the species of plant. Pokeweed AKA Phytolacca americana Toxin: phytolaccatoxin 6 2 Plants Phytolacca americana • Edible if parboiled • Root is the most toxic part, mature berries least toxic • Contains pokeweed mitogen – May see plasmacytosis • Supportive care 7 Wikivisual.com Solanum spp wiki • 1700 species; nightshade, potato • Poisoning usually from ingestion of immature fruit • Solanine glycoalkaloids – Usually produce GI irritant effects – Hallucinations and coma reported 8 Melia azedarach Toxin: meliatoxins Chinaberry9 3 Plants Chinaberry • Tree grows