Death in Beijing Daniel Asen Index More Information Www

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12606-0 — Death in Beijing Daniel Asen Index More Information

Index

A Categorized Collection of Beiping Customs Beijing Bar Association, 10n34, 111, (Beiping fengsu leizheng), 54 119–20 A New Treatise on Anatomy (Quanti xin- Beijing No. 1 Prison, 77, 180, 210 lun), 169 Beijing procuracy, 1, 31 Advanced School for Police Ofﬁcials of the and city police, 80, 84 Ministry of Interior, 141 and homicide investigation, 1, 42, 53, 55, Ai Shiguang (Ngai Shih-kuang), 170, 171 58, 70–1, 80, 84, 110, 182 anatomy, 4, 11, 51n87, 194 and skeletal examinations, 87, 96, anatomy laws, 162, 165–6, 171, 178, 102, 187 182, 184 criticisms of, 119, 122 and forensic knowledge of inspection forensic caseload of, 48, 79, 80, 83, 85 clerks, 67, 76, 185, 217, 219 Beijing-Hankou Railway, 25, 51 general importance of, 163, 166, 169, Beijing-Suiyuan Railway, 25, 35 170, 185 Beijing-Tianjin Railway, 44 schemes for obtaining cadavers, 85, 176, Beiping. See Beijing 178, 180 Beiping Bar Association. See Beijing Bar Andrews, Bridie, 10n34 Association Anhui, 202 Beiping Local Court, 1n2, 2, 173 Arnold, David, 18 Beiping Medical Journal (Beiping yikan), 209 arsenic, 13, 188, 188n8, 203, 206n63, 211 Beiping Municipal Hospital, 181, 182 automobiles, accidents involving, 49, 50, Beiping University, 126 52, 110–11, 116, 223 Beiping University Medical School, 199, autopsy, 23, 159 211, See also National Medical College criticisms of, 162, 169 in Beijing forensic uses of, 3, 21, 80, 121, 124, 125, Institute of Legal Medicine, 2, 16, 125, 151, 160, 165, 166–8, 193, 198, 208 131, 189, 196, 203, 207 medical uses of, 170, 177, 178 Beiping-Mukden Railway, 1, 25 police supervision over, 178, 179 Bertillonage, 13 redundancy of, 154, 163, 184, 185 Bingyin Medical Society, 174–5 blood evidence, 13, 123, 125, 127, 129n41, Beggars’ Home, 46n67 136, 138, 144, 146, 148, 152–4, 155, Beijing 195, 198, 202, 214, 217 administration under the Qing, 42 Blue, Gregory, 23, 91 city gates, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, Board of Punishments, 42, 72, 104–5 43, 47, 47n71, 48, 71, 110, 136 Book of Songs (Shijing), 73 Japanese occupation of, 85, 216 Bourgon, Jérôme, 23, 91 layout of, 27 Boxer Uprising, 35, 57 population of, 27 Bray, Francesca, 108 suburban districts, 27, 33, 34, 41n53, Brook, Timothy, 23, 91 70, 82 Buddhism, 30, 91 under the Nationalists, 191 Bureau of Hygiene, 48n75, 84, 181

251

252 Index

Bureau of Public Safety, 1, 29, 38, 45, 82–4, 97n30, 212, See also Washing Away of 181, 183 Wrongs Bureau of Social Affairs, 33n23, 41n53, Collection of Rejected Cases (Boan huibian), 46n67, 180 60n14 burial grounds, 2, 29, 33–4, 41, 43, colonialism, 12 47n71 common knowledge (changshi), 128, 159, burial permits, 26, 37, 39, 43, 45, 53, 59, 175, 213 79, 83, 179, 183 compensation, 32, 52 Burney, Ian, 205, 223n19 confessions, 95, 136, 149n41, 206 Confucianism, 91, See also Cheng-Zhu Cai Yuanpei, 193 orthodoxy Capital High Court, 137, 144, 145, 155 coroners (Anglo-American), 8, 223n19 Capital High Procuracy, 74 corpses Capital Local Court, 71, 78, 142, 143, 144, and public hygiene, 40, 46 145, 152 and somatic integrity, 20–4, 51, 91, 92, Capital Local Procuracy. See Beijing 95, 161, 162, 186 procuracy decay and other changes, 86, 89, 97, 118, Capital School of Law and Politics, 145 206, 207 Cases of Beiping Detectives (Beiping zhentan discovered in public places, 42, 43, 44–5, an), 113–16 49, 84, 182 Cases of Judge Shi (Shi gong’an), 94–6 gendering of, 44, 51 cause of death, 9, 185 identification of, 34, 45, 46, 70, 116 and mortal wounds, 78, 164 legal protections over, 92, 95, 96 classification of, 48 not claimed by relatives in order Central Political Council, 193 to exert pressure in a dispute, 52, Central University Medical School, 192, 93, 177 194, 218 county magistrates, 8, 60, 74, 90, 187, chemical testing, 121, 124, 188, 204, 206 207, 208 Crawford, Catherine, 63 chemistry, 124, 130, 149, 164, 209, cremation, 40 210, 211 crime scenes, 13, 136, 140, 141, 146, 152 Chen Kangyi, 202n50, 218n9 Crossland, Zoë, 24n73 Chen Kuitang, 161, 168, 169, 170, 177, 186 death Chen Yuan, 69 and criminal suspicion, 4, 38, 40, 43, 79, Chen Zhiqian (C.C. Chen), 14n47, 174 80, 81, 83, 84 Chen, Janet Y., 53 and modernity, 26, 54 Cheng-Zhu orthodoxy, 22, 92 culture of in Beijing, 26 Chiang Kai-shek, 191 medicalization of, 29 China Times (Shishi xinbao), 132 death certificates (medical), 38, 39 Chinese medicine, 19, 29n10, 85, 221 death ritual, 4, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30–2, 46, modern criticisms of, 121, 164 54–5, 92 Chinese Red Cross Society, 46 state regulation of, 41, 55 Chongqing, 195, 218 defense lawyers, 143, 145, 148, 152 Christianity, 38 delayed burial, 41, 94 Chu Minyi, 98, 100 Despeux, Catherine, 101 Classic of Filiality (Xiaojing), 176 detective novels, 48, 114, 116 clerks, 64, 68, 100 detectives, 4, 5, 6, 111, 113–16, 140, 156 coffins Ding Fubao, 150n44 police expenditures on, 45 disciplines, 189, 218, 219 storage prior to burial, 29, 33, 34, 54 disputes over forensic evidence, 86, 87, 88, Collected Evidence for Inquests (Jianyan 90, 91, 93, 117, 118, 155 jizheng), 60n14 dissection, assumed Chinese aversion to, Collected Writings on the Washing Away of 21, 175–7, 185 Wrongs (Xiyuan jilu), 6, 20, 61–2, 97, Dong, Madeleine Yue, 27, 223

Index 253

Duan Qirui, 9, 50, 57, 58, 82 Gendarmerie, 35, 36, 82 Dudgeon, John, 37 Germany, 5, 63, 123, 147, 149, 150, 160, 161, 191, 194, 211 East Station, 1, 6, 8, 55, 217 Gluck, Carol, 224 Eastern Mausolea, plundering of, 88 Gong Shucang, 122 Egypt, 12 Goodman, Bryna, 113 Elman, Benjamin, 18 Grant, John B., 39 Empress Dowager Cixi, 88 grave robbery, 33, 88 Essentials of Trying Lawsuits (Tingsong Great Britain, 12, 13, 53n95, 63, 119, 150, qieyao), 101n46 194, 205 Europe, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 35, 69, 122, Greene, Roger S., 172, 178, 180 149, 161, 176, 179, 193, 197 Gu Nanqun, 162 evidence, rules of, 137, 151 Guangxi, 202 exhumation, for forensic purposes, 91, 92, Guangzhou, 195 93, 94, 95, 118 guilds, 33 expert appraisals (jianding), 146, 149, 153 written reports, 3, 127, 128, 131, 150, Hankou, 81, 195 167, 202, 210 Hebei, 43, 72, 102, 106, 187, 188, 189, expert witnesses (Anglo-American), 75, 202, 203n56 137n2, 150 Hebei High Court, 78n75, 109, 187–8, expertise, 79, 88 207, 211 boundary between experts and non- Heilongjiang, 67 experts, 107, 113, 124, 200 Heinrich, Ari Larissa, 169, 175 extraterritoriality, 112, 119, 160, 219 Henan, 189, 202, 209 Eyferth, Jacob, 9 Henriot, Christian, 45n65 heroin, 181 facts (shishi), 3, 131, 144, 156–7, 169 Hobson, Benjamin, 169 false accusations, 22, 89 Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 182, 183 Fang Yiji, 41 hospitals, 38 Feng Yuxiang, 35, 57, 58, 81, 191 and assistance in forensic cases, 188, Fengtian, 67, 69, 87, 106 203, 207 Fengtian High Procuracy, 109 emergency medical services of, 52, Fingerprint Society, 141, 142n14, 147 110, 138 ﬁngerprinting, 12n39, 13, 116, 123, 136, Hu Yepin, 51n87 141–2, 147 Huang Qinglan, 78 Fingerprinting Magazine (Zhiwen Huang Ruiting, 191 zazhi), 116 Hubei, 202 First National Midwifery School, 15n49 Hui Hong, 141 Five Sages Temple, 53 Hunan, 101n47, 202 Five Wards, 42 hygienic modernity (weisheng), 166 forensic entomology, 61, 123, 211 forensic medicine, 11n37, 12, 122, 146, See imperialism, 12, 166, 176, 219 also legal medicine Important Points for Handling Cases (Ban’an forensic pluralism, 84, 131, 135, 169, 190, yaolüe), 101n46 204, 212, 220 India, 18 forensic psychiatry, 194 Industrial Bank of Zhejiang, 136, 140 forensic science, 11n37, 223 injustices, 118, 122, 148, 158, 161 modern developments in, 13 and the afterlife, 92 France, 5, 63, 63n24, 120, 143 inspection clerks, 4, 8, 17, 43, 72, 73, 74, French Concession (Shanghai), 21 108, 113, 154, 200, 201 funeral homes, 29 as experts, 88, 104, 108 funeral permits, 37 criticisms of, 114, 117, 125, 157 during New Policies reforms, 67, 68 Gamble, Sidney, 31, 36n35 examination practices of, 71, 79, 85, 131, Gansu, 202, 204, 207 134, 139, 166

254 Index

inspection clerks (cont.) judiciary, 14, 109, 202, 214, 221 female trainees, 217 forensic responsibilities of judicial offi- of Shanghai, 98 cials, 15, 60, 125, 138, 204, 214 professional status of, 74, 78, 107, 119, responsiveness to petitioners and liti- 157, 222 gants, 93 salaries of, 75, 82, 214 underfunding of, 74, 196, 218 training of, 68, 73, 74, 75–6, 78, 201, 213, 216–17, 219 Kawashima Naniwa, 35 Institute for the Training of Judicial Kuo, Margaret, 93n19 Officials, 128n40 Kyuˉshuˉ Imperial University College of International Settlement, 167, 197 Medicine, 126 Ishikawa Kiyotada, 170n26 Islam, 30, 38 L’Impartial (Dagong bao), 174 Italy, 63 laboratories, 124, 134, 193, 196, 198, 203, 204, 215 Japan, 5, 10, 18, 26, 35, 50n82, 59, 67, 119, and the collection of evidence, 209, 150, 152 212, 222 forensic practices of, 11n37, 67, 69, 122, as used by judicial officials, 2, 109, 207–9, 146, 149, 185, 193, 211, 219 220, 221 influence on Chinese law, 5, 143, 149 laboratory science, 80, 113, 157, 221 influence on medicine in China, 121, and modern forensic disciplines, 13 122, 123, 126, 162, 170 as basis for “elitist epistemology,” 124 involvement in China, 1, 57, 67, 85, 198, used to evaluate validity of Washing Away 216, 218 of Wrongs, 210–12 Javers, Quinn, 23, 93n19 Lam, Tong, 36n35, 59n8, 156 Jia Jingtao, 16, 42n58, 162 Laqueur, Thomas, 53n95 Jia Kui, 174–5 Lean, Eugenia, 145 Jiangsu, 75, 98, 101, 117, 119, 193, legal medicine, 11, 122, 123, 125, 126, 219 197, 202 and forensic knowledge of inspection Jiangxi, 69, 202 clerks, 76, 196, 213, 217 Jilin, 67, 69, 109 definition of, 124 Jinan University, 198 during Nanjing decade, 126, 188, 190, Jingbao, 175 192, 204 Johnson, Tina Phillips, 15n49 experts in legal medicine distinguished judges from regular physicians, 195, 200 and authority to interpret forensic evi- professional credentials in, 199, 200 dence, 78, 144, 151, 207 status in China, 127, 204 fact-finding role of, 143 training programs, 196, 197, 199, Judicial Department, 81, 82, 83, 140 200, 214 judicial dismemberment (lingchi), 23, translations of, 149, 150n44, 170 91, 95 legal specialists (Qing), 62, 63, 64, 89, 101, Judicial Personnel Training School, 80 104, 105 judicial police, 8, 43, 71, 81, 139 Lei, Sean Hsiang-lin, 221 judicial procedure Lenoir, Timothy, 16, 189 appeals, 78n75, 88, 91, 98, 109, 118, Li Jiarui, 37n40, 54 145, 148, 173 Li Shizhen, 205 of Qing, 7 Liang Qichao, 50 review, 63, 88 Liangbi, 37n41 use of outside experts, 135, 137, 148, Liaoning, 102 150, 151, 154, 155, 158 Lin Ji, 3, 5, 6, 15, 16, 62n20, 123, 125, 128, judicial reform, 9, 74, 118, 119, 145, 160, 137, 168, 180, 189, 199, 218, 221 189, 213, 222 and Beiping University Medical School, during New Policies period, 59, 70, 74, 129, 131, 196, 201 149n41 and Nationalist government, 123, Judicial Yuan, 213 191, 192

Index 255

and proposals for forensic reform, 194, as interplay of old and new, 27, 223 195, 196, 199, 201, 214 unpredictable outcomes of, 222, 223 and Research Institute of Legal Monthly Bulletin of Legal Medicine (Fayi Medicine, 123, 126, 197, 201 yuekan), 126, 130, 135, 165, and silver needle (hairpin) test, 130, 164, 201, 210 205, 209, 210, 211 Morning Bell (Chenzhong bao), 50 as promoter of legal medicine, 124, 130, Morning Post (Chenbao), 25, 26, 32, 43, 44, 131, 135, 145 45, 49, 50–3, 58, 71, 111, 119, 130, during wartime, 216, 218 141, 192 forensic casework of, 2–4, 131, 151, 167, Morning Post Literary Supplement (Chenbao 168, 202 fukan), 122 impact of, 214, 218 Morse, H.B., 21 Lin Zexu, 101 Mukden, 87, 195 Lin Zhen’gang, 146 litigation masters, 22, 92n14 Nanba Mokusaburoˉ, 152, 153 Liu Chongyou, 145 Nanjing, 123, 132, 191, 213 Liu Ruiheng (J. Heng Liu), 191, 192 Nanjing decade, 11 Lu Xun, 50, 169 Nanjing-Shanghai Railway, 198 Luesink, David, 163, 166 Nanyang Medical College, 162 Naquin, Susan, 30 Ma Yulin, 2, 114, 115, 228 narcotics, 167, 181, 187, 220 Macauley, Melissa, 22, 92n14, 93 and Nationalist government, 181 madness, 60 detoxiﬁcation facilities, 47, 179, manner of death, 62, 168, 185 181, 182 March Eighteenth massacre, 9, 31, 34, National Judicial Conference, 213, 214 57–8, 71 National Medical College in Beijing, 123, May Fourth, 50, 112, 145 125, 126, 127, 128n39, 179, 189, 191, McKnight, Brian, 8 216, 222, See also Beiping University mean people (jianmin), 65 Medical School Medical and Pharmaceutical Association and collection of unclaimed cadavers, of the Chinese Republic, 131, 161 179–83, 210 medical jurisprudence, 11n37 and homicide investigation, 146, Medical Review (Yiyao pinglun), 98 158, 188 medico-legal physicians (fayishi), 126, 130, nationalism, 117, 121, 174 195, 199, 200, 216 Nationalist government, 11, 29, 39, 40n50, memorial meetings (zhuidao hui), 40, 57 72, 85, 88, 93n19, 120, 121, 123, 129, Metropolitan Police Board, 27, 29, 35, 80, 189, 191, 192, 199, 213, 218 83, 88 native-place associations, 29, 31, 33, 34 midwives (female forensic examiners), 51, Neighbors, Jennifer, 143n16 71, 73, 81, 139 New Medicine (Xin yiyao zazhi), 131 Ming Dynasty, 72 New Policies reforms, 5, 8, 35, 36n35, 42, Ministry of Civil Affairs, 36n37 64, 67, 74, 149n41, 185 Ministry of Health, 121, 191, 196 newspapers, 50, 222, 223 Ministry of Interior, 40, 191 and coverage of homicide investigation, Ministry of Judicial Administration, 129, 79, 113, 114 129n41, 197, 198, 199, 200n44 and coverage of inspection clerks, 90, Ministry of Justice, 48, 58, 72, 72n50, 76, 130, 135 102, 103, 105, 170n26 and coverage of legal medicine, 129 Ministry of Law (Qing), 67, 68 and dissemination of ofﬁcial information, Ministry of the Army, 58 55, 111 Mnookin, Jennifer, 129 and sensationalism, 25, 51 modernity, 190, 215, 217, 224, Ng, Michael H.K., 10n34, 144n24, “judicial modernity,” 59n9 149n41, 156 and boundary-drawing, 212, 220 Northern Expedition, 81n80, 191 and the urban, 222 Northwestern Associated University, 218

256 Index

opium, 121, 181, 188 in Shanghai, 167 Oppenheim, F., 160, 162, 163, 166 professions, 6, 190, 218 Outer City Government Hospital, 138, 188 and the law, 138, 150, 158 public activism of, 112, 113 Pacific War, 85 rise of, 9–11 Paris morgue, 70 public hygiene, 124, 192, 194, 222 pathology, 4, 14, 26, 123, 124, 126, 146, and death investigation, 4, 26, 36, 37, 39, 154, 158, 160, 163, 166, 170, 177, 41, 43, 48, 82, 83, 84, 85, 183, 184 180, 191, 194, 196 Puyi, 82 Paulun Hospital, 160 Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Qian Xilin, 147, 148 14n47, 36, 39, 71, 178, 191, 222 Qianlong Emperor, 61, 88, 104 and collection of unclaimed cada- Qing Code, 89n7, 92, 104, 106 vers, 180 Qing empire, 1, 4 and homicide investigation, 146, local administration of, 8, 60, 66, 90 187, 188 social system of, 65–6 and Song Minghui autopsy controversy, Qing forensic practices, 4, 6, 19, 56, 59, 170–7, 184 60–7, 76, 77, 79, 89, 90, 99, 100, 101, hospital of, 170, 171, 172 108, 109, 177, 221, 222, 223, See also Peking University, 193, 197 Washing Away of Wrongs, names of People’s Republic of China, 18, 19, 40, particular techniques 72, 85 and late imperial physicians, 7, 60–1, 64 physicians of Western medicine, 29n10, 79, Quarterly Bulletin of Legal Medicine (Fayixue 84, 113, 184, 218 jikan), 126n37 and calls for forensic reform, 98, 112, 122, 127, 195 Records on the Washing Away of Wrongs, edi- foreign physicians and Chinese forensic ted by the Codification Office (Lüliguan cases, 118, 160, 161 jiaozheng Xiyuan lu), 61, See also forensic role of, 59, 63, 69, 125, 135, 137, Washing Away of Wrongs 138, 167, 187, 219 relatives of the deceased, 24, 26, 30, 38, poisoning, 66, 125, 149, 168, 188, 202, 41, 96 203, 204, 206, 209, 214 and claiming of bodies, 43, 46, 53, 79, policing 183n76 and burial of unclaimed bodies, 2, 23, 30, and disputes, 31, 106, 108, 206, 207 34, 46 and re-examination of remains, 93, 98, and census-taking, 36 103, 177 and death customs, 34, 54 Republican Medical Journal (Minguo yixue and poor relief, 27 zazhi), 122 and public hygiene, 27, 36, 39 Republican University, 49, 110, 111 and reporting of deaths, 26, 39, 43, 55 Research Institute of Legal Medicine, 16, popular science, 128, 129, 135, 151, 174 120, 123, 125, 126, 129, 166, 167, Pott, F.L. Hawks, 21 189, 198, 204, 208, 218, 221 poverty, 29, 44, 51, 53 Richardson, Ruth, 179n65 poor relief and detention facilities, 47, rickshaw pullers, 44, 49, 52, 71, 195 81, 180 ritual specialists, 4, 27, 30, 41 Practical Legal Medicine (Jitsuyoˉ hoˉigaku), Roman-canon law, 63 170n26 Ronglu, 33 preliminary investigation (yushen), 128, Russia, 5, 8, 12, 59, 67, 166 143, 144 print capitalism, 27, 112, 135 science, 19, 112, 122, 185, 190, 209, 217, Prior, Lindsay, 85 219, 224, See also names of particular prisoners, 60, 77, 179, 210 disciplines Procuracy General, 68, 87, 109 and boundary-drawing, 220 procurators, 80, See also Beijing procuracy and professional authority, 75, 115, 124, forensic responsibilities of, 5–6, 154 125, 212

Index 257

general authority of, 3, 15, 158, 219 Sun Chuanfang, 145 global history of, 17, 20 Sun Dianying, 88 status in the law, 156 Sun Kuifang, 120, 122, 123, 130, 137, 164, Scientific Methods for Investigating Homicide 197, 213, 218 Cases (Satsujin kagakuteki soˉsahoˉ), Sun Yat-sen, 199 152, 153 Supreme Court, 78n75, 91, 137, 145, 148, Scott, James C., 59n8 152, 173, 213, 214 Self-Government Affairs Supervisory Sweden, 166 Office, 33n23 sex Taiping civil war, 22n68 and motives for murder, 94, 110–11, 118, Takayama Masao, 146 136, 144 Tang Erhe, 165n16, 179, 218 judicial officials’ assumptions about, 142 Tang Hualong, 50 Shaanxi, 208, 218 Temple of Heaven, 90 Shandong, 72, 189, 202, 203 Tianjin, 57, 81, 106 Shanghai, 9, 16, 20, 21, 45n65, 50n80, 81, Tianqiao, 29, 44 98, 109, 121, 125, 126, 132, 141, 160, Tiffert, Glenn, 74, 202n53 166, 167, 195, 197, 198, 204, 218 Timmermans, Stefan, 4 Shanghai Local Court, 98 Tongde Medical School, 193 Shanghai Municipal Police, 141 Tongji University Medical School, 125, 160 Shanxi, 72, 127, 128, 187n2, 189, 202 toxicology, 14, 20, 188, 194, 195, 208, 210 Shapiro, Hugh, 44n63 trauma medicine, 12, 105n56 Shen Baozhen, 68 Truth Post (Shibao), 2 Shen Ruilin, 192 Shen Zhiqi, 89n7, 92 Union Medical College, hospital of, 178 Shen, Grace, 16n52 United States, 10, 12, 18, 69, 119, 129, Shenbao, 96, 121, 129, 130, 141, 159, 150, 176, 206 161–2, 210 University Council, 193 Shi Jianqiao, 145 University of Paris, 197 Siam, 12, 112n5 unnatural deaths (biansi), 38, 42 Sichuan, 118, 202 silver needle (hairpin) test, 20, 76, 130, 159, Vagrants’ Clinic, 47, 182 204–8, 210, 212 vital spots, 11, 78, 78n75, 104, 107, 131, Simonis, Fabien, 60 143, 164, 213, 217 skeletal examination, 66, 96, 97, 98–100, vital statistics, 36, 39, 48 101, 107, 177, 203n56, 214 importance of special expertise in, 89, Wakeman, Frederic, 181n74 101, 108 Wan’an Cemetery, 34 in legal medicine, 131, 203 Wang Chichang, 107 Qing innovations in, 90 Wang Ligeng (Wang Li-keng), 171, 172 role in judicial procedure, 90–1 Wang Mingde, 100n42 steaming technique, 20, 87, 90, 92, 93, Wang Weisan, 132–5 96, 98, 99, 102, 103, 105, 107 Wang Xichi (S.T. Wang), 172 Snyder-Reinke, Jeff, 22 Wang Yongbin, 199, 202n50, 213 Sommer, Matthew, 65n31 Wang Youhuai, 62, 101n46 Song Ci, 6, 20, 61, 62, 97, 97n30, 212 Wang Zhuyu, 173–4 Song Xingcun, 98, 100 warlord politics, 57, 58, 81, 85, 111 soup kitchens, 27, 34 Warner, John Harley, 124 Southeastern University, 118, 192 Waseda University, 145 state-building, 9, 19, 156, 211 washing and covering (xiyan), 61, 97n30 statistics investigators, 39, 40, 84 Washing Away of Wrongs, 6, 12, 61–2, 66, streetcars, accidents involving, 31, 32, 50, 89, 90, 96, 97, 97n30, 98, 99, 100, 51, 223 108, 159, 161, 204, 205, 206, 209, 220 suicide, 25, 26n4, 37, 41, 49, 50, 51, 61, 62, and training of inspection clerks, 75, 76, 79, 80, 92, 98, 99, 102, 118, 166, 168 213, 214, 217

258 Index

Washing Away of Wrongs (cont.) Xiao, Tie, 51n87 and training of wuzuo, 64, 72 Xie, Xin-zhe, 62 as bureaucratic standard, 63, 64, 66, 78, Xifang Temple, 34 79, 104 Xu Lian, 92n15, 98, 104, 107, 170n26 as used in Republican China, 85, Xu Shichang, 67, 68 158, 169, 184, 190, 204, 207, Xu Songming, 126, 130, 137, 146, 148, 219, 221, 222 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 158, errors and omissions in, 60n14, 62, 104 196, 218 modern criticisms of, 118, 121, 125, 130, Xu, Xiaoqun, 50n80, 59n9 162, 163–5, 184, 211 Xue Dubi, 191 modern praise for, 19, 212 modernity of, 59, 220, 223 Yan Fuqing (F.C. Yen), 192 supplemented with cases, 62, 107 Yang Naiwu, 91, 93 supplemented with scientiﬁc knowledge, Yang Nianqun, 38 15, 67, 214 Ye Zaijun, 80, 145, 146 Washington Conference, 119 yinyang masters, 30, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, Weekly Pictorial Supplement of Capital News 83, 121 (Jingbao tuhua zhoukan), 132 Yip, Ka-che, 69n46, 191 Will, Pierre-Étienne, 61n17, 100 Yongzheng Emperor, 65 Wiltenburg, Joy, 51 Yu Yuan, 72, 72n50, 74n59, 107n59, 108, World Daily (Shijie ribao), 31, 47, 55, 96, 139, 216 111, 114, 171, 173 and Beijing Bar Association, 119–20, 121 World War I, 119 and queries of judicial ofﬁcials, 102, wound examination, 66, 67n37, 76, 79, 105, 106 97, 217 and skeletal examination cases, 86, 87, documentary procedures, 76, 139, 90, 93, 101 170, 213 and training of inspection clerks, 72, Wu Peifu, 81 216–17 Wu, Yi-Li, 11, 62, 105n56 forensic work for police, 47n73, 82, 83 Wuhan, 191 use of cases to claim authority, 106, 107 Würzburg University, 123, 191 Yu Yunxiu, 121, 161 wuzuo,7–8, 62, 63, 64, 65, 72, 92, 100, Yuan Shikai, 35, 50 101, 104, 201 Yunnan, 68 “mean” status of, 66, 68, 72 and New Policies reforms, 67, 219 Zengfu, 104, 105 as experts, 65, 101, 104, 105, 108 Zhang Ruilin, 114, 114n9 assumed untrustworthiness of, 66, 89, Zhang Yuanjie, 149 104, 120 Zhang Zongchang, 88, 232 supervision over, 67, 105 Zhang Zuolin, 57, 58, 111, 191, 192 training of, 68, 101 Zhejiang, 78, 202 Zhenru, 197, 198 Xia Leibo. See Xia Quanyin Zhili faction, 81 Xia Quanyin, 116, 141, 142, 144, 147 Zhou Enlai, 145 Xiangya Medical College, 170 Zhu Jiabao, 67, 68