Land Rse, Nature Conservation and Agricultural Policies in Dermany
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= i~åÇ=rëÉI== k~íìêÉ=`çåëÉêî~íáçå== ~åÇ=^ÖêáÅìäíìê~ä=mçäáÅáÉë== áå=dÉêã~åó= Selected chapters of the Environmental Report 2008 Volume 2 1 This publication is a partial translation of the 2008 Environmental Report "Climate Protection in the Shadow of Climate Change". For this reason, the numbering of sections and paragraphs follows the original German version and hence is not fully sequential. - - - - - Volume 2: Land Use, Nature Conservation and Agriculture Policies in Germany Preface ..........................................................................................................................9 5 Nature conservation.............................................................................................11 5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................13 5.2 State and perspectives of nature and landscape....................................................14 5.2.1 State of ecosystem functionality and its services ...................................................14 5.2.1.1 Change of impacts..................................................................................................16 5.2.1.2 Implications for the functioning of the ecosystem and its services .........................21 5.2.2. Summary and recommendations............................................................................26 5.3 Future developments..............................................................................................29 5.3.1 Climate change.......................................................................................................31 5.3.2 Agriculture...............................................................................................................33 5.3.3 Forestry management.............................................................................................37 5.3.4 Increased spread of alien species ..........................................................................38 5.3.5 “Dismantling bureaucracy” – loss of capacity for action in nature conservation .....38 5.3.6 Summary and recommendations............................................................................39 5.4 Intellectual history and political and institutional background of nature conservation policy......................................................................................40 5.4.1 Historical and intellectual obstacles to nature conservation ...................................41 5.4.2 Political-institutional barriers to nature conservation ..............................................44 5.4.3 Strategic options for nature conservation ...............................................................46 5.4.4 Summary ................................................................................................................48 2 5.5 Strategic targets of the Federal Government..........................................................49 5.5.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity and the European Biodiversity Strategy: Basis for the coordination of national strategy........................................................50 5.5.2 National biodiversity strategy: Touchstone for implementation ..............................54 5.5.3 Summary and recommendations............................................................................58 5.6 Activities of the Länder: Natura 2000 and the biotope network ..............................60 5.6.1 Implementation of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas.............................60 5.6.1.1 Distribution of Sites of Community Importance and European Bird Sanctuaries in the Länder...........................................................................................................65 5.6.1.2 Safeguarding the Natura 2000 network of protected areas....................................66 5.6.1.3 Management plans .................................................................................................69 5.6.1.4 Monitoring...............................................................................................................72 5.6.1.5 Report pursuant to Article 17..................................................................................72 5.6.1.6 Integration with the Water Framework Directive and the Directive on the assessment and management of flood risks (Floods Directive) ..................73 5.6.1.7 Under-financing of measures due to cuts in the second pillar ................................75 5.6.2 Network of Interlinked Biotopes..............................................................................76 5.6.3 Summary and recommendations............................................................................79 5.7 Nature conservation as part of the future Environmental Code..............................80 5.7.1 Legal basis of the revision of the Federal Nature Conservation Act in respect of competencies.....................................................................................80 5.7.2 Implementable provisions as an essential legal component of the amendment.....81 5.7.3 The general principles of nature conservation........................................................82 5.7.4 Necessary provisions for selected instruments of nature conservation law ...........84 5.7.4.1 Provisions governing interventions in nature and landscape..................................84 5.7.4.2 Landscape planning................................................................................................92 5.7.4.3 Good agricultural practice.......................................................................................99 5.7.4.4 Protected areas ......................................................................................................99 5.7.4.5 Environmental monitoring and surveillance..........................................................100 5.7.5 Summary and recommendations..........................................................................101 3 5.9 Summary and recommendations..........................................................................103 5.9.1 Summary ..............................................................................................................103 5.9.2 Recommendations in detail ..................................................................................104 6 Soil Protection ....................................................................................................108 6.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................109 6.2 Soil functions, impairments and regulation deficits...............................................115 6.2.1 Soil sealing ...........................................................................................................118 6.2.2 Diffuse pollutant and nutrient inputs in soil ...........................................................119 6.2.2.1 Airborne inputs .....................................................................................................119 6.2.2.2 Inputs from solid matter ........................................................................................122 6.2.2.3 Summary ..............................................................................................................127 6.2.3 Contaminated sites...............................................................................................128 6.2.4 Soil erosion...........................................................................................................130 6.2.5 Harmful soil compaction .......................................................................................134 6.2.6 Loss of organic matter ..........................................................................................135 6.3 Soil protection law.................................................................................................138 6.3.1 Deficits of German soil protection law – a survey.................................................139 6.3.2 Further developments in soil protection law .........................................................140 6.3.2.1 Increasing the effectiveness of planning law ........................................................140 6.3.2.2 Soil protection in the context of cross-sectoral impact assessments....................144 6.3.2.3 Interim conclusions...............................................................................................146 6.3.3 On the way to Europeanisation of soil protection law ...........................................146 6.3.3.1 Provisions of draft Soil Framework Directive........................................................147 6.3.3.2 Hypothetical need to adapt German soil protection legislation.............................148 6.3.3.3 Regulatory power of the EU..................................................................................151 6.3.4 Track record and outlook......................................................................................152 6.4 Conclusions and recommendations......................................................................152 7.4 Integrated river basin management: Water resources management....................158 7.4.1 Reasons for integrated river basin management..................................................158 4 7.4.2 Requirements for appropriate management.........................................................159 7.4.3 Situation regarding integrated management.........................................................160