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The Plio-Pleistocene Glaciation in Eastern Europe, Siberia, and the Caucasus : Evolution of Thoughts

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The Plio-Pleistocene Glaciation in Eastern Europe, Siberia, and the Caucasus : Evolution of Thoughts The Plio-Pleistocene glaciation in eastern Europe, Siberia, and the Caucasus : evolution of thoughts Autor(en): Milanovsky, Evgeni E. Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae Band (Jahr): 93 (2000) Heft 3 PDF erstellt am: 05.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-168829 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. 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Basel. 2000 The Plio-Pleistocene glaciation in eastern Europe, Siberia, and the Caucasus: Evolution of thoughts (Paper presented at the meeting of the International Commission on the Historv of Geological Sciences (1NHIGEO), Neuchâtel, Sept. 9-11. 1998) EVGF.NI E. MlLANOVSKY Kev words: 1 listorv ol Russian glacial research, paleoclimate and glaciation, neolectonics and glaciation, permafrost, alternating volcanic and glacial deposits, glacial historv of the Caucasus ABSTRACT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ihe most convincing concepì of Ihe great Pleistocene glaciation in northern Der schwedische Geologe O. Torell und der russische Geograph und Geologe Eurasia was developed in the 1870s by the Swedish geologist O Torell and the P. A. Kropotkin entwickelten in den 1870er Jahren ein höchst uber/eugendes Russian geographer and geologist P. A. Kropotkin. who had discovered traces Konzept der grossen pleistozänen Vereisung im nördlichen Eurasien. Kropotkin of an extensive glaciation in eastern Siberia and Finland, published in the hatle Spuren einer ausgedehnten Vereisung in Oslsibirien und Finnland fundamental book "Researches on Ihe glacial period" (1876. in Russian). Our entdeckt, publiziert in dem fundamentalen Werk ..Untersuchungen über die paper describes Ihe complex history ol glacial research in northern Eurasia by- Eiszeit» (1876. auf russisch). Unsere Veröffentlichung beschreibt die komplexe Russian geologists. Unlike Kropotkin, most ol them regogm/ed the existence Geschichte der Erforschung der Eiszeit im nördlichen Eurasien durch of several glaciations separated by interglacial epochs. The mam centers of russische Geologen. Abweichend von Kropotkin nahmen die meisten von ihnen glaciation were distinguished. The most important glaciation developed under das Vorhandensein von mehreren Vereisungen an. getrennt durch Interglazi- ihe humid climates of northern Europe and western Siberia. In the relatively alzeiten. Die Hauptzentren der Vereisung wurden unterschieden Die stärkste dry regions of eastern Siberia ice sheets were of more limited extent and thickness, Vereisung entwickelte sich unter den leuchten Klimalen Nordeuropas und but there, permafrost reached depths up to 1-1.5 km. Westsibiriens. In den trockeneren Regionen Ostsibiriens waren die Eiskappen First observations on the Pleistocene and Recent glaciation of the Great von geringerer Ausdehnung und Dicke, aber der Permafrost erreichte Caucasus and the Armenian Highland (especially ol the Elbrus and Araral dort Tiefen von bis zu 1-1.5 km. volcanoes) were made by G. Ahich in 1844-1850. In the first half of the 20lh G. Abich machie 1844-5(1 ersle Beobachtungen einer pleistozänen und century the Russian geologists A. P. Gcrasimov, A. L. Reinhard. V. P. rezenten Vereisung des Grossen Kaukasus und des Armenischen Hochlandes Rengarten and others established a history of Caucasian glaciations comparable (besonders der Vulkane des Elbrus und des Araral). In den ersten Hallte des wilh that developed by Penck and Brückner, even though disagreements about 2(1. Jahrhunderts entwickelten die russischen Geologen A. P. Gerasimov. A. L. the correlations subsisted. In the central part of the Great Caucasus young Reinhard. V. P. Rengarten und andere eine chronologische Einteilung der volcanic rocks alternate with glacial deposits. The modern chronology of the kaukasischen Vereisungen, vergleichbar mit der von Penck und Bruckner, Great Caucasus glaciations developed by the author and A V. Ko/hevnikov obwohl manche Korrelationen umstritten blieben. Im Zentrum des Grossen distinguishes: 1 a Late Pliocene Elbrus Glaciation (analogue of the Danubian Kaukasus wechsellagern junge vulkanische Gesteine mit Glazialablagerungen. Glaciation of the Alps?) - 2) an Eopleistocene Chegem Glaciation (analogous Die moderne Chronologie der Vereisungen des Kaukasus, entwickelt vom to Gun/) - 5) an Early Pleistocene Elliibu Glaciation (analogous to Mindel) - Autor und A.V. Kozhevnikov, unterscheidet: 1) eine spätpliozäne Elbrus- 4) a Middle Pleistocene Terek Glaciation with several phases and stages Vereisung (analog der Donau-Vereisung der Alpen'.') - 2) eine eoplcistozäne (analogous in Rissi 5) a I .He Pleistocene-I arly Holocene Bezingi Glaciation Chegem-Vereisung (analog zum Günz) - 3) eine altpleistozäne Ellübü-Verei- (analogous to Wurm and Buhl of the Alps) - 6) advance and retreat of glaciers sung (analog zum Mindel) - 4) eine mittelpleistozane Terek-Vereisung mit in the 17lh lo 19,h centuries. The Late Pliocene - Eopleistocene glaciations mehreren Phasen und Stadien (analog zum Riss) - 5) eine spätpleislozän-ho- belonged lo ihe semi-sheet type. Pleistocene glaciations to the trough valley type. lozane Bezingi-Vereisung (analog zu Wurm und Buhl der Alpen) - 6) Ihe maximal advance of glaciers was in the Middle Pleistocene. In the eastern Vordringen und Ruckzug der Gletscher im 17. und 19. Jahrhundert. Die spatplio- part of Ihe Great Caucasus and in the Minor Caucasus glaciations are were zän-eopleisto/anen Vereisungen entsprachen mehr oder weniger dem limned due to a more arid climate and lesser elevations. Eiskappentypus, während sieh später im Pleistozän Talgletscher bildeten. Die maximale Ausdehnung der Gletscher wurde im Miltelplcistozän erreicht. Im ostlichen Grossen Kaukasus und im Kleinen Kaukasus waren die Vereisungen wegen des trockeneren Klimas und der geringeren Meereshöhe weniger ausgedehnt. Faculty of Geology. Moscow State University. Vorobiyovy Gory. Moscow- 11899, Russia Plio-Pleistocene glaciation in northern Eurasia 379 l <2 Vi % ^ s i i Fig. 1. One of the first researchers of ancient glaciation on the Eastern European Fig. 2. One of the founders of doctrine on the Pleistocene glacial period, later plain academician Icdor Bogdanovich Schmidt (1832-1908). - the famous Russian revolutionary Pietr Alexeevieh Kropotkin (1842-1921 The first steps in the study ofthe Pleistocene glaciation in Russia ~^s Sajan expedition 1965 ••••• tq? Although in the Alps. I. Venetz. J. Charpentier, and L. Agassiz Otekma-Vitim /866 had found definite evidence of the Pleistocene glaciation in the expedition VitjÄ 1830s-40s (Hallam 1983), in northeastern Europe and Siberia the origin of sediments, which we now identify as glacial Boda moraine, remained unclear until the early 1870s. In the Angara At 1820s-30s. some geoscientists suggested the existence of a u* _<* former glaciation not only in the Alps, but also in the highlands (fl* MO T* and the plains of Norway (J. Esmark). Germany (R. Bernhardt cfjU K. Schimper). and Scotland (L. Agassiz. W. Buckland). However, the authority of Charles Lyell who published a popular W "drift hypothesis" explaining the dispersion of erratic <*-0**j>. • 0 boulders by floating ice (Lyell 1863). and of Roderick Murchison Ch Irft utsk K» (1845) who confirmed Lyell's ideas during his geological ShL sS -9 expedition to European Russia in 1840-41. impeded the recognition tA^wÌV.N..^. ^t.s *>-/. •*> of former glaciations in the East European Plain. Several X j'NT**, outstanding Russian geologists (Shchurovsky 1856. ^ RUSSIA N,H"TTS Z ,.r.y" 150 300km Helmersen 1869. Schmidt 1865) generally supported the drift i i Öy^^^-TNOIV-MONGOLIA)cetencajy^MHiW.^.^.-^ hypothesis. F. B. Schmidt (1832-1908, Fig. 1) described the Quaternary boulder-bearing sediments in Estonia. He used an Fig. 3. Routs of P. A. Kropotkin's expeditions in Baikalian region of Eastern Estonian word for moraine He also "rikh" glacial deposits. Siberia in 1865 and 1866. indicated that clastic material was transported from north to south (from Finland and Sweden) based on the analysis of the composition of boulders and of the direction of scratches below the boulder-bearing deposits. At the same time. ologists attempted to combine the elements of drift and glacial Schmidt in Russia and some Scandinavian geologists interpreted hypotheses. Later on. following the works of Kropotkin.
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