Manual of Engineering Drawing

Manual of Engineering Drawing Manual of Engineering Drawing Second edition Colin H Simmons I.Eng, FIED, Mem ASME. Engineering Standards Consultant Member of BS. & ISO Committees dealing with Technical Product Documentation specifications Formerly Standards Engineer, Lucas CAV. Dennis E Maguire CEng. MIMechE, Mem ASME, R.Eng.Des, MIED Design Consultant Formerly Senior Lecturer, Mechanical and Production Engineering Department, Southall College of Technology City & Guilds International Chief Examiner in Engineering Drawing Elsevier Newnes Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803 First published by Arnold 1995 Reprinted by Butterworth-Heinemann 2001, 2002 Second edition 2004 Copyright © Colin H. Simmons and Denis E. Maguire, 2004. All rights reserved The right of Colin H. Simmons and Dennis E. Maguire to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 7506 5120 2 For information on all Elsevier Newnes publications visit our website at www.newnespress.com Typeset by Replika Press Pvt Ltd, India Printed and bound in Great Britain Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements ix 1 Drawing office management and organization 1 2 Product development and computer aided design 7 3 CAD organization and applications 13 4 Principles of first and third angle orthographic projection 33 5 Linework and lettering 45 6 Three dimensional illustrations using isometric and oblique projection 50 7 Drawing layouts and simplified methods 54 8 Sections and sectional views 64 9 Geometrical constructions and tangency 68 10 Loci applications 73 11 True lengths and auxiliary views 82 12 Conic sections and interpenetration of solids 87 13 Development of patterns from sheet materials 93 14 Dimensioning principles 100 15 Screw threads and conventional representations 114 16 Nuts, bolts, screws and washers 120 17 Keys and keyways 134 18 Worked examples in machine drawing 137 19 Limits and fits 153 20 Geometrical tolerancing and datums 160 21 Application of geometrical tolerances 168 22 Maximum material and least material principles 179 23 Positional tolerancing 186 24 Cams and gears 190 25 Springs 202 26 Welding and welding symbols 210 27 Engineering diagrams 214 28 Bearings and applied technology 249 29 Engineering adhesives 264 30 Related standards 272 31 Production drawings 282 32 Drawing solutions 291 Index 297 Preface This latest edition of A Manual of Engineering Drawing standards are not produced for any particular draughting has been revised to include changes resulting from the method. No matter how a drawing is produced, either introduction of BS 8888. British Standard 308 was on an inexpensive drawing board or the latest CAD introduced in 1927 and acknowledged by Draughtsmen equipment, the drawing must conform to the same as THE reference Standard for Engineering Drawing. standards and be incapable of misinterpretation. The British Standards Institution has constantly kept The text which follows covers the basic aspects of this Standard under review and taken account of engineering drawing practice required by college and technical developments and advances. Since 1927, major university students, and also professional drawing office revisions were introduced in 1943, 1953, 1964 and personnel. Applications show how regularly used 1972 when the contents of BS 308 Engineering standards should be applied and interpreted. Drawing Practice was divided into three separate Geometrical constructions are a necessary part of sections. engineering design and analysis and examples of two- and three-dimensional geometry are provided. Practice Part 1: General principles. is invaluable, not only as a means of understanding Part 2: Dimensioning and tolerancing of size. principles, but in developing the ability to visualize Part 3: Geometrical tolerancing. shape and form in three dimensions with a high degree In 1985, the fifth revision was metricated. of fluency. It is sometimes forgotten that not only does During the period 1985–2000 major discussions were a draughtsman produce original drawings but is also undertaken in co-operation with International Standards required to read and absorb the content of drawings he Organizations. receives without ambiguity. The general trend in Engineering Design had been The section on engineering diagrams is included to that the designer who was responsible for the conception stimulate and broaden technological interest, further and design of a particular product generally specified study, and be of value to students engaged on project other aspects of the manufacturing process. work. Readers are invited to redraw a selection of the Gradually however, developments from increased examples given for experience, also to appreciate the computing power in all aspects of production have necessity for the insertion and meaning of every line. resulted in progressive advances in manufacturing Extra examples with solutions are available in techniques, metrology, and quality assurance. The Engineering Drawing From First Principles using impact of these additional requirements on the Total AutoCAD, also published by Butterworth-Heinemann. Design Cycle resulted in the withdrawal of BS 308 in It is a pleasure to find an increasing number of 2000. Its replacement BS 8888 is a far more young ladies joining the staff in drawing offices where comprehensive Standard. they can make an effective and balanced contribution The full title of BS 8888 reflects this line of thought. to design decisions. Please accept our apologies for continuing to use the term ‘draughtsmen’, which is BS 8888. Technical product documentation (TPD). the generally understood collective noun for drawing Specification for defining, specifying and graphically office personnel, but implies equality in status. representing products. In conclusion, may we wish all readers every success It must be appreciated and emphasized that the in their studies and careers. We hope they will obtain change from BS 308 to BS 8888 did not involve much satisfaction from employment in the absorbing abandoning the principles of Engineering Drawing in activities related to creative design and considerable BS 308. The new Standard gives the Designer a vastly pleasure from the construction and presentation of increased number of tools at his disposal. accurately defined engineering drawings. It is important to stress that British and ISO drawing Acknowledgements The authors express their special thanks to the British Mechsoft Standards Institution Chiswick High Road, London, Barber and Colman Ltd W4 4AL for kind permission to reprint extracts from Bauer Springs Ltd their publications. Delphi Diesel Systems We are also grateful to the International Organization GKN Screws and Fasteners Ltd for Standardization, Genève 20, Switzerland, for Glacier Vandervell Ltd granting us permission to use extracts from their Lucas Diesel Systems publications. Lucas Electronic Unit Injector Systems F S Ratcliffe Ltd We very much appreciate the encouragement and Salterfix Ltd friendly assistance given to us by: Matthew Deans and his staff at Elsevier: Nishma, Doris, H C Calton, Ford Motor Company Ltd Rachel and Renata. Geoff Croysdale, SKF (UK) Ltd Brian and Ray for sheet metal and machine shop Susan Goddard, KGB Micros Ltd c examples, models, computer advice and technical Emma M Carthy, Excitech Computers Ltd support. John Hyde, Norgren Martonair Ltd Our final thanks go to our patient and understanding Bob Orme, Loctite Holdings Ltd wives, Audrey and Beryl, for all their typing and clerical Tony Warren, Staefa Control System Ltd assistance since we started work in 1973 on the first Autodesk Ltd edition of Manual of Engineering Drawing. Chapter 1 Drawing office management and organization Every article used in our day-to-day lives will probably 7 Dimension figures have been produced as a result of solutions to a sequence 8 Relative importance of dimensions of operations and considerations, namely: 9 Indication of materials on drawings 10 Various degrees of finish 1 Conception 11 Screw threads 2 Design and analysis 12 Flats and squares 3 Manufacture 13 Tapers 4 Verification 14 Abbreviations for drawings. 5 Disposal. There were also five figures illustrating: The initial stage will commence when an

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