ISO Focus The Magazine of the International Organization for Standardization Volume 4, No. 12, December 2007, ISSN 1729-8709

Industrial automation

• Volvo’s use of ISO standards • A new generation of watches Contents

1 Comment Alain Digeon, Chair of ISO/TC 184, Industrial automation systems and integration, starting January 2008 2 World Scene Highlights of events from around the world 3 ISO Scene Highlights of news and developments from ISO members 4 Guest View ISO Focus is published 11 times Katarina Lindström, Senior Vice-President, a year (single issue : July-August). It is available in English. Head of Manufacturing in Volvo Powertrain and Chairman of the Manufacturing, Key Technology Committee Annual subscription 158 Swiss Francs Individual copies 16 Swiss Francs 8 Main Focus Publisher • Product data – ISO Central Secretariat Managing (International Organization for information through Standardization) the lifecycle 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse CH-1211 Genève 20 • Practical business Switzerland solutions for ontology Telephone + 41 22 749 01 11 data exchange Fax + 41 22 733 34 30 • Modelling the E-mail [email protected] manufacturing enterprise Web www.iso.org • Improving productivity Manager : Roger Frost with interoperability Editor : Elizabeth Gasiorowski-Denis • Towards integrated Assistant Editor : Maria Lazarte manufacturing solutions Artwork : Pascal Krieger and • A new model for machine data transfer Pierre Granier • The revolution in engineering drawings – Product definition ISO Update : Dominique Chevaux data sets Subscription enquiries : Sonia Rosas Friot • A new era for cutting tools ISO Central Secretariat • Robots – In industry and beyond Telephone + 41 22 749 03 36 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 37 Developments and Initiatives E-mail [email protected] • A new generation of watches to meet consumer expectations © ISO, 2007. All rights reserved. • International Standards are key for promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy sources The contents of ISO Focus are copyright th protected and may not, whether in • Record participation for 5 meeting of ISO working group whole or in part, be reproduced, stored on social responsibility in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, 43 New on the shelf without written permission of the Editor. • Latest issue of The ISO Survey shows 16 % rise in The articles in ISO Focus express the views ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certifications of the author, and do not necessarily reflect • Complete collection of generic ISO 9000 standards available the views of ISO or of any of its members. in new book and on CD ISSN 1729-8709 Printed in Switzerland 45 Coming up Cover photo : iStock.

ISO Focus December 2007 Comment Increasing customer satisfaction and competitiveness with industrial automation ne of the solutions available to indus- Moreover, ISO/TC 184 standards facili- sis on numerical control aspects ; robots try to increase competitiveness, tate information management (including for industrial and non industrial environ- Owhile satisfying customers, is indus- long-term archiving). ments ; and modelling of industrial, tech- trial automation. In fact, manufacturing In addition, International Stand- nical and scientific data to support elec- companies are responding to the challeng- ards in support of industrial automation tronic communication and commerce. es of today’s global competitive market will facilitate the development of new busi- Finally, ISO/TC 184 is actively involved place by investing in industrial automation ness alliances. Small and medium enter- in liaising with other standards groups to and the development of electronic exchange prises (SMEs) for instance, will be able avoid overlaps in standardization efforts tools and standards. These will allow them to interact with a multiplicity of global and facilitate integration. to increase performance effectiveness through customers while limiting their expenses. Recognizing the significance of their increasingly integrated and optimized pro- Through the integration of processes and work for industry, ISO/TC 184 representa- cesses and thus : speed up product introduc- technologies associated with the industri- tives are enthusiastically engaged in build- tion ; facilitate new business alliances ; al use of the Internet, standardization will ing awareness. For this purpose they organ- improve product quality and reliability; support and foment a proliferation of ad ize events around the world, where they reduce design, production and support costs ; hoc collaborative structures and partner- present, promote and share experiences and offer new and innovative products and ships between organizations, particularly on the application of its standards. Their services. As with this technology, manu- important in the complex interactions of aim is to address a wide audience, includ- facturing equipment can be deployed more the global supply chain. ing those entities not usually involved in flexibly, facilitating the simultaneous pro- standardization work. duction of various products. “ International Standards ISO/TC 184 is perhaps most well A major challenge faced by busi- known for standards such as the standard nesses of all sizes is the integration and in support of industrial for exchange of product model data (STEP), protection of information throughout a automation will open Mandate, PartsLib, and Enterprise Integra- product’s lifecycle and, especially, when tion, among many others. But the underlying application systems and hardware evolve. new options to increase benefit that it offers industry is the possibil- To address all the above needs, ISO tech- the efficiency of the ity to organize efficiently, within a commu- nical committee ISO/TC 184, Industrial industry and facilitate nication and integration framework, which automation systems and integration, devel- allows the electronic exchange of product ops standards which provide innovative the development of new information throughout its lifecycle and business solutions to industrial automation business alliances.” across companies. This will help industry to technologies – including automated manu- speed up product development, efficiently facturing equipment, control systems and Major international companies from involve partners and subcontractors, and supporting information systems, commu- automotive, aeronautics, space and defense, overall to be more competitive. nications and physical interfaces – for inte- electric industry, energy and IT sectors are gration into the world of e-business. among the beneficiaries. They therefore One way in which ISO/TC 184 actively participate in the standards devel- standards add value is by enabling a more opment, together with research institutes, efficient capture, organization and expres- trade associations, consortia, and academia. sion of the requirements for the integration ISO/TC 184 standards, however, are appli- and operation of physical, human and infor- cable to businesses of all sizes, including mation technology elements, thus allowing SMEs, for whom they offer improved diverse applications to share the same infor- opportunities to integrate the supply chain mation. They can therefore reduce the cost and to internationally extend manufactur- of implementing multiple technologies in ing through e-business. combined e-manufacturing and e-business In order to fulfill all of the above, environments. ISO/TC 184 standard inter- ISO/TC 184 develops high-level architec- faces facilitate changes to the configura- tures for industrial automation ; model- tion of system elements, while retaining the ling of enterprise architecture ; and com- investment in individual elements. munications and processes to support the Through the integration capability integration of manufacturing systems and Alain Digeon of independent sub-systems, industry will application frameworks. It also develops Chair of ISO/TC 184, Industrial be more adaptable and able to ease innova- standards for industrial automation on automation systems and integration, tion and drive down costs and timescales. physical device controls, with an empha- starting January 2008

ISO Focus December 2007 1 World Scene

The bridge to global ISO, WRI, and WBCSD recognition of his dedicated ILAC and IAF meet markets cooperate on greenhouse and outstanding contribution in Sydney gas accounting and to the activities of IFAN and “ Standards – the bridge to its national member for the The International Laboratory global markets ” was the verification Accreditation Cooperation th United Kingdom, BSS ; and theme of the 12 Conference ISO, the World Resources upon Ms. Ziva Patir – ISO (ILAC), and the International of the International Federation Institute (WRI) and the Vice-President (technical Accreditation Forum (IAF), of Standards Users (IFAN). World Business Council for management), Director Gen- held their annual Conference The meeting was held in Sustainable Development eral of the Standards Institu- and meetings in Sydney, Aus- August 2007, in San Francisco, (WBCSD) have signed a tion of Israel (SII) – in recog- tralia, in October 2007. USA, home of the famous Memorandum of Understand- nition of her dedicated and ILAC celebrated its 30th anni- Golden Gate Bridge, which ing (MoU) under which they outstanding contribution to versary on this occasion. It was used to symbolize the have agreed to jointly pro- the development and applica- endorsed a joint paper with integral connection between mote the ISO 14064 stand- tion of international standards. the BIPM (International standards and global trade. ards and the WRI and WBC- Bureau of Weights and Meas- SD greenhouse gas (GHG) Transit security ures) on calibration and meas- Protocol standards. A workshop on transit securi- urement capabilities and a The move is in response to ty organized by ISO, the Inter- Memorandum of Understand- concerns among businesses national Electrotechnical ing (MoU) with the World and GHG program designers Commission (IEC), and the Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) that the two standards might International Telecommunica- which was subsequently not be consistent and tion Union (ITU) and hosted signed on 14 November in mutually supportive. In fact, by the American National Madrid, Spain, during the for corporate accounting, Standards Institute (ANSI) World Conference on Doping requirements and guidance was held in October 2007, in in Sport. An MoU was signed contained in ISO and GHG Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. on the spot with the Interna- Protocol standards are tional Organization for Legal th It offered attendees the oppor- Participants of the 12 IFAN consistent and they are tunity to network and develop Metrology (OIML). Conference. designed so that they can be shared strategies used in a complementary with security The conference – attended by manner. experts from the over 100 standards senior “ We are positive that closer global community. managers and experts from collaboration between our industry, trade and public sec- Participants dis- three international organiza- tors – was organized in con- cussed the strategic tions will increase conver- junction with the 56th annual role for internation- gence as well as institutional conference of the Standards al standards and and corporate confidence in Engineering Society, the IFAN conformity assess- developing and maintaining member for Canada and the ment programmes credible climate change and USA. in the area of pub- GHG emissions credits lic transit security, Dr. Torsten Bahke, Director trading programmes,” said encompassing urban, (CEO) of the German Institute Alan Bryden, ISO Secretary- suburban and for Standardization (DIN), gave General. regional commuter the keynote address. A series transportation by of sessions followed, featuring Georges Garel Award bus and rail and the panels of international experts During its 12th Conference, land side of urban ferry oper- IAF decided to establish a and covering such topics as : IFAN held a special ceremony ations. The second day of the Multilateral Agreement for the market access, global stand- in which the Georges Garel event examined existing accreditation of certification ards, education, technology, Award was bestowed upon national standards efforts from bodies for persons, based on participation in standards Mr. Jonathan David – Ex- various regions of the world, the requirements of ISO 17011 development, standards’ Deputy Chair of the British as well as some of the transit (for accreditation) and 17024 distribution, and new areas Standards Society (BSS) – in security standards efforts (for certification of persons). of standardization. already underway. At their joint meeting, inter IFAN held its annual members’ A workshop sum- alia, ILAC and IAF endorsed assembly after the two-day event. mary report, the terms of reference of a See IFAN Web site : including findings Joint Inspection Group. The www.ifan.org. and recommenda- Secretary-General of ISO, tions, will be pro- Alan Bryden, presented an Ziva Patir (centre), ISO Vice- vided to ISO, IEC update on developments in President (technical management) and ITU and their ISO, and more particularly in received the Georges Garel Award. joint Strategic CASCO, and underlined the On her right is Alan Bryden, ISO Advisory Group on topicality and the quality of Secretary-General, and on her left, Security for further the collaboration between the IFAN President Neil Reeve. action. three organizations.

2 ISO Focus December 2007 ISO Scene

sons. Other organizations In implementing its new recognized by the election of represented at the meeting, vision, ISO/TC 8 increased Alan Morrison, currently including GAA, ICES and member participation and Vice Chairman of Standards MSC, also expressed their ensured a well balanced rep- Australia, as President of wish to collaborate with ISO. resentation. ISO/TC 8 is also ISO for the 2009-2010 term. strengthening its links with UN agencies, the European Australia takes stock Good practice in project Union, Asia Pacific Econom- of ISO standards to management ic Cooperation and relevant organize its response to NGOs. In 2005, ISO/TC 8 ISO has begun the develop- ISO/TC 8 Plenary seminar climate change ment of ISO 21500, an inter- speakers on ship recycling received ISO’s highest award The visit of ISO Secretary- – the “ Larry Eicher Award national standard on project (From left) Henning Gramann, Capt. General Alan Bryden to Stand- management. Charles Piersall, His Excellency for Leadership ” – for excel- ards Australia in October CAPT. Manuel Nogueira, Tom Peter lence and innovative services 2007 gave the opportunity to Blankenstejn, Jack Westwood- and initiatives. highlight the completeness and Booth, Robin Townsend. the benefits of the “ toolbox ” of Diving into the waters of ISO standards relating to envi- “ A great ship with aquaculture and fisheries ronmental management and a great crew ! ” The first plenary meeting of greenhouse gas emissions ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine the ISO technical committee accounting and verification. technology, celebrated its on fisheries and aquaculture Two “ government and industry 60th anniversary during a (ISO/TC 234), was held in emissions trading forums ” took meeting in Tenerife, Canary October 2007, in Bergen, place in Sydney and in Canberra, Islands, in November 2007. Norway. in conjunction with the devel- BSI British Standards recent- Since its establishment in opment of Australia’s new ly hosted the inaugural meet- Fifty-five participants from 1947, the technical committee GHG emissions trading ing in London of the new Canada, Denmark, Finland, has come a long way. scheme. The Australian volun- project committee, ISO/PC France, Iceland, India, Israel, tary “ Green House Friendly ” 236, Project management, With a focus on equipment The Netherlands, New Zea- programme already makes use established to develop ISO standards in the early dec- land, Norway, Thailand, the of ISO standards, including for 21500. Over 50 delegates ades, ISO/TC 8 experienced UK and the USA, as well as lifecycle analysis (ISO 14040). from around the world a radical change of vision in from the Food and Agricul- attended to begin work on 1995 that had an important ture Organization (FAO), the the international stand- impact on its development. Global Aquaculture Alliance ard which is intended Firstly, there was a strength- (GAA), the International to provide generic ening of its link with the Council for the Exploration guidance, explaining International Maritime of the Sea (ICES) and the the core principles and Organization (IMO) : to date, Marine Stewardship Council what constitutes good ISO/TC 8 has developed over (MSC), attended the meeting. practice in project 100 work items in consulta- The event was hosted by management. tion with IMO. Secondly, Standards Norway, the ISO a new focus on developing member for the country, ISO 21500 will build on existing standards processes and systems in which holds the chairman- Climate change panel addition to product standards ship of ISO/TC 234. and work at the nation- has emerged. Bottom left to right : John Tucker, CEO Standards al level. It is intended During the meeting, partici- Australia ; Alan Bryden, ISO Secretary-General ; to be applicable to Today, ISO/TC 8 is more pants discussed the scope of Richard Mifsud, Principal Executive, Auditing and organizations of all concerned with addressing the new committee, carefully Assurance Standards Board ; Di Dibley, Senior sizes and sectors and high priority international avoiding duplication of work Policy Advisor, Australian Industry Group. will be designed for issues involving safety, already done by other organ- Top left to right : Colin Blair, Deputy CEO, relative newcomers to security, environment, infor- izations. Proposals were Standards Australia ; Graeme Drake, General project management, mation, intermodal and made for the creation of Manager, NATA ; and Dr Tony Beck, Coordinator, or as an aide-mémoire management systems stand- working groups on traceabil- Australasian Emissions Trading Forum. for more experienced ards. Among its recent ity and aquaculture technolo- practitioners. developments is the produc- gy and aquaculture production In addition to these Forums, tion, in record time, of a The Secretariat of ISO/PC 236 is data. Less formal proposals the Secretary-General held series of international sup- held by the American National were also made for chemical meetings with government ply chain security standards Standards Institute (ANSI), and use in aquaculture and fish- officials from the Department (ISO 28000). Its next priority of Industry, Tourism and is chaired by Dr. Jim Gordon eries and sustainability in is to address environmental Resources and from the of the United Kingdom, who fishery. issues including ship recy- Department of Environment commented : “ The development cling (ISO 30000), improv- The Codex Alimentarius and Heritage. These meetings of an international standard will ing environmental perform- Commission, FAO, and the gave opportunities to review be welcomed by many countries ance for ships in ports, International Union for the and highlight Australia’s and will have broad relevance to ballast water management Conservation of Nature were involvement in international projects in many industries and and air emissions. approved as category A liai- standardization, recently the public sector.”

ISO Focus December 2007 3 Guest View Katarina Lindström © Volvo ©

enior Vice-President The development and use of Katarina Lindström is international standards offer a way to SHead of Manufacturing in overcome the inefficiencies created by Volvo Powertrain and Chairman regional and national standards. It per- of the Manufacturing, Key mits Volvo to achieve better economies Technology Committee of the of scale in manufacturing and to deliv- Volvo Group. In a company with er a more consistent product with lower a global structure such as production variations. Volvo, production standards, In order to be able to offer our cus- global development instructions tomers high-quality products at a compet- itive price and with a minimum of envi- and processes are essential to ronmental impact, we need to be effective keep process harmonization and in harmonizing our purchasing, product commonality. In this context, development and manufacturing processes Ms. Lindström leads the Key globally. In this work, harmonized inter- Technology Committee as national standards are important to us and a structure for developing tech- we participate actively in the development nology synergies within the process of many such standards. manufacturing area of the Volvo Group. Ms. Lindström has a Master of Science (MSc) in material technology from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and is a board member of the University of Skövde. Prior to assuming her current position as Head of Manufacturing in 2005, “ The adoption of Ms. Lindström had been Vice- international standards President for Volvo Powertrain Product Planning and Program brings resource efficiency Manager for the 12-14 litre engine and opens markets.” program, and had held other management positions within the Katarina Lindström : The increasing glo- manufacturing field. balization of the world economy means that international standards are vital for promot- ing global requirements in order to mini- mize the time and costs of developing and ISO Focus : In the context of trade testing new products. For example, higher globalization, what is the strategic costs are caused by having to make some- importance of international stand- times minor modifications to products to ards for a company such as the Volvo satisfy regional or national requirements. Group, with its staff of 82 000 people More often than not, these modifications spread throughout 25 countries and result in no obvious benefit to our custom- selling products in more than 185 ers. They become simply another way of markets ? achieving the same objective.

4 ISO Focus December 2007 © Volvo ©

• Ability to bid for contracts specifying ISO 10303, as a contractual require- ment ; • Possibility of reduced costs of acquir- ing, maintaining and delivering prod- uct configuration information ; • Improved operational availability due to a reduction in the time taken to implement essential maintenance and product upgrade operations ; • Improved configuration management Volvo Group Headquarters in Gothenburg, Sweden. through common data definitions and provision of feedback on as-main- tained configuration, usage, proper- ISO Focus : STEP (ISO 10303) is a Katarina Lindström : The STEP stand- ties, operating state and behaviour ; set of internationally accepted ISO ards are one of many good neutral for- • Re-use of data and consistent com- International Standards primarily mats to ensure that Volvo is the own- munication across compliant “ off the implemented for exchange of product er of its product and production data ; shelf ” software applications ; model data throughout the product’s they reduce the amount of reworking lifecycle. What are some of the and make us less dependent on soft- • Flexibility in accommodating chan- advantages that the STEP standards ware vendors. ges in information management tech- bring to the Volvo Group specifically In fact, implementing the STEP nology through adoption of an inde- and to business in general ? What standards offers the potential for a wide pendent and open exchange format. additional ISO standards are needed range of business benefits, including : to drive cost efficiencies across the company’s manufacturing value • Improved quality of information Volvo © chain ? throughout the product lifecycle and across the supply chain ; © Volvo ©

Six-cylinder engine block.

ISO Focus : The World Trade Organ- ization Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement encourages the use of international standards as a means to reduce technical barriers to trade that may occur because of technical regulations. What are, in your view, the benefits of adopting internation- al standards and participating in their development ? What can be done to strengthen the message of how important it is for signatory countries to use existing internation- al standards for their national regu- lations ?

Engine assembly at Volvo Powertrain.

ISO Focus December 2007 5 Guest View

Katarina Lindström : Standardization is simultaneously having as little climate standards on certification of the envi- essentially about agreeing on a common impact as possible. ronmental impact (e.g. environmental solution to a problem shared by many in CO2-free vehicles are powered product declarations) of the production order to enable global trade and compe- by fuels produced from renewable raw and handling of these fuels in a well-to- tition on equal terms. For a global com- materials, such as biomass. Unlike fos- wheel perspective. pany like the Volvo Group, the adoption sil fuels, combustion of CO2-free fuel of international standards brings resource emits no additional carbon dioxide into efficiency and opens markets. By par- the atmosphere. The combustion proc- ISO Focus : Volvo is again qualified ticipating in the development of these ess generates exactly the same amount to be included in the Dow Jones sus- standards, we have of course the possi- of carbon dioxide as that absorbed by tainability indexes of companies in bility to influence their content. the source material during its growth, the world that are at the forefront of However, there are today sev- and no increase in atmospheric car- long-term sustainable development. eral standardization bodies claiming to bon dioxide will result, provided that produce international standards and this crop regeneration matches the quanti- In your view, how can companies brings problems and increased costs for ties harvested. combine financial profitability with companies. Further engagement from, There is, however, a great need environmental care and concern for for instance, WTO would probably be for standards on fuel quality and proper- social aspects in today’s competitive valuable. For users, the important thing ties for the various kinds of biofuel (e.g. business world ? What added value is that the standards developed are of CNG/Biogas, Ethanol, DME, hydrogen, would you see in the International high quality and globally accepted, not etc.), as well as for equipment related Standard giving guidelines on social the name of the specific issuer. to the infrastructure, etc., used for the responsibility being developed by different fuels. There is also a need for ISO ? (cf. ISO 26000)

ISO Focus : The Volvo Group is the first vehicle manufacturer to pro- duce trucks that can be driven with- out emitting any environmentally harmful carbon dioxide and has built the first vehicle plant in the world that is completely free from carbon dioxide. How have ISO standards enhanced Volvo’s plan for carbon- dioxide-free transport and its envi- ronmentally friendly approach to doing business ? More generally, what additional ISO standards are needed to promote the design of safer, lighter and more fuel-efficient vehi- cles, as well as for the use of alter- native energy sources such as biofu- els and hydrogen ?

Katarina Lindström : There already have been extensive discussions about the threats from climate change and how something needs to be done – talk is easy. It is time to act and we wish to demonstrate that we already have advanced technology for the fuels of the future. Actually seeing something is much more powerful than just hear- ing about what could happen. We view our initiative as a contribution in the work to transition towards a “ CO2-lim- ited ” society. Every player needs to do their part in this effort – our responsi- bility is to provide vehicles that corre- spond to customer requirements while

6 ISO Focus December 2007 © Volvo © One of seven carbon-dioxide-free trucks exhibited by Volvo in September 2007.

Katarina Lindström : With commitment

© Volvo © to the environment being one of Volvo’s core values, it has been a long tradition within the company to work with both environmental and social aspects as key factors in all parts of the development process. This holds for the development of people and teams as well as products. This also applies to our production facil- ities, where we see a payoff from our investments done previously.

“ An ISO standard giving guidelines on social responsibility would enhance and improve our work.”

We strongly believe that this long tradition in working with these issues, as well as having an internationally solid reputation as being a responsible com- pany, contribute beneficially to our rela- tions with stakeholders and business part- ners and reduce the risks in our business. An ISO standard giving guidelines on social responsibility would enhance and improve our work, mainly by making us able to require compliance from our sup- pliers in all parts of the world.

Foundry for engine blocks.

ISO Focus December 2007 7 Main Focus

Industrial automation ity for through-life support and mainte- nance tasks, and the end user is never Product data nance to the original manufacturer. going to be involved. The business model is changing A bigger challenge arises where – Managing from the traditional delivery of prod- the tasks are shared, and successful information ucts and components for maintenance, operation is dependent on the quali- to a range of levels of service up to con- ty of information exchanged between through tracting for a capability, with the suppli- the end user and the supply network. er assuming full responsibility for ensur- If both a customer and a supplier have the lifecycle ing that the product is available for use, the ability to change components on an and only being paid if the availability aircraft, for example in daily service or targets are met. during hangar maintenance, then it is This new environment opens up critical that both customer and suppli- by Howard Mason, Chair fresh opportunities to reduce the through- er know what the other has done, with of ISO/TC 184, Industrial life costs for operating a product and to information flowing freely in a time- automation systems and drive up quality, by eliminating – or at ly manner. integration, SC 4, Industrial data least redefining – some of the tradition- In practice, digital information al information flows between customer exchanges are used to increase speed ndustries that create large and com- and supply network. For example, the and accuracy, reduce costs and improve plex products such as aircraft, vehi- need to develop comprehensive infor- quality by eliminating manual paper- Icles, ships and buildings are facing a mation for the maintenance of a prod- based transcription. However, there are new business environment as end users of uct by the end user is removed, if the a number of practical difficulties which their products move to shift responsibil- supplier is undertaking all the mainte- need to be addressed :

8 ISO Focus December 2007 A common data backbone changes through life. It was, however, ISO 10303 – usually known as recognized that the core information STEP, the standard for the exchange of model could easily be extended to cover product model data – provides a com- the configuration of each individual mon data backbone for linking sys- product through life and all the asso- tems that create or use product infor- ciated information required to maintain mation. The standard defines an inte- the product in working order through grated information model that supports life. The Product Lifecycle Support “ Digital information (PLCS) part of STEP (ISO 10303-239) provides the capability to support all the exchanges are used information required to design mainte- to increase speed and nance solutions for a product through accuracy, reduce costs and life, to track planned and unplanned maintenance based on the actual state of improve quality.” the product, and the changing configu- ration of the product as components are multiple views of product data for dif- replaced and repaired. PLCS can also be ferent applications - such as mechani- cal design, wiring harnesses, pipework, printed circuit assemblies and furniture. “ STEP has been in use for For each application area covered by over a decade to provide the standard, a standardized applica- tion protocol (AP) describes the scope open communication in the of the information requirement in terms engineering industry.” that are familiar to domain experts. This may be illustrated by an activity mod- el which shows the business processes that are covered. The AP then links the About the author users’ view of the information to the integrated STEP information model. Mr. Howard The resulting standardized definition Mason, Chair of information can be used to devel- of ISO/TC 184, op and validate translation software to Industrial auto- allow free and open exchange and shar- mation systems • Individual enterprises use different soft- ing of digital information between dif- and integration, ware tools to undertake their work, with ferent computer systems. SC 4, Industrial the data held in different forms, leading to data, works for potential barriers in communication. BAE Systems, Applying STEP through the premier • The lifecycle of a product is often meas- the lifecycle global defence ured in decades, far longer than the and aerospace company, in the United software tools, operating systems and STEP has been in use for over a Kingdom, and is responsible for infor- equipment used to create the informa- decade to provide open communication mation standards in the Corporate IT tion in the first place. This means that, in the engineering industry. The aero- office. space industry makes extensive use of unlike electronic transactions, infor- He has been involved in industrial auto- the standard for exchanging design and mation must be maintained in a usable mation standards for over 20 years, and form over an extended period. configuration information on projects has chaired ISO/TC 184/SC 4, winner of such as the Eurofighter Typhoon, Boe- • Different business functions often the 2007 Lawrence D. Eicher Award, ing C-17 and civil programmes and the since 2000. He also chairs the OASIS require diverse aspects of the prod- Airbus family of commercial airliners. uct information to be extracted from consortium technical committee exploit- Automotive and shipbuilding activities ing the STEP standard, and the manage- a comprehensive model. are growing in many countries. ment group of the Memorandum of Product data standards offer the These mature applications have Understanding on eBusiness between key to addressing these challenges and tended to focus on the exchange of ISO, IEC, the International Telecommu- enabling industry and its customers to information for the design and manu- nications Union (ITU) and the United take full advantage of the new business facture of products across the supply Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation models. network, and the management of design and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT).

ISO Focus December 2007 9 Main Focus used to associate technical documenta- uct requirements to the product as it is Building blocks for tion and training materials to various designed, developed and used. the future valid product configurations. PLCS is now in production use in Norway, Swe- Using product The STEP standard represents hundreds of millions of dollars of prov- den and the USA, with many other pilot information to the full and production applications under way. en investment, and has been designed The standard is being used by the Organi- The availability of proven stand- to provide reusable building blocks zation for the Advancement of Structured ardized digital product models allows for information models, that can be Information Standards (OASIS) to develop companies to exploit their investment assembled to meet new business uses a range of consistent data exchange sets in information for many applications. in a consistent and reliable manner. In to support different business processes The new STEP-NC application proto- combination with other SC 4 standards, across the lifecycle. col (ISO 10303-238) allows a manu- industry has access to a comprehensive Another major extension to STEP facturer to use the STEP definition and powerful set of tools for managing is under development to capture the of a product with all its material and and exploiting industrial data. information requirements from the ear- tolerance definitions to directly drive liest stages of the lifecycle through the a machine tool, with automated crea- new application protocol for Systems tion of the necessary manufacturing “ The STEP standard Engineering (ISO 10303-233, currently and control instructions. represents hundreds of under ballot). Based on the results of a An emerging application pro- millions of dollars of proven number of research and demonstration tocol (ISO 10303-235) allows full activities, in cooperation with the Inter- materials information to be associ- investment.” national Council on Systems Engineer- ated with a product, and will support ing (INCOSE), this work will provide environmental assessments for sus- the capability to link and track prod- tainability.

A team photograph of ISO/TC 184/SC 4 experts with the Lawrence D. Eicher Leadership Award at their plenary meeting held in Irving, Texas, USA, from 28 October to 2 November 2007. Seventy delegates met in conjunction with workshops hosted by the International Society of Logistics to address the full range of SC 4 standards. Highlights included the launch of the CD ballot on the new STEP standard for systems engineering, completion of the STEP standard for printed circuit assemblies, and finalizing the draft of the first part of ISO 8000 on data quality. The team also decided how to use the new ISO standards as databases procedure to manage key reference data for the standards.

10 ISO Focus December 2007 Ontology is the trendy term Within PLIB, the concept of a product or service is called a class. Each class is described by a set of inherent properties, which are then passed into its sub-concepts. Thus, a group of prod- uct concepts in an industrial domain constitutes a hierarchy of classes, or a taxonomy naturally ordered by an assortment of properties. This assem- bly is called a “reference data diction- ary”, or sometimes “ontology” as in recent IT-vogue terminology. “ Multiple approaches have to be provided to fulfill the various needs of the industries.”

The data model of ISO 13584- 42, Industrial automation systems and integration – Parts library – Part 42 : Description methodology: Methodolo- gy for structuring part families, corre- sponds to that of the International Elec- trotechnical Commission’s IEC 61360-2. These identical standards are referred to as the “ ISO-IEC common dictionary model ”. The model has been widely ref- erenced in many ISO and IEC techni- cal committees and subcommittees, and applied in a wide spectrum of industries in Germany, France, and Japan1). As industry increases its use of he electronic exchange of business PLIB, it becomes clear that there is a Practical business and product information among need for other delivery forms and meth- solutions for Tdifferent companies is basic for e- ods, which are more flexible, simple, business and e-engineering. It requires and extensible than the Stepfile format ontology data that different software systems interpret (ISO 10303-21). This article introduces data in the same way, independent of some of those new methods for exchang- exchange their roles in the business process. ing PLIB ontologies and data. ISO 13584, Industrial automa- tion systems and integration – Parts Make an ontology in library standard series (hereafter, “ PLIB ” for short) has been developed spreadsheets by Hiroshi Murayama, Senior to identify and characterize various con- The future ISO/TS 13584-35, Research Scientist, TOSHIBA ; cepts of products and services within Industrial automation systems and inte- Guy Pierra, Professor, Computer or across industrial domains. Its objec- gration – Parts library – Part 35 : Spread- Science, ENSMA, and Director, tive is to make sense to both humans sheet interface for parts library – Rep- and machines. These data models rep- resentation structure, is a newcomer to LISI; and Wolfgang Wilkes, resent real world materials, forms, pro- Senior Researcher, Computer cesses, functions and performance of 1) See article in the July/August issue of ISO Science, University of Hagen products and services. Focus 2007.

ISO Focus December 2007 11 Main Focus the PLIB series of standards. It embod- Often in business documenta- Thus, the capacity of ISO/TS ies an ontology of elements in a set of tion, typically for engineering purpos- 13584-35 to describe an ontology in a table forms – a rigorous and exhaustive es but not limited to them, tables are an set of normalized spreadsheets – being organization of knowledge domains, essential means of capturing, communi- decomposed and assembled into parcels arranged hierarchically and containing cating, and analysing physical data and of information suppliers, classes, proper- all relevant entities and their relations. business characteristics. For example, ties, and enumerated constants – literal- More precisely, it represents data and/ many Finite Elements Analysis (FEA) ly contributes to filling the gap between or metadata (instance and/or dictionary) solvers applied to thermal or structural the standard and its applications. in a few normalized spreadsheets called problems are usually able to import or “ parcels ”. This standard is designed to export data in tabular form that can be serve as an interface between PLIB and processed by commercial spreadsheet “ISO 29002-20 makes real business practices and applications, software. as illustrated in Figure 1. communication across different standard Figure 1. communities much easier.”

7EB3ERVICE Moreover, a user may insert addi- tional rows and columns as local exten- sions of classes, properties and attributes 0,)"3ERVER to the standardized ontology in order to 7EB3ERVICE reflect local needs for extension or spe- Need to Mark % MAIL cialization, as well as for making com- Comment on ments and annotations. This capacity is the spec ! greatly appreciated by end users who need to communicate with their clients using their own terminology and vocab- #VALUE_FORMAT M..14 M..9 M..3 M..10 M..10 M..10 M..70 M..70 M..30 M..120

#ALTERNATE_ID Code Version Revision Confirmation_ Version_ PrefName ShortName ulary in their day-to-day business. Date Conf_Date ISO 13584-35 enables the trans- AAA000 1 1 IEC reference IECREF collection AAA001 1 2 01.01.1997 01.01.1997 Components {(component,EN)} CO lation of tabular forms (a display of sev- Helped by Online AAA002 3 1 01.01.1997 01.01.1997 Electric/electronic {(electric- EE eral items or records in rows and col- components electronic,EN)} and Offline work #ANNOTATATIONFShall umns), exemplified by Comma Separated we propose Voltage Converter class to be modes of Parcel added ? Values (CSV), into various engineering AAA003 1 2 01.01.1997 01.01.1997 Might be too ambiguous Amplifiers {(amplifier,EN)} AMP Ontology ! AAA004 1 2 01.01.1997 01.01.1997 Low-frequency {(low LF amplifiers frequency,EN)} and desktop publishing formats, because

AAA005 1 2 01.01.1997 01.01.1997 Power amplifiers {(power,EN)} PWA many leading commercial spreadsheet software tools are equipped with various

About the authors

Hiroshi Guy Pierra is Wolfgang Murayama is Professor of Wilkes is Senior Senior Research Computer Researcher for Scientist at the Science at Ecole Computer Corporate R&D nationale Science at the Centre of supérieure de University of TOSHIBA méchanique et Hagen, Germany, Corporation. d’aerotéchnique and co-founder He started as a (ENSMA), of the company nuclear engineer Poitiers, France, Semaino Tech- and has migrated and Director of nologies. He is into data engineering. He leads the the Laboratory of Applied Computer interested in data modelling and ontolo- ISO 13584 and IEC 61360 related Science (LISI). His main interests are gies, e‑business and e-engineering, and database and tools development in data engineering, ontologies, software collaborative engineering. He was the company while serving as project engineering and human-computer Convenor of ISO/TC 184/SC 4/WG 2 leader for some of the parts of PLIB interaction. He has been deputy from 2001 to 2007. standard. Convenor of ISO/TC 184/SC 4/WG 2 since 1991, and has served as Project Leader for a number of PLIB standardi- zation and research projects.

12 ISO Focus December 2007 built-in read/write translators. Thus, via mercial tools. Thus, IT engineers are will- those tools and their functionalities, the ing to transform the data into applications ontology within the parcels can be trans- with a combination of tools and services. of application software with reference lated into many other formats. This is becoming even more important in dictionary servers. Basically, it allows In addition, basic graphical user light of various e-business standards and the resolution of a unique concept iden- interface operations such as cut-and-paste protocols in XML being developed by tifier (e.g. of a class or a property) to its will be available to edit parcels. Thus, the other ISO/IEC committees, as well as by specification. The specification com- standard is expected to become a primary consortia, mainly for product and service prises terminological information about means for editing and creating ontology inquiry and trading purposes. a concept (e.g. its name, its definition) for users who are not necessarily IT-spe- One of the remarkable and influen- and ontological information (e.g. rela- cialists. We believe that it will open a new tial moves is ebXML (Electronic Business tionships to other concepts). avenue for application of ontology stand- eXtensible Markup Language) submit- The Concept Dictionary Resolu- ards in many business domains. ted by the Organization for the Advance- tion Service (CDRS) is primarily used ment of Structured Information Standards by tools that process catalogues received (OASIS) and published by ISO as a tech- from suppliers. Classes and properties Giving the public what it nical specification, ISO/TS 15000. are paired – i.e. a property is always needs Thus, the availability of PLIB in denoted by both an identifier and a value. In other words, the tool can only proc- Another new way of exchang- XML is expected to facilitate the conjoint ess values if it understands their mean- ing PLIB compliant product data and use of PLIB and ebXML in e-commerce ing : what kind of value is it ? a price ? reference dictionaries is the future ISO and/or e-procurement business scenes. length ? which unit ? what is the prop- 13584-32, Industrial automation systems Many organizations in Europe are con- erty’s name ? and integration – Parts library – Part 32 : sidering the simultaneous use of both Implementation resources – OntoML: standards in their business activities. Figure 2. Concept_Id Localization service Ontology markup language, expected Second, since the data model is to be published in 2008/2009. This part expressed in XML schema, the ontolo- of the PLIB standard series defines an gy files conforming with OntoML may (1) XML schema for PLIB for both the dic- be subject to rigorous type checking by Address of tionary and instance levels. XML schema compilers, which are both layer 2/3 servers publicly or commercially available. The XML schema of OntoML has Concept_Id Layer 2 service near one-to-one mapping to the formal Due to the rigid mapping of the 2) OntoML XML schema to the EXPRESS EXPRESS model of the ISO 13584/ (2) IEC 61360 common data model, which schema, global rules and functional Name, definition provided the fundamentals of the PLIB checks may be applied to entity defini- of concept based ontology description. Moreover, it tions beyond the microscopic type check- covers most of the ranges of product and ing available within XML schema, once Concept_Id & format Layer 3 service service ontology modelling and exchange the dictionary or instance data is convert- by other popular ontology languages, ed from an XMI (XML schema instance) (3) Data model specific 3) 4) such as RDF/S or OWL-Lite . file format into a Stepfile format. information about Providing the PLIB data model Needless to say, OntoML will concept in XML format has a number of signif- retain high transparency with respect ISO 29002-20 specifies Web serv- icant advantages : to ISO 29002, Industrial automation ices that allow the tool to directly obtain First, since XML is one of the cur- systems and integration – Exchange of the missing information and proceed with rent favourites among IT engineers, there master data characteristics, whose base its processing. One remarkable aspect of are many available public domain or com- structure is supported by both the PLIB ISO 29002-20 is its independence from standard group and other library/cata- dictionary model standards. As a joint 2) ISO 10303 specifies a language logue standard groups. effort among different groups, it covers, (EXPRESS) to unambiguously define aspects in addition to PLIB, the dictionary mod- of product data (definitions and specifications els of ISO 22745, Industrial automation of constraints). Web service fills systems and integration – Open technical 3) The Resource Description Framework the gaps dictionaries and their application to cat- Schema (RDF/S) is an extensible knowledge Whereas the XML exchange for- alogues, and ISO 15926, which consists representation language providing basic elements for the description of ontology used mat and the spreadsheet format describe of several parts under the general title, to model information. in which “syntax” reference dictionaries Industrial automation systems and inte- can be exchanged, ISO 29002-20, Indus- gration – Integration of life-cycle data 4) OWL-Lite is one of three sub-languages trial automation systems and integration for process plants including oil and gas of the Web Ontology Language (OWL), designed to support those users primarily – Exchange of master data characteristics production facilities. As such, it makes needing a classification hierarchy and simple – Part 20: Concept dictionary resolution communication across different stand- constraints. services, supports direct communication ard communities much easier.

ISO Focus December 2007 13 Main Focus

Three distinct layers gies. Enterprise modelling is currently of service Modelling the in operation either as a technique to rep- resent and understand the structure and As illustrated in Figure 2, previ- manufacturing behaviour of an enterprise, or as a tech- ous page, ISO 29002-20 is organized in enterprise nique to analyse business processes as three layers. A tool, for instance, would part of a programme for business proc- first use layer 1 – the localization serv- ess improvement. ice – to find addresses of Web servers An enterprise model is a com- which can resolve the identifier. After- putational representation of the struc- wards, if its objective is only to search by Richard A. Martin, Convenor ture, activities, processes, information, for terminology information like a name, of ISO/TC 184, Industrial resources, people, behaviour, goals, and definition, or synonym, it invokes a lay- automation systems and constraints of a business, government, or er 2 service. other organization. The model facilitates ISO 29002-20 contains a termi- integration, SC 5, Architecture, an enhanced understanding of the busi- nology model which covers terminologi- communications and integration ness processes and relations that extend cal information found in many reference frameworks, WG 1, Modelling beyond the boundaries of the enterprise. dictionary models. Thus the response is and architecture Robust enterprise models provide a quick always the same, independent of the type means for understanding the interwork- of reference dictionary. If the tool needs n today’s highly competitive global ings of business functions and the ways more information, e.g. on class hier- economy, the demand for high quality in which they depend upon other func- archy, then it will invoke a layer 3 serv- Iproducts manufactured at low costs tions in the organization. ice to get data model specific results. In with shorter cycle times has forced a ISO 15704:2000, Industrial auto- the case of a PLIB reference dictionary, number of manufacturing industries to mation systems – Requirements for enter- this might be transferred in OntoML or consider various new product design, prise-reference architectures and meth- the spreadsheet format. manufacturing and management strate- odologies, called for the development ISO 29002-20 is expected to be published in 2008. It is an important step towards making reference dictionaries directly accessible for application pro- grams. It will allow users to obtain sim- ilar information from different types of reference dictionaries. This is a big step towards interoperability and support of intercommunity data exchange.

Collaboration for the future Through the process of develop- ing ontology standards, the experts of ISO/TC 184/SC 4 have recognized that standards development is not enough, these should be feasibly applied in a real business and appreciated by users. Therefore, it is important to accept the variety of requirements from different users for data exchange. Consequently, multiple approaches have to be provided to fulfill the various needs of the indus- tries. Collaboration with other stand- ards developing organizations, in addi- tion to ISO/ IEC technical committees, will bring us closer to this end.

14 ISO Focus December 2007 of multi-dimensional reference-archi- to international status under the terms tectures for the modelling of manufac- of the ISO/CEN Vienna Agreement of turing enterprises that range from single 2001. The first product of this synergy the implementation of operation, moni- companies to globally established sup- was ISO 19439:2006 and the second, just toring and control. Both of these stand- ply chains. Building upon that founda- recently published, ISO 19440. ards target the enterprise model devel- tion, and leveraging existing practice, ISO 19439:2006, Enterprise inte- opers and those companies that provide ISO technical committee ISO/TC 184, gration – Framework for enterprise mod- tools for such modelling. Industrial automation systems and inte- elling, articulates a framework with three gration, SC 5, Architecture, communica- essential dimensions in which to express tions and integration frameworks, WG 1, enterprise concerns – model phase, model Modelling framework Modelling and architecture, joined the view, and model genericity. The under- The framework of ISO 19439 is European Committee for Standardization lying assumption is that of a unified cast in three dimensions considered to CEN/TC 310, Advanced manufacturing model to facilitate the interoperation of be the minimal aspects for enterprise technologies, WG 1, Systems architec- enterprise segments as outlined in ISO modelling. The first of these dimensions ture, to promote two European standards 14258:1998, Industrial automation sys- recognizes the evolutionary nature of tems – Concepts and rules for enterprise an enterprise as it moves from concept models. ISO 19439 “also serves as the through design and construction into “ Modelling helps in the basis for further standards for the devel- operation, and finally retirement. Along opment of models that will be compu- understanding of business this dimension, the concerns of stakehold- ter-enactable and enable business proc- ers change as the enterprise evolves. functions and the ways in ess model-based decision support lead- The modelling phase dimension ing to model-based operation, monitor- which they depend upon is segmented by lifecycle stage: domain ing and control.” other functions in the identification, concept definition, require- The companion standard, ISO ments definition, design specification, organization.” 19440, Enterprise integration – Con- implementation description, domain structs for enterprise modelling, “spec- operation, and decommission defini- ifies the characteristics of the core con- tion. These seven model phases provide structs necessary for computer-supported the variety necessary to characterize an modelling of enterprises conforming to enterprise, from concept through demise, ISO 19439.” The standard does not spec- without overly constraining enterprise ify means or mechanisms for construct model builders.While dependencies implementation but does provide the between modelling phases may exist, language semantics for enterprise mod- there is no assumption of chronology in el descriptions that serve as guidance for their articulation. Indeed, in an informa- tive annex known as the Generalized enterprise-reference architecture and About the author methodologies (GERAM), ISO 15704 discusses the oscillation that occurs Richard A. Martin is President of Tin- between model phases throughout the wisle Corporation in Bloomington, Indi- life history of an enterprise. ana, USA, where he is responsible for the provisioning of information systems “ Companies that know and services focused on enterprise integra- tion to companies in the manufacturing, comprehend the meaning distribution and services sectors. He is a of their architectural member of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), Institute of Electrical foundation will be better and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), able to respond to that Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and International Council on change successfully.” Systems Engineering (INCOSE). He participates in an active research The second dimension concentrates programme at Indiana University for on the model views that are needed to formalizing the architectural frameworks effectively understand inter-relationships now in use for enterprise management, between enterprise components and man- and is Convenor of ISO/TC 184/SC 5/ age similar components in uniform ways. WG 1. His public service includes For manufacturing enterprises, four appointment to the Plan Commission essential perspectives or views are iden- and the Board of Zoning Appeals of tified – function, information, resource, Monroe County, Indiana. ISO Focus December 2007 15 Main Focus

and organization. Because these views The modelling framework speci- turing as a kind of customer service, are drawn from a common underlying fied in ISO 19439 is graphically presented providing concept, development, enterprise model, consistency among view as a single model with each dimension design, modification, production, elements can be assured with appropriate occupying an independent axis. For each and supply of goods to the customer. management tools. In practice, the func- intersection of dimensional coordinates, Thus model developers have guidance tion view drives enterprise operation and requirements are given for minimal model through different model phases during thus enterprise model articulation. The content relative to that intersection of the process of modelling for enterprise focus on function, and the processes by stakeholder concerns. domains, while tool developers have which functions are achieved, arises from guidance for creating the modelling the primary concern of ISO/TC 184/SC 5 tool architecture needed to support of process interoperation within and Genericity that creation of domain models. between enterprises. Systems Particular Modelling language integration : level The constructs of ISO 19440 Framework Generic levelPartial level Particular level are drawn from many years of practice for both in modelling manufacturing enter- enterprise Domain identification prises and in creating tools that support modelling such activities. The constructs provide a means to express a range of enter-

Concept definition Organization view prise concerns with sufficient detail to Reference Resource view direct further model-based implemen- catalogue Requirements definition tation efforts.

Information view Using a template style of defini- Design specification tion, the characteristics of these core con- structs necessary for computer-support- Function view Implementation description ed modelling of enterprises are : • the provision of an explicit model of business processes, with their dynam- Enterprise model phase Domain operation ics, functions, information, resourc- Not defined at domain es, organization and responsibilities ; Decommission definition operation and phase Enterprise modelling view • sufficient detailing and qualification of its components to allow the cre- Figure 1 – Dimensions of enterprise modelling. ation of a representation to enable The third dimension of the model- Enterprise modelling consultan- operational use. ling framework, genericity, recognizes cies and tool vendors have developed This standard defines 16 con- that manufacturing enterprise models many methodologies and supporting structs for use in enterprise model- are not a new phenomenon. This dimen- tools for particular phases of the enter- ling: domain, business process, enter- sion, which pertains to the development prise lifecycle and various aspects of prise activity, event, enterprise object, of the entire framework rather than the enterprise modelling. These efforts enterprise object view (object view), development of models for one particular and tools most often support business product, order, resource, capability, enterprise, provides a means to capture decision-making, enterprise process functional entity, organizational unit, prior knowledge about enterprise model- management, control and monitoring of decision centre, person profile, organ- ling at both a generic level with appropri- operational processes and performance izational role, and operational role. ate modelling languages and as partial modelling as fragmented and stand-alone Each construct can be specialized for models that describe a more specific technologies. The framework of ISO a unique purpose and additional con- kind of industry segment or industrial 19439 provides the “…unified concep- structs can be created. activity. That knowledge is then used tual basis for model-based enterprise A feature unique among model- to fully articulate a unified model for a engineering that enables consistency, ling languages is the identification of particular enterprise. ISO 19439 refers to convergence and interoperability of the construct properties that must be artic- the generic constructs and partial models various modelling methodologies and ulated within and between the contexts as a reference catalogue. In practice, supporting tools.” of specific model phases. This standard portions of particular models for a suc- The architectural approach recognizes that as the enterprise mod- cessful enterprise are often generalized of this International Standard can el evolves, the characterization of the into partial models to be reused by other be extended to cover many types of modelled entities and their relation- enterprises. enterprise by considering manufac- ships becomes more robust.

16 ISO Focus December 2007 One construct, enterprise object tributed processing (ODP) enterprise view, is particularly well suited to cur- language of ISO/IEC 15414:2006, rent practice in the area of object-ori- Information technology – Open dis- ented modelling. An object view con- tributed processing – Reference model iar abstract representations. This is struct captures relevant descriptive – Enterprise language, and with POP*, particularly true in small and medium- attributes from an enterprise object, or a recent effort of the EC Framework size companies that are focussed on its specialization as a product, order, Programme 6. The similarities of these near-term production goals, yet must or resource, for use in a particular con- three independent works indicate the develop a higher-level perspective in text. Using this mechanism, an object’s emergence of that common culture for order to interoperate within an even state can be accessed for strategic plan- enterprise modelling. broader enterprise. ning, decision support, monitoring and The expected users of the con- The mission of WG 1 is to raise control of operational processes in a structs are those business users who are the capability of enterprise model secure manner. making decisions based upon opera- developers and model tool builders to tional, rather than technical, concerns. address the needs of those companies “These standards For them, the construct-based models through the use of well established target enterprise model support business planning and analy- principles for enterprise architecture sis in the early phases of the enter- and modelling practice. To further developers and those prise lifecycle; ensure good commu- this mission, WG 1 continues in the companies that provide nication among modellers, developers preparation of standards that address tools for such modelling.” and integrators during design spec- architectural issues related to enter- ification and installation; and pro- prise interoperability and the revision vide situational understanding dur- of previous works to maintain market An informative annex places ing operations to better enable proc- relevance. the constructs into four view mod- ess improvement activities. As technologies and concrete els aligned with the ISO 19439 mod- practices emerge, we intend to ensure el view dimension. These models are that the abstract conceptual basis for expressed as unified modelling lan- Coping with the ISO 19439 and ISO 19440 remains guage (UML) class diagrams and abstraction of applicable to our enterprise constituents assist the standard user to grasp the and captures the essential qualities of inter-relationships between the con- architecture models robust architectural approaches. In the structs. To strengthen the tie between For many practitioners in the rapidly changing global marketplace, ISO 19439 and ISO 19440, an enter- manufacturing arena, the standards of companies that know and comprehend prise model example from the former ISO/TC 184/SC 5/WG 1 present bar- the meaning of their architectural foun- is carried forward by developing con- riers to use because they generalize dation will be better able to respond structs for that model so that construct concrete applications into less famil- to that change successfully. use is better understood. “The constructs provide a com- mon language intended to help industry <> O..*  OU responsible for design of build a common perception of enter- prise models and a common culture Model Language 1..*  ORR responsible for design of * Only the Domain for describing these models…” Anoth- Construct er annex compares the constructs and construct may have a 0-multiplicity here their relationships with the open dis- 

O..1 Domain Enterprise Activity Enterprise Object Person Profile Organizational Role Decision Centre

 1 Business Process Event Object View Operational Role Organizational Unit

Product Resource Order Capability  * This figure does not show associations Functional Entity between constructs or construct attributes Figure 2 – Construct template constituents

ISO Focus December 2007 17 Main Focus

of the company’s manufacturing assets. ISO/TC 184, Industrial automation sys- Improving With available up-to-date information tems and integration, SC 5, Architecture, on the status and capability of resources communications and integration frame- productivity with and assets, a manufacturing system can works, is actively developing the multipart interoperability be reconfigured, repaired or retrofitted standard ISO 18435, Industrial automa- to respond to changes in manufacturing tion systems and integration – Diagnos- requirements. tics, capability assessment, and mainte- The integration of production and nance applications integration. control operations with diagnostics and by Em delaHostria, Chair of maintenance activities can facilitate both ISO/TC 184/ SC 5, Architecture, data collection across the company, and Integrating communications and integration data sharing within these inter-dependent manufacturing frameworks applications. When diagnostics, capabil- ity assessment and maintenance appli- applications hanges in manufacturing require- cations determine that specific capabili- ISO 18435, along with ISO 15745 ments can occur following upsets ties have or will become unavailable, the standards on open systems application Cin the production process, new appropriate information is passed on to integration framework and the Interna- customer demands, unplanned varia- the control applications, production exe- tional Electrotechnical Commission IEC tions in product quality, or modifica- cution and production scheduling activ- 62264 standards on enterprise-control tions in equipment or process capability. ities. These applications can then adjust system integration, provide an interoper- In order for a company to successfully their schedules or change their system ability framework to delineate key infor- meet these changes, the manufacturing configurations accordingly. mation exchanges for coordinating tar- operations management would greatly To address this industry challenge, get manufacturing applications. In this benefit from greater visibility of the cur- working group WG 7, Diagnostics and framework, applications are organized rent state, availability and capabilities maintenance applications integration of into activity domains. Each application

18 ISO Focus December 2007 has an associated set of resources and demands, while lowering production costs assets, such as devices, software units, and complying with regulations. and personnel. These are then involved applications handles maintenance task in carrying out information exchanges Generic activity domains execution (maintenance task schedul- between applications. ing, asset calibration, repair or replace- ISO 18435 provides methods to and interaction scenarios ment, and evaluating maintenance work describe interactions among applica- ISO 18435 provides details of performance), and maintenance strategy tions in the various activity domains. ISO generic activity domain types defined in planning on procedure type (e.g. break- 15745 specifies templates for modelling IEC 62264 covering a company’s func- down maintenance, time-based mainte- the applications’ interoperability require- tional and physical levels (see Figure nance and condition-based maintenance). ments. IEC 62264 defines key informa- 1). The aim is to show how information Information sharing between these two tion categories exchanged among target exchange sequences among specific sets groups of applications has not been a applications. The combined use of these of activity domains can be important common system design objective. standards enables both system providers and application owners to fully leverage the integrated nature of a manufactur- Business & Supply Chain Planning, ing system, in order to meet customer Enterprise/ Orders & Procurement Management, and Strategy Planning for Site Production, Maintenance & Logistics

About the author Production Maintenance Operations Planning Capability Assessment & Planning & Em Work Order Fulfillment Area delaHostria has & Scheduling Scheduling worked in industry for the last 35 years. In Supervisory Control, Asset Prognostics and Maintenance Work 1966, he Process Execution & Health, Quality, Safety, and centre received a BSc Tracking Environmental Management Execution & Tracking in Physics from the University of the Philip- Control, I/O, Data Asset Condition Monitoring Asset Configuration, pines, in 1972, Work Acquisition, Data & Diagnostics, Product/ Calibration, Repair & unit an MSc in Physics from the Case Institute Historian Process Quality Testing Replace of Technology and in 1985, an MBA from Baldwin-Wallace College. He taught physics from 1966 through 1972, then moved to industry, working in the Resource (materials, personnel, utilities) and Asset Asset/Device/ fields of shock and vibration testing, (equipment, facility, devices, software) Module/Resource material handling systems and process Identification, Registration and Tracking control, while employed at several consulting firms from 1972 -1980. Figure 1 – Activity Domains at different functional levels. He then joined Allen-Bradley/Rockwell Automation and has held key positions when dealing with the various scenari- Other activity domains involving in technology development, product os that typify changes in manufacturing runtime diagnostics on equipment and marketing, and strategy planning within requirements. process, product quality testing, prog- various product and service business units, ISO 18435 models a selected nostics and system capability assess- including industrial networks, PLCs, set of activity domains to describe the ment have in most cases been treated in sensors, software, and systems engineer- interactions of control, diagnostics, pro- an isolated fashion. It is worth noting ing. At present, he works in the Global duction and maintenance applications. that they have the intrinsic potential to Standards and Trade department of the For instance, one case involves a set of provide the necessary information for Advanced Technology Group of Rock- well Automation, involved in strategic activity domains dealing with planning, anticipating the availability of manu- standardization initiatives and technolo- scheduling and the execution of produc- facturing assets and resources. gy innovation opportunities. He partici- tion jobs, along with detailed process ISO 18435 provides activity pates in various standards organizations, automation and equipment control for domain models and organizes infor- such as ISA, IEEE, NEMA, SEMI, ANSI, manufacturing. This group will need mation exchanges among applica- IEC, and ISO. He chairs the ISO/TC to use a number of applications which tions. It thus enables both application 184/SC 5 on Industrial automation systems often exchange a lot of information. On owners and system providers to better and integration : Architecture, communi- the other hand, another set of activities delineate coordination requirements cations and integration frameworks. with a frequently interacting group of and information exchanges among the

ISO Focus December 2007 19 Main Focus functions needed to realize productiv- MIMOSA, a D-liaison organi- while allowing aScuba greater cylinders. mix of prod- ity objectives. This in turn minimizes zation to ISO/TC 184/SC 5, is an alli- ucts handled in existing production costs, maximizes uptime and sustain- ance of solution providers and end-user lines. Furthermore, these solutions ing quality and safety in the work per- companies dedicated to developing should provide comprehensive tracking formance. and encouraging the adoption of open and end-to-end error proofing on batch information standards. These stand- processing and assembly sequencing ards enable collaborative asset life- operations. Standards like ISO 18435 Resource interoperability cycle management in manufacturing, can provide the needed framework for as a requirement for fleet, and facility automation environ- these solutions. Combined with plant- integration ments. Another initiative that helped floor early warning systems, these solu- WG 7 align its work with other stand- tions can detect, isolate and mitigate Standards-based service inter- ards efforts is the Manufacturing Asset the product or production issues, drive faces implemented on the resources and Management Integration Task Force. defects out of products and processes assets originating from multiple sup- Organized by the ISO/TC 184 Advisory and minimize their impact on the prof- pliers must accommodate the quanti- Group, the task force enabled subcom- itability of a business. ties, qualities, sources, destinations, mittees in ISO/TC 184 and their rele- and flow rates of items ; in particular, vant working groups to provide input “ Better integrated the time-critical aspects of initiating, on requirements and perspectives when sequencing, synchronizing, and com- dealing with the lifecycle aspects of a activity domains enhance pleting transfers. In this way, it becomes manufacturing asset. workplace safety possible to support required flows of material, information and energy. and employee morale, and The implementation of these Benefits of integrated reduce costly accidents.” service interfaces have to be cost- activity domains effective, while providing the required Better integration allows greater environment to ensure the health and In addition to raising productiv- utilization of manufacturing assets and safety of personnel. In addition, these ity, better integrated activity domains resources, higher product throughput standards-based interfaces should not that share timely, relevant and accurate and reduced scrap, waste and rework. compromise the system’s security and information can also enhance workplace In one scenario, signals and data from its overall environmental compatibili- safety, improve employee morale and applications at work unit, asset and ty. The activities and tasks performed reduce costly accidents. The availabil- resource levels are captured, proc- by assets and resources can be coordi- ity of equipment performance informa- essed and conveyed for use by appli- nated, if information exchanges among tion and process quality data synchro- cations at work centre and area levels. applications in the specific domains nized with product quality test data is The availability of assets and resources noted in ISO 18435 follow data types, critical for managing quality targets, can be evaluated to determine if these information structures, transaction regulatory compliance, product liabil- can fulfil current production jobs, per- sequences and timing as established ity and warranty – besides making a form needed product quality testing in ISO 18435 application interaction manufacturing system reconfigurable and run inventory and material hand- matrix elements. to overcome process upsets and chang- ling tasks. WG 7 within ISO/TC 184/SC 5 es in production schedules. benefits from the active participation ISO 18435 is intended to be part of experts from ISO/ “ These standards enable of a set of industrial automation stand- TC 108, Mechanical vibration, ards that together support the interoper- shock and condition monitoring, SC system providers and ability of implementations. It is clearly 5, Condition monitoring and diagnos- application owners to meet important that the autonomous teams tics of machines, WG 6, Formats and working on these standards collabo- methods for communicating, present- customer demands, lower rate to produce a set of harmonized ing and displaying relevant informa- costs and comply with deliverables. tion and data, which is developing the regulations.” multipart ISO 13374, Condition mon- itoring and diagnostics of machines – Data processing, communication and In order for end-users or consum- presentation. It also benefits from the ers to purchase and use quality prod- active participation of experts from the ucts, machine builders, plant suppliers, Machinery Information Management and product manufacturers should first Open Systems Alliance (MIMOSA), a obtain quality parts as needed. Auto- not-for-profit trade association active mation suppliers must provide manu- in the industrial Open Operations and facturing control and information solu- Maintenance initiative. tions that help maximize throughput,

20 ISO Focus December 2007 ISO technical committee ISO/TC • help delineate key information exchang- Towards 184, Industrial automation systems and es among applications associated with integration, subcommittee SC 5, Archi- generic activities within the manu- integrated tecture, communications and integration facturing operations management manufacturing frameworks, and the International Elec- domain ; trotechnical Commission (IEC) subcom- • model the transactions between busi- solutions mittee SC 65E, Devices and integration ness and manufacturing applications in enterprise systems worked togeth- within an enterprise ; and er to develop an integration framework • describe primary data objects refer- in order to : by Em delaHostria, enced in information exchanges. Chair of ISO/TC 184, Industrial automation systems and Business Planning Level 4 – Establishing demandess plan for production, integration, SC 5, Architecture, and Logistics material use, delivery and shipping. Determining Plant Scheduling, Capabililty Management, enterprise-wide inventory levels. communications and integration Performance Management frameworks Time frame – months, weeks, days.

prerequisite for integrating man- Level 3 – Work flow/recipe control, schedule, assign ufacturing operations within an Manufacturing and manage the jobs to produce the desired end enterprise is interoperability. Operations Management products. Maintaining records and optimizing the A Production, Maintenance, Quality Testing, When the various categories of manu- production process. facturing operations can be coordinated Inventory, Detailed Schedulling, Dispatching, Execution Management and can cooperate through critical infor- Time frame – days, shifts, hours, minutes, seconds. mation exchanges among applications, the ability of an enterprise to meet the Level 2 – Monitoring, supervisory control and automated needs of its customers will be clearly Manufacturing control of the production process. improved. In turn, the interoperability Operations and Control Level 1 – Sensing and manipulating the production process. Batch Control, Discrete Control, of manufacturing operations will lead Level 0 – The actual physical processes. to cost-effective performance and prof- Continuous Control Time frame – hours, minutes, seconds, fractions of a second. itability – distinct traits of an integrat- ed enterprise. Figure 1 – Hierarchy of Activity Domains within an Enterprise.

ISO Focus December 2007 21 Main Focus

The deliverable of this joint project ers. Each category can be modeled using Interoperability of (IEC 62264) is a multi-part standard a generic set of activities, including work resources as first step defining an integration framework. The definition, work resource management, series of standards are published as IEC detailed work scheduling, dispatching, In order to support the process- 62264, Enterprise-control system integra- execution, data collection, tracking, and required flows of material, energy or tion with dual logos from ISO and IEC. performance analysis. information, each application and its The American National Standards Insti- In the case of the production oper- related set of resources need a set of tute (ANSI) ISA-95 series of standards, ations management category at level 3, interfaces. Each required interface is of which has a similar title, has provided a work definition instance can represent a particular type and configured to han- important input for this project. information on the quantity and quality dle the relevant associated flows. of a particular product and the procedure In the case of information flows, for making it. Work resource management applications use a common set of infor- A common approach for can represent the function of managing mation exchange interfaces, with a set information exchanges the equipment, personnel and materials of structure schemas that coordinate all needed to fulfill a production order. the other flows. Several aspects of the An important aspect of this inte- various flows determine the interoper- gration framework is the standard defini- ability requirements for information tion of a hierarchy of functional activity “To avoid overlap exchanges among applications, such domains. In this context, each level can and meet expectations, as rates, frequencies, extent of distri- be populated with applications along with ISO and IEC formed bution, and criticalities of the coordi- its component processes and resources. nated flows. The upper levels of the functional hier- a joint working group The configuration for each inter- archy are associated with business plan- (JWG 5).” face is expressed by a set of required ning and enterprise-wide scheduling activ- services, each offered with a particular ities, while the lower levels are closely Regarding the maintenance oper- grade and quality of service, as defined related to physical manufacturing oper- ation management category, a work def- in the interface’s specification. Some ations, equipment control and process inition instance can contain information examples of these information exchange automation activities. The middle lev- on equipment to be calibrated, repaired interfaces are different combinations of els represent the activity domain where or replaced, including a procedure for software and hardware that provide com- management of plant-wide manufactur- fixing it. Work resource management munications, processing and input/out- ing operations is performed. instances can represent the tools, per- put services to the applications that use sonnel and spare parts needed to per- the information. “ A prerequisite for form a maintenance order. integrating manufacturing The integration framework operations within described in the series of standards is intended to be used in different indus- An integrated enterprise an enterprise is tries, such as, batch processing, discrete When manufacturing applications interoperability.” parts manufacturing and assembly or can exchange information with business continuous processing and distribution. applications in a timely, coherent, and For instance, the manufacturing The framework accommodates specif- consistent manner then the enterprise operations management domain consists ic types of work centres, e.g. a process can realize more efficient and effective of key plant-wide operations categories, cell in food processing, a production operations and thus participate profit- such as, production, maintenance, material line in automotive, a production unit in ably in the supply chain. IEC 62264 transfers, product quality testing and oth- oil refining, or a storage zone in mate- delineates the types of transactions that rial handling industries. take place between business and plant The standards offer their users floor domains. It focuses in detail on the benefit of a common approach for key information structures exchanged About the author describing information exchange require- between production and planning, main- ments between business applications at tenance and asset management, quali- Em the upper levels and control and auto- ty testing and compliance, as well as delaHostria mation applications at the lower levels. resource management and logistics. Fur- See page 19 for The framework enables multiple vendors thermore, the transaction mechanisms the biography. to provide various component solutions described in IEC 62264 can also be used for upper and lower levels with appro- to improve the interoperability of appli- priate interfacing capabilities that satis- cations within the plant floor domain, fy information exchange interoperabil- especially among the production exe- ity requirements. This is essential for cution, equipment maintenance, prod- realizing an integrated overall solution uct quality testing and material move- across the enterprise. ment applications.

22 ISO Focus December 2007 An exemplary Some major industries have report- collaboration ed an early adoption of the results of the ISO/IEC JWG 5 62264 project. Global Users of industrial automation manufacturers in the food and beverage Globalization challenges component solutions based on a set of industries, as well as the life sciences As enterprises design, manufac- ISO and IEC standards expect that an industry have successfully used the IEC ture, and sell products globally, main- automation system formed by these will 62264 framework not only to capture the taining manufacturing standards and be readily integrated by a seamless set application system integration require- consistency is becoming increasingly of terminologies, definitions, data sche- ments, but also to design manufacturing challenging. The ability of a manufac- mas, and framework elements common solutions to meet these requirements. turing facility to receive the right com- to the underlying standards. To avoid These early adoptions provide definite ponents and build products that meet overlap and meet expectations, ISO/ indications on how solution providers global consumer standards is often just TC 184/SC 5 and IEC/SC 65E formed should architect their products to sup- as difficult. Furthermore, it is critical joint working group (JWG 5) to devel- port industry mandated standards. that business operations comply with op a common deliverable. This collabo- local, environmental, regulatory and ration provided an opportunity to align even cultural requirements. The use of the industrial automation system frame- International Standards is a step in the work in ISO with the industrial proc- right direction for smoothly achieving Figure 2 – Generic activity model for ess control and measurement frame- this global goal. work of IEC. Level 3 categories of Manufacturing Furthermore, there are other Operations Management. examples of this exemplary cross-organ- izational project collaboration between ISO and IEC. For example, the batch control system definitions in IEC 61512 Work level 4 – Functions and activities are referenced in the IEC 62264 project to address interoperability of level 2 and Work Work capability Work schedule Work level 3 applications. These IEC 62264 definition performance integration models provided interoper- ability requirements descriptions to the Work detailed ISO working groups that developed ISO scheduling 15745 on application integration frame- works and ISO 16100 on manufacturing software interoperability frameworks. In another instance, the IEC 62264 gener- Work resource Work ic resource and activity models at the management tracking operations management level (level 3) were aligned with the ISO 15745 gener- ic integration models for activities and resources defined at the automation and Work Work performance control level (level 2). Moreover, the ISO dispatching analysis 15745 device integration model has been used as a reference model for the IEC/ TC 65 networked device profiles. Work definition Work data management collection Industry use of interoperability and Work execution integration standards management It is widely known that the cost of an integrated industrial automation sys- Equipment and Operational Operational Equipment and tem tends to be a significant fraction of process specific commands responses process specific work rules data the total lifecycle cost of a manufactur- ing system. The use of standards-based information architectures, schemas, and Work level 1-2 – Functions and activities messaging frameworks will enable sys- tem owners to reduce this total lifecy- cle cost.

ISO Focus December 2007 23 Main Focus

A new model for machine data transfer by Suk-Hwan Suh, Convenor of ISO/TC 184, Industrial automation systems and integration, SC 1, Physical device control, WG 7, Data modelling for integration of physical devices, and Ian Stroud, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

odern manufacturing enter- prises are built from facilities Mspread worldwide, which often contain equipment from hundreds of dif- ferent manufacturers. Hence, the vol- ume of product information to be trans- ferred between the various facilities and machines is enormous. Today’s digital communications standards have solved the problem of reliably transferring infor- mation across global networks. An exam- ple of a standard whose enabling tech- ic machines used for manufacture. This sary information to recalculate the tool nology removes industrial roadblocks to straightforward, simple chain reflects paths for a different tool. As a result, the achieve major business breakthroughs is the historical development of manufac- standard enables a reduction of machine ISO 14649, Industrial automation sys- turing, from that of craftsmen to mass idle time resulting from unforeseen cir- tems and integration – Physical device production. However, it does not nec- cumstances, and thus lowers produc- control – Data model for computerized essarily provide an optimal solution in tion costs. numerical controllers, also known as the context of today’s technology. ISO Having improved data on the STEP-NC. 14649 takes into account modern tech- shop floor also allows machine opera- As a standard for machine con- nological developments to offer an up- tors to optimize manufacture based on trol, ISO 14649 replaces the old “G and to-date solution applicable to the last their knowledge of the machine tool M code” language (ISO 6983, Numerical part of the production chain: detailed and process. In the current manufactur- control of machines – Program format and process-planning for implementation by ing scenario, tool path planning is done definition of address words). ISO 6983 machine tools. offline using software that is not tuned was developed at a time when computer to individual machines and applications. power was limited and machines were With ISO 14649 the controller can per- controlled offline. These machines used What’s new? form low-level CAM functions based on simple instructions to move tools through ISO 14649 is a new model of data well-documented high-level decisions the air and for cutting metal. Since then, transfer between CAD/CAM systems in standardized form. For innovative there have been many developments in and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) processes, such as Electrical Discharge machine tools, informatics technology, machines. One of the major changes it Machining (EDM), machine operators Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Com- introduces is to send CAD data direct- will have valuable information to be puting Aided Maneuvers (CAM). ly to machines for control. CAD data is exploited in the new scenario. Furthermore, classical produc- given in the form of features to be man- A second major change is to pass tion was organized into a design phase, ufactured (processes). Having this data high-level technical information to con- production of the desired shape, submis- in explicit form allows a controller to trollers so that machine tool manufactur- sion to manufacturing planning, then to adapt smoothly to any modifications. For ers can avoid adding private functions to detailed or micro planning, before final- instance, if a selected tool is not avail- the standard. ISO 14649 provides infor- ly generating the tool paths that specif- able, then the controller has the neces- mation about what is wanted, not how

24 ISO Focus December 2007 to do it. This means that the non-stand- ardization are on wire and sink-EDM. ard extra control functionality devel- Two further parts concern tool descrip- oped by control makers that had been tions, one for turning and one for milling. Future work will involve new added to the multiple versions of ISO These two consist of functional descrip- manufacturing technology and the devel- 6983 is now catered for in a standard- tion entities intended to capture essen- opment of a machine tool model. A fur- ized manner. tial information for manufacturing. ISO ther development for a robot model is A third important aspect of the 13399, Cutting tool data representation also planned, but only once the machine standardization work concerns archiv- and exchange is used for the creation tool model is completed. This data mod- ing. Standardization is not only about of these functional descriptions, while el will allow individual machine tools to the developments of today, but also about ISO 14649 itself contains the function- be described in the same information set. communication to the future. Different al descriptions for manufacture. As with tools, the machine tool model is products have different life lengths. An aircraft, for example, may last 50 years. Currently, tool path files contain no infor- mation on the tools used. More complete CAD manufacturing information can help plan in Germany CAD ahead and avoid the need for expensive in Republic CAM of Korea reworking during different periods of a in France product’s lifecycle. CAM in USA

The work of today and INTERNET tomorrow Machine shop ISO 14649 is organized into one in Brazil main part with common elements, organ- izational categories, features, and so on. Under it are various parts relating to dif- Machine shop ferent technologies. At this time, there in South Africa are parts for milling and turning, already available as International Standards. The second edition of the standard is being prepared. Other parts ready for stand- Figure 1 – e-Manufacturing for DA (Design Anywhere) – BA (Build Anywhere) – SA (Support or Service Anywhere). to provide the functional characteristics About the authors of a machine tool in a compact manner. While other standards already exist for Suk-Hwan Suh Ian Stroud machine tools, the information needed received a PhD started working for manufacturing is spread over several degree in Manu- at Cambridge places. The main objectives are to: facturing Engi- University, neering from U.K., on solid • create a general and functional require- Ohio State modelling in ment data model for machine tools to University at 1977. Since execute and simulate a STEP-NC part Columbus in then he has program; 1986. He is cur- worked at the rently a profes- Royal Institute • specify machine tool type and speci- sor in the of Technology, fication to execute the STEP-NC part department of industrial & management Sweden, Cranfield Institute of Technology, program which can be used as a means engineering and Director of the Center U.K., MTA/SZTAKI, Hungary, and is for selecting actual machine tools for for Ubiquitous Manufacturing in Pohang now at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale executing STEP-NC part programs on University of Science and Technology de Lausanne, Switzerland. During that the shop floor; and (POSTECH). His research interests time, he has worked on solid and • provide necessary data for implemen- include ubiDM, a new paradigm for product modelling, process planning, tation. design and manufacturing via ubiquitous and machine tool control, among technology, e-Manufacturing systems other things. The drafts of two new technologi- engineering and STEP-NC manufactur- cal parts are currently under review, and ing technology. He is the Convenor of we hope to introduce these in the near ISO/TC 184/SC 1/WG 7, the principal future. The first is for contour cutting ISO committee for STEP-NC technology. and the second for inspection. Other

ISO Focus December 2007 25 Main Focus technological parts have been planned A standard ahead of es. Currently, only indirect information is for future development, but have not yet progress available, where designers set tolerances been started. Already, parts for grinding based on drawings, and the CAD model is and welding (including stir welding) are As already stated, ISO 14649 has not even considered. Also missing is the under discussion. Complex machines and moved detailed or micro process plan- wider production context where manufac- machining centres will be handled togeth- ning into the machine tool. This inno- turing is set into the environment of the er with machine tool data models. vative development provides a control supply chain. All this needs to be taken solution which is at about the right lev- into consideration, in order to exploit the el for modern technology. However, in advantages provided by ISO 14649. Addressing globalization order to take full advantage of this fea- As the fragility of ad-hoc and pro- and environmental ture, further research on an improved prietary solutions is exposed, the consid- concerns CAD/CAM chain is necessary. erable value of International Standards and standardization becomes clear. ISO The increased information lev- “ Green Machining seeks 14649 is an important step ahead on this el of ISO 14649 is also adapted to new path. We look forward to an era where fur- business methods, the so-called “Design to minimize negative ther advances in this area match those of Anywhere – Build Anywhere – Support environmental aspects of ISO 14649, so that this enabling standard Anywhere” scenario shown in Figure 1. can be exploited to the maximum. Let’s As companies concentrate on their core manufacturing.” look ahead into an era of innovative man- business areas, elements such as manu- There is still a lack of reliable ufacturing standardization designed to facturing are moved out to subcontractors. information concerning manufacturing cope with the challenges of today’s glo- An improved level of information during tolerances and features to enable quick bal production! communication allows subcontractors to and simple use of ISO 14649. It is clear, optimize their manufacturing plans, and of course, that manufacturing features hence their profits. In other companies, depend on the chosen manufacturing Acknowledgements they create the possibility of expanding process and the product functionality, production by using suitable partners Too many people have contributed to ISO which is the domain of general or mac- 14649 to name them individually, but one when needed. ISO 14649 is not in itself ro process planning. However, the rea- the complete solution, but is an impor- person stands out : Friedrich Glantschnig, son why the features are present – for former convenor of ISO/TC 184, Industrial tant element in wider research, which functionality, weight reduction and so automation systems and integration, SC 1, goes beyond flexible production. on – is missing. Physical device control, WG 7, Data model- Intelligent (see Figure 2) and When a single part is given for ling for integration of physical devices, who adaptive control are other research areas manufacture then information should be masterminded this new standard and saw it that profit from the higher level of infor- provided on its functionality, in order to through its creation. The authors would like mation afforded by ISO 14649. It is pos- be able to set the manufacturing toleranc- to thank him for all his efforts. sible to monitor machines and change manufacturing behaviour by using high- level information elements for dynamic re-planning. In this context, one of the STEP/STEP-NC on the Internet ISO 14649 part program applications currently being researched STEP AP (CAD) files ISO 14649 part program concerns what is termed “Green Machin- ing”. This application area seeks to mini- mize the negative environmental aspects EPSG of manufacturing. For example, by mini- mizing the use of coolant, energy and so on. Coolant can be controlled adaptive- CNC NCK/PLC CES (Code Edit System) ACS ly by monitoring cutting conditions and CGS (Code Generation System) • Input : ISO 14649 part program (Autonomous Control System) using it only when necessary to achieve • Output : HPSG, EPSG • Input : ISO 14649 part program • Input : STEP AP (CAD) files desired part quality. One way to lower • Functions • Output : Machined part • Output : ISO 14649 part program - Interpretation of part program • Modules: energy consumption is to reduce moving • Functions - Verification of logical contents - Setup Manager - Part visualization masses by favouring movement of the - Generation of Hardware- - Intelligent Scheduler - Machining feature recognition dependent Process Sequence - Adaptive TPG spindle for massive workpieces and of - Generation of hardware- Graph (HPSG) - OMM & Quality Report independent Neutral Process the workpiece when the spindle is larger. - Generation of tool path - Remachining Sequence Graph (NPSG) As the mass of the workpiece changes - Generation of Executable - Emergency handling - Generation of ISO 14649 part - Monitoring/Adaptive Control during machining, these conditions might program Process Sequence Graph (EPSG) also change. Such fine tuning of machin- - Interpretation/Edit of ISO 14649 part program ing can only be done with the increased information set provided by a high-lev- Figure 2 – A distributed CAD-CAM-CNC chain via ISO 14649 implemented on TurnSTEP (a el standard such as ISO 14649. prototype developed by POSTECH, 2004).

26 ISO Focus December 2007 ity, and process planning. Drawings at CAD systems. That standard is ISO The revolution each stage effectively become production 16792:2006, Technical product docu- masters, and much the same regardless mentation – Digital product definition in engineering of being paper-based or purely electron- data practices. drawings – ic. This means that at every step in the process, and with every person involved Product definition in interpretation of the specifications, Taking the pulse another opportunity arises for error and of industry use data sets increased cost. If the dimensioning, toleranc- A 2004 survey by General Motors ing and other specifications were to be Corporation quantifies the need for embedded in the model itself, effective- embedded and consistent data. It illus- ly making a digital product definition trates some of the CAD use issues facing by Bruce Harding, Chair of model the master, rather than the draw- worldwide manufacturing. Although the ISO/ TC 10, Technical product ing, the product definition data could be work on this standard was begun several documentation extracted for any necessary purpose in years before the survey, the survey does the chain of steps within the lifecycle suggest a certain timeliness to the intro- s industrial processes become more of the product. duction of this ISO standard. automated and production more Unfortunately, while embed- The informal survey used a 60- Aglobally sourced, it stands to rea- ding is not really new, each CAD ven- question instrument sent to 125 individ- son that tools too must become increas- dor chooses a proprietary solution as to uals representing design, manufacturing, ingly automated and adopted global- how much or how little is embedded in quality and engineering, in various mul- ly as well. Yet many companies, while their CAD model and how or what can tinational companies or companies with using computer aided design (CAD) extract that information. Both the need international customers and/or suppli- systems, effectively use the technology for embedded data and the need for con- ers. The survey’s goal was to determine as little more than an electronic draw- sistent display among disparate CAD the depth of industry use of embedded ing board. systems were driving forces behind the dimensioning and tolerancing, hereafter From these systems, drawings work by ISO technical committee known as eD&T. See the Box on GM are produced depicting views, dimen- ISO/TC 10, Technical product survey results (page 29). sioning and tolerancing, plus specifica- documentation, on its seminal stand- An interesting bit of information tions and any annotation necessary for ard for embedding and display of prod- arose from a supplemental issue addressed interpretation by manufacturing, qual- uct definition data among modern 3D by the survey as background information.

ISO Focus December 2007 27 Main Focus

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Figure 1 – The product definition data set. A collection of one or more computer files that dis- closes the physical and functional requirements of an item. Related data consists of, but is not limited to, analytical data, notes, parts lists, materials, processes finishes, etc. See ISO 16792:2006 for full details. The screen of a modern 3D CAD package. tified in the survey as an impediment, orientation, location and run-out, and achieved, at least among the largest CAD the approach taken in ISO 16792:2006, other ISO standards dealing with sur- developers. Smaller systems developers that of generating a consistent data set face texture, welding symbology and will have to follow. format to be utilized among all systems, other technical product documentation The model itself includes geo- further reinforced the value of just such specifications. The ultimate goal is con- metric elements in product definition a standard. sistent product definition data among all data representing the designed product. CAD systems touting compatibility with Annotations include dimensions, toler- ISO 16792:2006. ances, notes, text, or symbols visible Consistent product without any manual or external manip- definition data “ The ultimate goal ulation. Attributes are such elements as a dimension, tolerance, note, text, or ISO 16792:2006 defines the data is consistent product symbol required to complete the product structure, content and display of product definition or feature of the product that data. The data set as depicted in Figure definition data among all is not visible but available upon inter- 1, is applicable for electronic display CAD systems.” rogation of the model. of models or drawings or on prints on paper. At its essence, data set use to ISO Still, in late 2007, a cautionary note 16792:2006 is based on the model being is in order. Because of the time required “ The importance of the master repository of design intent, to write a consensus standard, most ISO embedding product containing embedded data that can be standards do in fact follow the practice extracted or selectively displayed. being standardized. ISO 16792:2006 definition data and its The standard establishes rules for was developed specifically to precede consistent structure cannot both model and drawing display of infor- practice, and it does, even in late 2007. be overstated.” mation, including the full set of geomet- As such, only with their latest releases ric dimensioning and tolerancing sym- are some of the larger enterprise-level The design model is the portion of bols from the ISO 128 series on gener- CAD systems now becoming compatible the data set that contains model and sup- al principles of presentation of technical with major aspects of the standard. At plemental geometry. The model geometry drawings, ISO 1101:2004, Geometrical this time, none are in accord with eve- consists of geometric elements in product Product Specifications (GPS) – Geomet- ry aspect, but hopefully within the next definition data that represent the designed rical tolerancing – Tolerances of form, 18 months full compatibility should be product. Supplemental geometry con-

28 ISO Focus December 2007 sists of geometric elements included in product definition data to communicate design requirements but not intended to GM survey results represent a portion of the manufactured product. The geometric elements include Representatives from 37 companies responded to the GM survey. Some such things as a point, line, plane, sur- of the companies included : American Axle, Embraer, General Electric Aircraft face, solid, model coordinate system or, Engines, General Electric Medical Systems, General Dynamics, General Motors, crosshatching. Honeywell International, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Pratt & Whitney, Texas Instruments, United Technologies, Visteon and others. Keeping some traditions alive A summary of the survey shows eD&T is currently used in industrial production (of companies surveyed). Respondents indicated : The importance of embedding • 42 % of companies use eD&T to some extent. product definition data and its consist- ent structure cannot be overstated. As • 84 % of companies plan to use it in the future (65 % within 5 years). parts and processes become increasing- ly globally sourced, plus as companies The current impact of eD&T in industry includes : go directly from CAD model to produc- • Productivity has seen a slight initial decreased demand on engineering with tion, traditional engineering drawings an overall advantage to the organization. are being eliminated, effectively mak- • Quality, too, has seen an overall increase. ing the CAD model the master, not the drawing. However in doing so, the tra- The expected future impact of eD&T in industry includes : ditional specifications, annotations and tolerances shown on drawings must now • Increased productivity by 20-30 %. be fully embedded in the CAD model. • Increased quality by 20-30 %. Only then can they be used for down- • 22% feel their company is ready to use the CAD model as the master (13 % stream applications such as tolerance do not). analysis, specifications checking, proc- ess planning and a host of other aspects Impediments : of technical product documentation for • There were six issues inhibiting implementation : the largest problems were product lifecycle management. “ company culture” with “ lack of standards” and “ better CAD tools” following.

About the author Aspects of the Model (as the Master) Bruce A. Harding, Chair Model of ISO/TC 10, is professor of Mechanical Engineering Technology at Annotation Design model Attributes Purdue Univer- sity, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. He is a fellow of the American Society Model Supplemental for Engineering Education, chairs a geometry geometry number of American Society of Mechan- ical Engineers standards committees and is Vice-Chair of the ASME Board on

Standards and Testing. Prof. Harding is Geometric elements : 16792:2006 a 2008 member-elect of the board of

directors of the American National Source Standards Institute. Before being elected Figure 2 – The CAD model. Included in the model could be 1) annotations if any, 2) the design ISO/TC 10 Chair, he served as Head of model, 3) attributes, 4) the model geometry, 5) any supplemental geometry, and 6) geometric the US Delegation to ISO/TC 10. elements.

ISO Focus December 2007 29 Main Focus

Photo : © Sandvik Coromant For all of these reasons, it was A new era for clear that it was not possible to sim- ply update the ISO 3002 series. A new cutting tools approach was needed for the digital age, with cutting tool product data that could be processed directly by computers in software such as Product Data Man- by Jonas Nordström, Project agement (PDM) and Product Lifecycle Leader for ISO 13399, and Management (PLM). It was also impor- Dr. Norman Swindells, tant that it have an authentication that offered reliability and conferred con- UK Materials Expert delegate to fidence in its use. Consequently, there ISO/TC 184/SC 4 and was a need for a form of digital repre- responsible for ISO 10303-45 sentation that satisfied all these differ- and ISO 10303-235. ent requirements and that was prefera- bly independent from the data represen- remarkable collaboration between tation in proprietary software. two ISO technical committees has A resulted in new standards to dig- itally represent the properties of modern An unprecedented cutting tools used for turning, milling, achievement drilling and much more. This will rev- olutionize the way data for these tools ISO 13399, Cutting tool data are integrated into modern manufactur- representation and exchange is organ- ing control processes. ized according to the division of mod- ISO technical committee ISO/ ern cutting tools into the sections shown TC 29, Small tools, was responsible for in Figure 1. The ISO 13399 family the ISO 3002 series of standards which broadly follows this arrangement of describe the properties of an earlier components. generation of cutting tools. These tools • A cutting item refers to the part of the were relatively simple in their shape and tool used to remove material from the operation, with cutting edges formed on workpiece through a shearing action carbide inserts brazed into position on at defined cutting edges. the tool holder. Each type of tool was used for only one type of machining • A tool item provides the mechanical operation. structure that holds the cutting item Modern cutting tools may have in place so that it can act on the work multiple carbide inserts held in place piece. mechanically. An insert can be reposi- • An adaptive item attaches a tool item tioned to present different cutting edges to the machine tool. in turn. The tools may no longer be con- fined to one operation, but used in mod- The entire system is an assembly ern multi-axis machine tools to perform of parts that together constitute a mod- a variety of machining operations. ern cutting tool. The standard therefore defines the terms and properties used to describe them. It is divided into the fol- Entering the digital age lowing parts : Manufacturers are increasingly • Part 1 : Overview, fundamental prin- required by their customers to supply ciples and general information mod- digital details of their tools for use by el – provides the information mod- product data management software and el that describes tool assembly and to support digital procurement. Soft- specifies the structure and format ware producers for machining process in which product data for the tool is planning and control of cutting opera- exchanged; tions also require cutting tools data in • Part 2 : Reference dictionary for the a form that can be readily incorporat- cutting items – gives terms and def- ed into the tool libraries of their soft- initions of product data for cutting ware systems. items;

30 ISO Focus December 2007 • Part 3 : Reference dictionary for tool ISO 13399 was created using items – gives terms and definitions of product data technology developed by product data for tool items; ISO/TC 184/SC 4 and standardized in (Plib). As a multi-part family of stand- ISO 10303, Industrial automation sys- ards, ISO 13399 contains an informa- • Part 4 : Reference dictionary for adap- tems and integration – Product data tion model for describing tool assembly tive items – gives terms and definitions representation and exchange (STEP) that uses ISO 10303, and a series of ref- of product data for adaptive items; and ISO 13584, Industrial automation erence dictionaries, based on resources • Part 5 : Reference dictionary for systems and integration – Parts library of ISO 13584. assembly items – gives terms and def- initions for the devices that hold the cutting items on the tool item; • Part 50 : Reference dictionary for ref- erence systems and common concepts – defines a common coordinate refer- ence system for all the components of a cutting tool and for the assembly; • Part 60 : Reference dictionary for con- nection systems – defines the shape of the mechanical interfaces provid- ed by adaptive items; • Part 100 : Definitions, principles and methods for reference dictionaries – describes how ISO 13584 was used to create reference dictionaries and gives guidance on how the dictionar- ies can be maintained and updated; • Part 150 : Usage guideline – offers guidance on the implementation of the information model in software Figure 1 – Possible components of cutting tool assembly. applications.

The assembly items defined in About the authors Part 5 include threaded components such as bolts and screws. While some Jonas Dr. Norman of these components are unique to the Nordström Swindells, cutting tool industry, others are already studied at the CEng, FIMMM, specified in current ISO standards. When Royal Institute studied metal- a definition already exists, dictionar- of Technology lurgy at the Uni- ies conforming to ISO 13584 refer to (KTH), Stock- versity of the relevant dictionary. For instance, holm, until 1989 Manchester and obtained a (BSc, MSc) and Master of Engi- at the University neering degree. of Liverpool “ ISO 13399 standardizes Nordström (PhD). He was how information on cutting worked at Sandvik Coromant in a lecturer in Metallurgy and Materials Sandviken from 1989 to 2003. He was Science at the University of Liverpool tools is represented.” a delegate for Sweden to ISO/TC 29/ (1964-1984), Managing Director at Matsel WG 34 and ISO/TC 184/SC 4. He has Systems Ltd (1984-1988), visiting Scien- been Project Leader for ISO 13399 since tist and Expert Advisor to the European ISO 13584-511 is a reference diction- 2000. Commission (1989-1993), and has been ary for threaded items defined in cur- rent ISO standards. ISO 13399-5 there- He is working on his PhD thesis at Managing Director at Ferroday Ltd. since fore refers to ISO 13584-511 for defi- KTH. Mr. Nordström has owned a 1993. Dr. Swindells is the UK Materials nitions of threaded items conforming to consultancy business, Jonor AB, since Expert delegate to ISO/TC 184/ SC 4 and 2003. He has also owned Elof AB since is responsible for the development of these standards – this is the first time 2004. He is currently living in Sweden ISO 10303-45 and ISO 10303-235. that this kind of connection between with his family. He was a consultant to AB Sandvik Coro- two ISO reference dictionaries has mant for the development of ISO 13399. been achieved !

ISO Focus December 2007 31 Main Focus

Independence in information management A cornerstone of productivity improvement The requirement for data repre- The creation and use of tools started at the beginning of the Stone Age. Centuries sentations of product information that later, humans still use tools, but of a very different kind. are directly computer-interpretable and independent from proprietary software ISO/TC 29, Small tools, was established in 1947. Since then, France has been has been met in the series of Internation- involved in its chairmanship and secretariat, fulfilling the assigned scope, i.e. to al Standards developed by ISO/TC 184, standardize any kind of tool used on machines as well as any kind of hand tool. Industrial automation systems and inte- gration, SC 4, Industrial data. The technical committee represents 19 participating countries and 28 observer These standards have been devel- countries. It has over 375 published standards and manages four working groups oped over the last 20 years in collabo- and five active subcommittees : ration with the world’s manufacturing • WG 33, Hollow tool shank interface nations and most of the global manu- • WG 34, Cutting tool data representation and exchange facturing sectors. They constitute the enabling technology for the manage- • WG 35, Designation of HSS cutting materials and application for corresponding ment of product data and product life- cutting tools cycle information. • WG 36, (Joint TC 39-TC 29 WG): Tool to spindle interface Two families of standards are • SC 2, High speed steel cutting tools and their attachments important for representing the product • SC 5, Grinding wheels and abrasives data of cutting tools : • SC 8, Tools for pressing and moulding • ISO 10303, Industrial automation sys- • SC 9, Tools with cutting edges made of hard cutting materials tems and integration – Product data • SC 10, Assembly tools for screws and nuts, pliers and nippers representation and exchange (STEP), a resource for a complete, unambigu- ISO standards allow users to benefit from tool interchangeability and production ous description of each unit of a man- rationalization (reduction of references) mainly for machine tools, but also ufactured product throughout its life- for hand tools. The standards can be seen as the cornerstone of productivity time. STEP provides a structure and improvement. Its complementary objectives correspond to today’s concerns : safety meaning for product data using infor- enhancement and environmental protection. mation models as specifications ; ISO/TC 29 continuously adapts to technological progress, for instance, by • ISO 13584, Industrial automation sys- developing standards using the information model technology from ISO/TC 184, tems and integration – Parts library Industrial automation systems and integration, SC 4, Industrial data, particularly (PLIB), a resource for compiling ref- ISO 10303, Industrial automation systems and integration – Product data erence dictionaries that represents representation and exchange (STEP) and ISO 13584, Industrial automation the definitions of products and their systems and integration – Parts library (Plib). These innovations resulted in the properties. PLIB dictionaries can be publication of the ISO 13399 series on Cutting tool data representation and referenced directly from STEP stand- ards. exchange, and to the creation of the first maintenance agency dedicated to ISO tool standards. ISO technical management board members appointed the Each of these standards uses a secretariat of ISO/TC 29 1), to implement and host this maintenance agency computer-interpretable information mod- (www.unm.fr/en/general/iso13399). el to provide specifications for prod- uct data independent of any proprietary All major manufacturers, suppliers, end users and test laboratories are represented. software system. These support the neu- The main importing and exporting regions containing the major market forces are tral exchange of data between different Europe (Western and Eastern), North America, Asia and the Middle East. computer systems and are the basis for Machine tools occasioned an increase in the production of new tools at the time long-term data retention and archiving of the industrial revolution. A similar surge might be expected from new machining because of their independence from pro- technologies. prietary software. It is important to realize that these Alain FREYERMUTH – SECO-EPB France standards, unlike most other ISO stand- ISO/TC 29, Chair ards, do not standardize data values. Instead, they specify how the data for these products is represented in a com- 1) Secretariat held by the Association française de normalisation (AFNOR)/Union de la puterized form. They provide an empty Normalisation de la Mécanique (UNM) framework for information, which can be used for any product data. These data

32 ISO Focus December 2007 Photo : © Sandvik Coromant

can be exchanged in a neutral format and incorporated into existing software by using appropriate interfaces. The type of data defined in these reference dictionaries avoids giving spec- Smart ones don’t ifications of confidential design and man- reinvent the wheel ufacturing information for tools that are the intellectual property of their manu- ISO/TC 29 was able to use the facturers. Tool manufacturers can cre- product data technology developed by ate their own private version of a ref- ISO/TC 184/SC 4 for the computerized erence dictionary for design and tool representation of product data for modern manufacturing data, and use Part 1 of cutting tools. It was the first ISO technical the standard to manage their proprietary committee to develop its own product data data internally. representation standards using this tech- The benefits of dividing data rep- nology. Official liaisons were established resentation into an information model between the two committees, with collabo- describing any tool assembly, and into ration working very well. ISO/TC 29 ben- a series of reference dictionaries for the efited from not having to develop its own specification of data items to populate resources and technology, so that it could the model are that : concentrate on capturing the knowledge of cutting tool experts and transposing it • new terms and concepts can be added into a new type of standard. by revising only the dictionary so that ISO 13399 does not stand- software implementation of the infor- ardize cutting tools, but it does mation model need not be changed, standardize how information and on cutting tools is represented. • new tools can be described in the This is the digital equivalent of an information model in Part 1. engineering specification. Engineering practices for quality control and quality The benefits of the collaboration assurance concerning product data are between ISO/TC 184/SC 4 and ISO/TC therefore supported by ISO 13399. 29 were considerable. ISO/TC 29 gained The importance of ISO 13399 is access to extensive resources and exper- its use of the same technology for data tise and was able to integrate modern representation as in the ISO 10303 series, cutting tools into modern digital manu- which provides an integration framework facturing and communication processes. for all the operations in a modern manu- ISO/TC 184/SC 4 has found that its tech- facturing sequence. ISO 13399 therefore nology can be used with great success enables cutting tool data to be readily by another ISO committee, and has thus integrated into the control processes of gained confidence that its methods are a manufacturing sequence. The standard of general utility and value for modern will increase the precision of the planning manufacturing. of cutting paths, and reduce the risk of collision between the tool and the piece being worked on. Acknowledgements The development of ISO 13399 was super- And the benefits ? vised by ISO/TC 29/WG 34 with the Sec- retariat provided by the Union de la Nor- The terms and definitions rep- malisation de la Mécanique, in Paris. The resented in the reference dictionaries authors are grateful for the financial support describe the kind of data that is public- for this project from AB Sandvik Coromant, ly available in typical tool catalogues, and for the contributions to the development used to predict tool performance, tool of ISO 13399 from their colleagues at AB path planning and process design. How- Sandvik Coromant, Kennametal, Inc., Royal ever, the values used in the information Institute of Technology Stockholm, CETIM model are the actual, precise values of Senlis and from the other tool experts in the tool and not the nominal ones indi- ISO/TC 29/WG 34. cated in printed catalogues.

ISO Focus December 2007 33 Main Focus

ic devices, was created in 1983. Today, the subcommittee continues to have a broad representation not only of man- ufacturers but also of users.

A common global robot safety standard To address hazards and risks unique to robots, the first safety stand- ard was published, ISO 10218 :1992, Manipulating industrial robots – Safe- ty and harmonized under the European Machinery Directive. However, after more than a decade, it was time to revisit the safety standard in view of new and emerging technologies and a revision was started. The new ISO safety standard for industrial robots is being developed by an international project team of experts from East Asia, North America and Europe. It has resulted in ISO 10218-1:2006, Robots for industrial environments – Safety requirements – Part 1: Robot. The second part for integrators of robots into complete cells or lines, ISO 10218-2, Robots for industrial environ- ments – Safety requirements – Part 2 : Robot system and integration, is expect- ed to be published in 2009. The work is being done in parallel with The European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Stakeholders from the industrial robot industry intend to replace their regional and national standards with this common global robot safety standard.

Toyota Partner GroundBot is a ball-shaped robot with sensors for security and inspection. robot.

ince robots were first used in indus- Robots – try in the 1960s, the robot industry In industry and Shas kept its focus and developed only fundamental standards, about 10 in beyond all. General standards were used as much as possible, with some areas strategical- ly left open for competition. It was with the increasing number by Mattias Lafvas, of robot applications that it became Secretary of ISO/TC 184, obvious that specific standardization Industrial automation systems was needed for both manufacturers and users. Consequently, ISO techni- and integration, cal committee ISO/TC 184, Industrial SC 2, Robots and robotic automation systems and integration, devices subcommittee SC 2, Robots and robot-

34 ISO Focus December 2007 Human and robot collaboration Robots and robotic devices – The industrial collaborating An application that barely exists robots could be described as service in industry today, but whose growth is Organizational facts : robot applications, as the term “service foreseen, is the so-called collaborating robot” is mainly used for applications ISO/TC 184/SC 2, Robots and robot. In such applications, the operator that are not traditional of manufactur- robotic devices is collaborating with the robot, some- ing. In this case the industrial environ- times in direct physical contact. Chair : Erik Lundqvist, Robotdalen ment is traditional, but not the applica- Traditionally, robots and opera- (=Robot valley), Sweden tion itself. Taking these ideas a step fur- tors have been kept apart in the produc- Secretary : Mattias Lafvas, SIS, ther, we get into clearly non-industrial tion mode by fences or other means, so Swedish Standards Institute, Sweden service robot applications. this kind of collaboration raises new hazards and risks. The new ISO 10218- ISO/TC 184/SC 2/AG 1, Service 1 and -2 specify requirements to elimi- “ ISO standards are nate or reduce those risks. The balance robots between allowing technical development Group leader : Seungbin Moon, certainly at the forefront on the one hand, and setting distinct safe- Sejong University, Republic of Korea of development.” ty requirements on the other, is some- thing the project team has to consider as ISO/TC 184/SC 2/PT 1, Revision of Although this new market is obvi- these applications are quite new. safety standard ISO 10218 ous and the question is not if, but when The development of sensor and Project leader : Jeff Fryman, RIA, the big growth spurt will come, there are vision systems is the condition for more Robotic Industries Association, USA as yet few actors. However, some com- flexible robot applications. One exam- panies have strategically got into these ple is where a robot and a human are ISO/TC 184/SC 2/PT 2, Robots in applications to be ready in time. These standing on opposite sides of a table, personal care companies and related research institutes mounting products in collaboration. The have expressed a need to start develop- Project leader : Gurvinder Virk, robot has sensors and a vision system ing standards for service robots. to detect where the human is, resulting CLAWAR Ltd, UK in a withdrawal of the robot if it comes too close to the human. This means that ISO/TC 184/SC 2/PT 3, Vocabulary the human can “ push away ” the robot. Project leader : Rodolphe Gelin, CEA, Such applications allow for more ergo- Atomic Energy Commission, France nomical and effective mounting opera- tions, as the robot and the human can do what they do best.

Bin-picking by Dynamis – About the author a method to pick articles Mattias Lafvas of different is the Secretary shapes of ISO/TC 184, directly from Industrial auto- transport mation systems packing. and integration, SC 2, Robots and robotic devices. He works for SIS,

the Swedish Sydow von Alexander : © Standards Institute, and is also involved Photo in other standardization areas within industrial technology, such as automation and the safety of machinery. Before becoming involved with standardization, he worked in the manufacturing industry on product development.

ISO Focus December 2007 35 Toyota Main Focus Partner robot.

Enter personal care Developing a common applications terminology An advisory group of SC 2 was set In parallel with the work on a safe- up to investigate standardization needs ty standard for robots in personal care, for service robots. Applications could work has also started on the development be, for example, healthcare, rehabili- of a consistent terminology, including tation, transportation, entertainment or the existing terminology for tradition- inspection. The group recognized some al robots (ISO 8373) and new service applicable existing standards, but a gap robots. The stakeholders have found this was noted. to be a critical issue, necessary to facili- Consequently, the advisory group tate service robot development. recommended that ISO/TC 184/SC 2 give Standardization has quite often the highest priority to a safety stand- the aim of facilitating an existing appli- ard for service robots in personal care cation and market. In the case of service applications. A new project team got the robots, however, ISO standards are cer- task of developing a standard for robots from one region to another – or already tainly at the forefront of development, in personal care, including healthcare existing standards. In Europe, for example, making the work a real challenge. applications. This team needs to make there is the Machinery directive, Medical sure that the standard being developed device directive, Low voltage directive and EMC directive to consider. The table robot “ Bestic” is an eating aid for is a complement to existing standards people with disabillities. for medical devices and equipment for disabled people. Parameters that are discussed for sorting out these issues are, amongst others, degree of autonomy, safeguard- ing, and object of operation. A distinc- tion was found to be whether a human or workpiece is the point of operation. But what is the point of operation if a service robot brings a glass of water to a human – the glass or the human ? Such an application may have a primary and secondary point of operation, stressing the complexity of these discussions. A categorization has been drafted based on the distance between the robot and the human. The working distance can be far off, close up, touching or invasive. Apart from this, safety is related to the power of the robot and the task to be per- formed. Differences between individuals and their varying tolerance thresholds to forces and speeds also need to be tak- en into account to arrive at appropriate safety measures. A “ touching ” robot may perform supplementary or augmentary tasks. The supplementary task could be to improve a disabled person’s abilities, while an augmentary task could be to allow a per- son to function at a higher level than is the norm. Wouldn’t it be helpful to fas- ten an augmentary robot onto your body when you are about to lift something very heavy ? A challenge for the coming years is to develop standards that do not conflict Alice Öberg : ©

with either legislation – which may vary Photo

36 ISO Focus December 2007 Developments and Initiatives A new generation of watches to meet consumer expectations by Claude Laesser, Chair of ISO/TC 114, Horology

ow do you know, before you pur- chase a product, that it will ful- Hfill your expectations ? And as a manufacturer, how can you provide cus- tomers with products they know they can trust ? Water resistance is a much sought- after quality in watches, but one that consumers have often found problem- atic due to misleading advertising and strict restrictions of use. In fact, it is not uncommon for consumers to discover in their warranty that the watch they pur- chased indicating resistance to submer- sions of 30 or even 50 metres cannot be used for swimming. ISO/TC 114, Horology, is the ISO technical committee responsible for addressing these questions concerning watches and providing consumer and • resistance to wear and tear – surface es ” marking. Producers use this stand- industry friendly solutions. Water-resist- treatments ; and ard to check their watches water-resist- ant effectiveness at the time of release. ance is not the only issue of concern to • protection of consumer’s health – dan- However, this status can change as soon consumers addressed by ISO/TC 114. At gerous materials. its most recent meeting held in July 2007, as the watches leave the factory and are in Dinard, France, attended by about 50 transported, stocked in shops, exhibited delegates from around the world, the tech- Water-resistant… but no in window displays, or even when sales assistants open them to place new bat- nical committee discussed the revision swimming allowed ! and development of crucial standards in teries at the time of purchase, let alone the following areas : The current standard used for during actual consumer usage. determining water-resistance, ISO 2281, It is therefore not surprising that, in • water-resistance ; Horology – Water-resistant watches, was order to avoid difficulties during the after • definition of functional jewels ; developed in the 1990s. It defines the tests sales service, some brands, despite indi- • provision of energy – primary and that newly manufactured watches should cations of water-resistance, place major secondary batteries ; pass to deserve the “ water-resistant watch- usage restrictions under warranty. In this

ISO Focus December 2007 37 Developments and Initiatives

respect, some companies con- should clearly indicate what depth of • The new standard will not indicate which sider that users should not immersion (in metres) or what pressure specific activities can be carried out swim with watches that have (in bars) the watch can be subjected to with the watch as a whole at the stat- been tested (i.e. by applying while the warranty lasts, without dam- ed immersion depth. In fact, the tests pressure corresponding to aging its internal components. will concern only the watchcase, as it that encountered at the stated Such an approach makes the man- could well be that other parts ought not depth) to resist submersions. ufacturer and the marketing company to be immersed in water. For instance, a Is this discrepancy between increasingly aware of their responsi- leather strap will have a very short life conditions of use and the bilities, as they have to guarantee that if it is often exposed to water. Similarly, tests carried out justified ? the watch can retain its qualities after it is best to avoid immersing a watch- This is the question that subcommittee purchase. This draft standard therefore case studded with precious stones, even SC 3, Water-resistant watches, of ISO/ proposes a watch to the end-user whose though this will not stop the watch from TC 114 set forth to investigate. qualities and security are in conformity fulfilling its main function – i.e. giving with well-defined criteria. It should also the time – which is the main concern strengthen dissemination of good prac- of the standard. A consumer-oriented tices at a global level. approach In other words, the new standard defines the water-resistance character- In order to address this issue, “ The new standard istics that a water-resistant watchcase SC 3 is developing a new standard with should strengthen should display. Other aesthetic require- a fundamentally different approach to ments, for instance those concerning that of ISO 2281. The work, started in dissemination of the strap, could impose further restric- 2002, has already achieved consensus on good practices at tions of use. several essential points, and is in agree- Consensus was reached thanks ment with the ISO Business Plan 2005 a global level.” to in-depth studies performed by Japa- – 2010. This plan stipulates that ISO nese and Swiss delegates, which clearly International Standards and delivera- showed that the test environment defined bles should contribute to economic and Overcoming hurdles in the current draft has an excellent lev- social progress by aiming to : Although the draft proposal el of equivalence with the conditions • facilitate world trade ; has obtained general consensus, it was found when indulging in activities such • improve quality, safety, security, envi- rejected during the last vote. The main as water sports. ronment and consumer protection, points of disagreement at the time con- All things considered, it would as well as a rational use of natural cerned were : seem that in the not-too-distant-future, a resources ; and • whether to create one or two stand- new standard for water-resistant watch- es will be available, one that bridges the • disseminate technologies and good ards (one for water-resistant watch- gap between the expectations of the end practices globally. es for ordinary use and another for sports use) ; user and the product purchased. “ The manufacturer and • what units must be used to indicate acceptable limits of immersion ; the marketing company • what usage indications should be About the author have to guarantee that included with respect to test criteria, the watch being sold for instance, concerning the possibil- Claude Laesser ity of swimming with a watch having from the Univer- retains all its qualities.” undergone a test at a pressure of three sity of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, is a bars, corresponding to an immersion watch engineer The new draft proposal adopts the of 30 metres. well established test procedures found who has worked 23 years for the in ISO 2281:1990. However, it does not Despite these difficult questions, watch group specify tests that need to be satisfied dur- an important step forward was taken during ‘ Swatch’, ing the manufacturing stage (as far as a the Dinard meeting. The working group beginning with normal period of use of the watch is con- and subcommittee for the draft reached consensus on the following points. the development cerned, which is at least what is indicat- of electronic watches and then patent ed in the warranty). On the other hand, it • Figures indicating submersion lev- rights. He was later Director of the defines reference tests that every aspiring els will be expressed either in bars, Technical School (Ecole technique) of water-resistant watch should pass during which corresponds to the maximum La Chaux-de-Fonds, before starting the warranty period. Consequently, the pressure applied during the test, or a Patent Law Firm with a colleague. final markings and the information pro- in metres, which corresponds to the He has been Chair of ISO/TC 114, vided in the accompanying documents tested immersion depth. Horology, since 1997.

38 ISO Focus December 2007 Pretty, but what Collaborating for energy The future is ticking does it do? Electronic watches are for the Finally, at the Dinard meeting, Most watches, and in particular most part equipped with a primary or two working groups were created to mechanical watches, are equipped with a secondary battery. These sources of study proposals from the delegations. bearings made of hard materials. These energy should fulfill a certain number Their objective is to evaluate the inter- bearings reduce friction and improve the of criteria concerning both their geo- est in developing standards related to efficiency of movement and control com- metrical dimensions and their electri- dimensions of adjustments of clocks’ and ponents. Some unscrupulous manufac- cal characteristics. Two standards were small clocks’ hands, and the character- turers, however, giving the impression developed by the International Electro- istics of watchcases and straps made of that a large number of jewels were syn- technical Commission (IEC) for this pur- hard materials. onymous with high quality, added non- pose. The Convenor of the IEC working ISO technical committee ISO/ functional jewels to their products. The groups has also accepted to assume this TC 114, Horology, is working on new introduction of ISO 1112:1999, Horology task within ISO/TC 114 for anything innovative draft standards and updat- – Functional and non-functional jewels, that relates to electrical energy sources. ing existing ones aimed at delivering has curtailed abuse considerably. This collaboration will strongly facili- value-added products that consumers When the initial standard was tate communication. can trust. The new water-resistant draft written in 1974, it was only a question standard, for instance, will create aware- of bearings in synthetic rubies. Today, ness among companies of their market- other mono-crystalline or sintered materi- Dangerous materials ing responsibilities, so that the watch- als can provide the same service. Hence, It is absolutely critical that wrist- es they sell truly retain the qualities the necessity to specify what a functional watch components in permanent contact they offer. With this consumer-oriented or non-functional jewel really is, and to with the skin are free from materials approach, ISO/TC 114 will protect con- define the properties of the materials from harmful to health. Such materials are sumers while helping companies give which these jewels can be made. listed in standards or laws that restrict users what they need. or prevent their use. In order for the global watch industry to consider and Oops, I dropped it again enforce these rules, a technical report is ISO/TC 114 has developed a set being developed that will include several Acknowledgements of standards on the quality and charac- specifications (one per region). Thanks to excellent organization by terization of surface treatments. These The first specification has already the French delegation, the ISO/TC 114 standards need to be complemented with been completed. It takes into account meeting at Dinard was held in a won- a standard for evaluating the resistance the ECS standards and the European derful setting and in a constructive of watchcases and straps to wear and directives concerning all the materi- spirit, which contributed to significant tear, scratches and drop impacts under als used in the horology profession, progress in several domains. typical usage circumstances. and, in particular, the metals and addi- The next meeting is planned for 2009, The subcommittee entrusted with tives used in the manufacture of leath- although one or more working groups this task has already selected the best tests ers and plastic substances. This report may meet in 2008 to clarify points in available internationally to assess such should enable professionals to take the the standards currently being devel- surfaces in a simple way and under con- necessary measures to guarantee qual- oped. ditions comparable to those encountered ity products, thereby avoiding any risk in normal wearing situations. to users’ health.

ISO Focus December 2007 39 Developments and Initiatives

International Standards are key fo r p r o m o t i n g e n e r g y ef f i c i e n cy and renewable energy sources by Maria Lazarte, for scarce resources, it poses serious con- and for disseminating good energy man- Communication Officer, cerns for global security”. agement practices. ISO Central Secretariat The EC President emphasized the They also provide common met- commitment made by the European Union rics for defining and measuring energy (EU) on a low-carbon energy future and performance so that investment deci- underlined the importance of the World sions and incentives may be targeted to Energy Congress and the timeliness of its encourage energy efficiency. Moreover, t the World Energy Congress theme – “ The energy future in an inter- international standards support scientif- organized in Rome, Italy (11-15 dependent world ”. ic cooperation and the harmonization of A November 2007), which included The World Energy Council (WEC), public policies. a special session on International Stand- organizer of the Congress, included a ses- During the session, a panel pre- ards, José Manuel Barroso, President of sion on the role of International Stand- sented how International Standards are the European Commission (EC), deliv- ards, in collaboration with the Interna- already addressing these issues, provid- ered the opening speech to an audience tional Organization for Standardization ed many examples of the need for stand- made up of some 3 000 industry leaders, (ISO) and the International Electrotech- ardization, and what the next steps and regulators, energy conservation agencies nical Commission (IEC). It provided an priorities should be. One message stood and international organizations. overview of the key role that International out above the rest: the energy situation is He declared : “ If I am asked today Standards can play in supporting the devel- pressing, the trends alarming, the time to what is the most important issue for glo- opment and promotion of energy efficien- act is now and International Standards are bal security and development, the issue cy and renewable energy sources. part of the solution. They can contribute with the highest potential for solutions International Standards of the to accelerate the short-term and long-term but also for serious problems if we do type produced by ISO and IEC were improvement of energy efficiency in all not act in the right way, it is energy and indeed recognized as part of the solu- areas and the take up of renewable ener- climate change. tion to today’s energy issues. Not only gy sources. “ Energy today is not only consid- can they help avoid unnecessary techni- Paul Waide, from the Interna- ered as a major challenge from an eco- cal barriers to trade which might result tional Energy Agency (IEA), highlight- nomic point of view but precisely for its from national and regional policies, but ed the joint IEA-ISO Position Paper on implications for environment and cli- they are also essential for creating global the issue, which was used as background mate. Because of increased competition markets for efficient energy technologies material for the 2007 G8 Meeting.

40 ISO Focus December 2007 The ISO Secretary-General, Alan Bryden, and the IEC President, Renzo Tani, outlined the work their organizations are doing in order to promote the goal of a sustainable energy future in our interde- pendent world. The other panelists pre- sented various examples of areas where International Standards were expected to contribute, both to energy efficiency in industry, transportation, building and appliances and for renewable energies. During the discussion, the issues of ener- gy management standards and biofuels, for which ISO has recently created ded- icated standardization committees, were also addressed. Francisco Barnes, who chaired the session on behalf of WEC, concluded that a strategic partnership between the WEC, the IEA, ISO and IEC had been initiated and would be pursued in order to identi- fy priorities for industry and governments and boost the production of globally rel- evant International Standards.

Composition of the Panel • Francisco Barnés – Commissioner, Energy Regulatory Commission and WEC Vice-Chair for North America, Mexico • Alan Bryden – Secretary-General, ISO • François Moisan – Director Energy Institute of Standards and Technol- and Transport, French Agency for ogy (NIST), USA • Renzo Tani – President, IEC Environment and Energy Manage- • Cesare Boffa – President of the Ital- • Paul Waide – Senior Policy Analyst, ment (ADEME), and WEC Energy ian Committee on Heat Technology International Energy Agency (IEA) Efficiency Policies, France and former Vice President, Italian • Bruno Manoha – Head Environment • Hunter Fanney – Chief, Building National Agency for New Technol- and Renewables, Electricité de France Environment Division, Building and ogies, Energy and the Environment (EDF) Fire Research Laboratory, National (ENEA)

ISO Focus December 2007 41 Developments and Initiatives

he breadth of international support the third working draft of ISO 26000 Record for the development of the future (before Vienna). Enough key topics TISO 26000 standard giving guid- were resolved at the meeting to enable ance on social responsibility was dem- the work to be launched to produce a participation onstrated at the 5 th plenary meeting of fourth working draft (WD.4). This draft th the ISO working group on social respon- is being developed by a new Integrated for 5 meeting sibility (WG SR), held in Vienna, Aus- Drafting Task Force (IDTF), established tria, on 5-9 November 2007 : at the Vienna meeting, with balanced stakeholder representation. • The meeting, which was hosted by the of ISO Staffan Söderberg, WG SR Austrian Standards Institute (ON), was Vice Chair nominated the ISO mem- held with the support of the Austrian ber for Sweden (SIS), commented : working government and Austrian Develop- “ The Vienna WG SR meeting will be ment Agency (ADA), together with the remembered as the last meeting where group United Nations Global Compact and we drafted in silos and the first meet- the United Nations Industrial Devel- ing where our 400 experts made way opment Organization (UNIDO). on social for integrated drafting building on the • It attracted the record participation important foundations laid by the pre- responsibility of some 400 experts representing the vious task groups. It is a strong sign six participating stakeholder groups : of the growing consensus among the industry ; government ; labour ; con- different stakeholder groups making sumers ; nongovernmental organiza- up the WG SR.” by Roger Frost, Manager, tions ; and service, support, research In addition to the work on draft- Communication Services, and others. ing the standard, ISO and the WG SR ISO Central Secretariat have been active on increasing repre- • The number of developing country sentation and raising awareness. The members has almost WG membership has now reached 71 doubled since the begin- participating countries, with anoth- ning of the process and er eight as observers, plus 37 liaison exceeds the number organizations. In the course of the of developed country year since the previous plenary meet- members. ing, funds were raised by the ISO SR Trust Fund enabling six delegates to “ The Vienna attend the Vienna meeting and several plenary has attracted regional or national awareness-raising the highest number of workshops have been held in various participants in the WR parts of the world. SR’s history,” pointed Participants to the Vienna meet- out the WG Chair, Mr. ing were officially welcomed by: Dr. Jorge E.R. Cajazei- Walter Barfuss, President of the Aus- ra, nominated by the trian Standards Institute (ON) ; Dmitri ISO member for Bra- Piskounov, UNIDO Managing Director Pictured at the Vienna meeting of the zil (ABNT) at a media conference held - Programme Development and Tech- ISO WG SR (from left to right) : Sophie to raise awareness of the work. “ This nical Cooperation Division ; and Dr. Clivio, Technical Programme Manager, indicates that importance of the work, Hans Winkler, State Secretary in the ISO Central Secretariat ; Staffan Söderberg, which is very different from typical Austrian Federal Ministry for Euro- Vice Chair of the WG SR ; Dmitri Piskounov, technical standardization and address- pean and International Affairs. UNIDO Managing Director – Programme es issues that are relevant and impor- The next meeting of the WG Development and Technical Cooperation tant to society.” SR will be held in September 2008, in Division ; Dr. Hans Winkler, State Secretary ISO 26000 is intended for use in the Federal Ministry for European and Santiago, Chile, hosted by the national by organizations of all types, in both standards body, INN. International Affairs ; Dr. Walter Barfuss, public and private sectors, in developed President of the Austrian Standards and developing countries. ISO 26000 Institute ; Jorge E. R. Cajazeira, Chair More information : will contain guidance, not require- of the WG SR ; Kristina Sandberg, ments. It is not a management system Further information on the ISO/WG Secretary of the WG SR. standard and will not be for use as a SR and ISO 26000 is available on its certification standard. public Web site : www.iso.org/sr Almost 7 225 comments were Its working documents are publicly received from the WG SR’s experts on accessible at : www.iso.org/wgsr

42 ISO Focus December 2007 New on the shelf

• giving organizations in developing ISO 14001:2004 Latest issue of countries and transition economies ISO 14001:2004, which gives the a framework for participating in glo- The ISO Survey requirements for environmental man- bal supply chains, export trade and agement systems, confirms its global shows 16 % rise business process outsourcing ; relevance for organizations wishing to in ISO 9001 and • assisting in the economic progress operate in an environmentally sustain- ISO 14001 of developing countries and transi- able manner. tion economies ; Up to the end of December 2006, certifications at least 129 199 ISO 14001:2004 cer- • transferring good managerial prac- tificates had been issued in 140 coun- tice, and tries and economies. • encouraging the rise of services. by Roger Frost, Manager, “ Twenty years after the launch- Communication Services, ing of ISO 9001 and 11 years after the release of ISO 14001, which have both ISO Central Secretariat been regularly updated in the light of ertification to ISO 9001 (for worldwide experience, the latest sur- quality management) and to vey results show that ISO’s manage- ISO 14001 (for environmental ment system standard formula con- C tinues to win over new converts,” ISO management) increased in both cases during 2006 by 16 %. Secretary-General Alan Bryden com- During the same period, certifi- mented. “ The fact that 32 % and 27 % cation to more recent ISO management respectively of certifications to these system standards for the automotive standards are now in the service sec- sector (ISO/TS 16949) and the medi- tor underlines the flexibility of the cal device sector (ISO 13485) increased ISO management system approach, by more than 60 %. as does its adoption as the common These are among the princi- core of standards for specific objec- pal findings of the The ISO Survey tives or sectors.” – 2006, which for the first time also covered the new ISO/IEC 27001 stand- Here are the principal results of ard for information security manage- The ISO Survey – 2006. ment systems, and revealed that near-  ly 5 800 certificates of conformity to the standard had already been issued ISO 9001:2000 in 64 countries. &ACE#$ )3/3URVEYINDD ISO 9001:2000, which gives the The above findings underline requirements for quality management The 2006 total represents an further the extent to which ISO’s man- systems, is now firmly established as increase of 18 037 (+ 16 %) over 2005, agement system standards are now the globally implemented standard for when the total was 111 162 in 138 coun- thoroughly integrated with the global providing assurance about the ability tries and economies. economy in which they function as to satisfy quality requirements and to Service providers accounted for practical tools for objectives such as enhance customer satisfaction in sup- 27 % of all ISO 14001:2004 certificates the following : plier-customer relationships. issued up to the end of 2006. • providing assurance about quality in Up to the end of 2006, at least supplier-customer relationships ; 897 866 ISO 9001:2000 certificates had been issued in 170 countries and ISO/TS 16949:2002 • operating in an environmental sus- economies. The 2006 total represents ISO/TS 16949:2002 gives the tainable manner ; an increase of 123 999 (+16 %) over requirements for the application of ISO • unifying quality, environmental or 2005, when the total was 773 867 in 9001:2000 by suppliers in the automo- information security requirements 161 countries and economies. tive sector. By the end of 2006, at least in sectors and areas of activity ; Organizations providing serv- 27 999 ISO/TS 16949:2002 certificates ices accounted for 32,8 % of all ISO had been issued in 78 countries and • qualifying suppliers in global sup- 9001:2000 certificates issued up to the economies. The 2006 total represents an ply chains ; end of 2006. increase of 10 952 (+ 64 %) over 2005 • providing technical support for reg- when the total was 17 047 certificates ulators ; in 80 countries and economies.

ISO Focus December 2007 43 New on the shelf

ISO 13485:2003 Complete collection of generic ISO 13485:2003 gives quality management requirements for the medi- ISO 9000 standards available in new cal device sector for regulatory purpos- es. Up to the end of December 2006, at book and on CD least 8 175 ISO 13485:2003 certificates by Roger Frost, Manager, Communication Services, had been issued in 82 countries and economies. The 2006 total represents ISO Central Secretariat an increase of 3 110 (+ 61 %) over 2005 when the total was 5 065 in 67 countries and economies.

ISO/IEC 27001:2005 ISO/IEC 27001:2005, which gives the requirements for informa- tion security management systems was included in the survey for the first time. Up to the end of 2006, at least 5 797 ISO/IEC 27001:2005 certifi- cates had been issued in 64 countries • fundamentals and vocabu- and economies. lary, • performance improvements, More information • quality plans, ISO makes available the princi- • projects, pal findings of the survey free of charge • configuration management, on the ISO Web site. More information, • measurement processes and including industry sector breakdowns, can measuring equipment, be found in The ISO Survey of Certifica- tions – 2006, which is a combined bro- • system documentation, chure and CD. It is available from ISO • realizing financial and economic national member institutes and from the benefits, ISO Central Secretariat through the ISO • training, Store (www.iso.org/isostore) or by con- he 14 ISO International Standards • the selection and use of consultants, tacting the Marketing & Communication currently comprising the ISO 9000 • quality and/or environmental man- department ([email protected]). family of generic quality man- T agement systems auditing, agement standards are now available in new paper and CD editions of The ISO • complaints handling, Note to Editors Standards collection. Two standards now • codes of conduct for customer satis- Certification of conformity is not a require- at the final draft stage, plus a technical faction, and ment of the ISO standards themselves, which corrigendum, are also included. • dispute resolution. can be implemented without certification for The ISO 9000 family is best the benefits that they help user organizations known for ISO 9001:2000, the stand- to achieve for themselves and for their The ISO Standards collection – customers. Nevertheless, many thousands ard that establishes the requirements ISO 9000 Quality management groups of organizations have chosen certification for a quality management system and this entire family of generic quality man- because of the perception that an independent which can be used for certification by agement system standards and supporting confirmation of conformity adds value. ISO itself does not perform certification to organizations that wish to have their tools developed by ISO technical commit- its standards, does not issue certificates and conformity to the standard verified by tee ISO/TC 176, Quality management, in a does not control certification performed an independent auditor. At the end of handy book, and on CD. The book (ISBN independently of ISO by other organizations. 2006, at least 897 866 ISO 9001:2000 978-92-67-10455-3), English only, and the However, it frequently receives requests for information on the number of certificates certificates had been issued in 170 CD (ISBN 978-92-67-10456-0), in English and this led the organization to undertake countries and economies. and French. They are available from ISO The ISO Survey. ISO provides the basic However, ISO 9001:2000 is com- national member institutes and from ISO results free of charge as a public information service. plemented by a comprehensive fami- Central Secretariat through the ISO Store ly of standards addressing the follow- (www.iso.org/isostore) or by contacting the ing specific aspects of quality man- Marketing & Communication department agement : ([email protected]).

44 ISO Focus December 2007 Coming up

Guest View

The next issue also features an exclusive interview with Henry Jarlsson, the CEO from Kinnarps, a people-oriented furniture provider and Europe’s third largest office manufacturer. Here you will learn how Kinnarps relies on International Stand- ards to fulfill its ambition that everyone should have a good day at the office. “ When it comes to ISO Standards, we feel that they have helped us to keep our business activities in order ” says Mr. Jarlsson (right). “ Our shortcom- ings were made visible and we now have system- atic working methods to con- tinue improving our business. The Standards function both as a support mecha- Main Focus nism and as an educational tool.” Comfort at home and in the office and health. From identification to acces- sibility, International Standards enable According to the As you get ready for the New Year and the development of new technologies that Kinnarps CEO, start making plans, whether to finally increase safety and security, as with ISO will continue to be of great redecorate your kitchen or to pursue telebiometrics, or facilitate human-friend- significance for lasting improvements. ideas at the office, little notice is taken ly use of spaces irrespective of age and “ ISO is a credible organization that is of the environment that ensures that you disabilities. Have you ever wondered active globally but also rooted at the can go about your projects and daily about the air you breathe in offices with local level. This means that if a routines with safety and comfort. But tightly sealed windows ? Standards on company applies ISO standard what difference would it make if you glasses, doors, windows, printers, compu- guidelines, both the customer and worked in a cropped, noisy, stuffy office ter monitors and even the floor we walk other interested parties are acquainted where you constantly had to fight with on, contribute to with that standard. There is crashing printers and computers, rather a performance no need for us to sell the than in a modern, friendly, air condi- that eases our concept ; we draw instead benefit tioned and easily accessible room ? daily work. from the ISO organization’s good reputation.” Office and home equipment and environ- ments are crucial elements that encour- Don’t miss out on the next issue age, motivate and inspire individuals and of ISO Focus to find out more ! teams, thus fueling efficiency, improving productivity or harmonizing a home. The next issue of ISO Focus is about creating environments that not only permit us to function, but that can inspire and moti- vate us by allowing us to live and work in comfort. To help us benefit from such positive environments, International Standards set human-friendly require- ments for equipment and buildings, and facilitate the dissemination of good prac- tices and international trade. The January issue will explore how Inter- national Standards facilitate our daily lives, making sure that office and home equipments are functioning reliably and safely and contributing to our comfort

ISO Focus December 2007 45 3UTTER!D)3/INDD