Masteroppgave FIF3009 Høst 2011 Nikolaisen

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Masteroppgave FIF3009 Høst 2011 Nikolaisen Forord Jeg ønsker å takke alle som har hjulpet meg med denne oppgaven. Først og fremst vil jeg takke min veileder Tore Helseth. Videre vil jeg rekke en stor takk til Nils Klevjer Aas som har bidratt med faglige vurderinger og alltid bistått med hjelp når jeg har trengt det. Den samme takken går til Jan Erik Holst som også har vært hjelpsom og bidratt med veiledning, i tillegg til å stille opp til intervju, hvor han med glede delte alle sine erfaainger. Jeg vil også rette en stor takk til produsent Finn Gjerdrum fra Paradox som også stilte opp til intervju i forbindelse med denne oppgaven. RAM fortjener også en takk, som gjennom å tildele meg masteroppgave-stipend ga meg mer tid og ro til å konsentrere meg om oppgaven. Truls skal også ha en stor takk for å ha designet oppgavens forside. Sist men ikke minst vil jeg takke Høgskolen i Lillehammer for fem fine år, med et godt og åpent lærermiljø og godt studentmiljø. Mine gode venner fra studiemiljøet fortjener også en takk for godt samhold og som sterke bidragsytere for min faglige motivasjon. Magnus Alexander Nikolaisen 1 Å lykkes i utlandet – suksessfaktorer på den internasjonale filmarena Innledende del 1. Innledning …………………………………………………………………. 5 1.1 Problemfelt ………………………………………………………………. 6 1.2 Fremgangsmåte og metode ……………………………………...……… 7 1.2.1 Kvalitative intervjuer……………………………………..………. 7 1.2.2 Teori, statistikk og rapporter……………………………………… 8 1.2.3 Avgrensning og utvalg……………………………………………. 9 1.3 Oppgavens sammensetning og struktur ………………………………... 11 2. Den internasjonale filmarena ………………………………..………… 13 2.1 Historikk – filmmarkedets utvikling …………………………………… 13 2.1.1 Europeisk proteksjonisme…………………………………………. 14 2.1.2 Filmfestivaler……………………………………………………… 16 2.2 Filmkulturelt dikotomi ………………………………………………….. 17 2.3 Filmmarkedet i dag …………………………………………………….... 19 2.3.1 Distribusjon……………………………………………………….. 24 2.3.2 Eksportinntekter…………………………………………………… 25 2.4 Hva er en internasjonal suksess? .............................................................. 27 3. Norsk film fra 2005 til 2010 …………………………………………….. 29 3.1 Et nasjonalt overblikk …………………………………………………… 29 3.2 Norsk film på den internasjonale arena ………………………………... 32 Hoveddel 4. Internasjonale prisvinnere ……………………………………………… 35 4.1 Innledning: Prisvinnere 2005-2010 ……………………………………... 35 4.2 Art cinema ………………………………………………………………... 35 4.2.1 Art cinema i forhold til klassisk fortellende film………………….. 37 4.3 Festivalpris-vinnerne i dette bildet ……………………………………... 39 4.3.1 ”Den europeiske realismen”…….…………………………………. 40 4.3.2 Film som kunst…………………………………………………….. 42 4.4 Oscarfilmen i dette landskapet ………………………………………….. 44 4.5 Preferansene forenes i tematikken ……………………………………… 46 4.6 Form og innhold ………………………………………………………..... 48 4.7 Norsk prisvinnerfilm? ................................................................................ 49 4.7.1 Den brysomme mannen ..................................................................... 50 4.7.2 En refleksjon i forhold til Oscarprisen…………………………….. 53 5. Internasjonale publikumssuksesser ………………………………….. 55 5.1 Innledning ………………………………………………………………... 55 5.2 Filmatiske egenskaper hos publikumssuksessene ………………….…... 57 5.2.1 Den doble nytelsen………………………………………………… 58 5.2.2 Sterkt engasjement i en særegen protagonist………………………. 61 5.3 ’Popular art film’ eller ’Arty popular film’? ............................................ 63 2 5.4 Norske publikumssuksesser i Europa ………………………………….. 66 5.4.1 O’Horten i lys av suksessfaktorene……………………………….. 67 6. Nisjefilm ……………………………………………………………………... 70 6.1 Innledning ………………………………………………………………… 70 6.2 Suksessfaktorer for nisjefilm ………………………………………...…... 71 6.3 Norsk nisjefilm ……………………………………………………………. 74 6.3.1 Død snø ……………………………………………………………... 75 6.3.2 Død snø – en del av et større bilde i norsk film…………….………. 78 7. Reprise – stor internasjonal anerkjennelse og popularitet ………. 79 7.1 Innledning ……………………………………………………………...….. 79 7.2 En norsk klassiker er født …………………………………………...…… 79 7.3 Noe så uvanlig som en norsk kunstfilm …………………………………. 81 7.4 Miljøskildringens universalitet og høye gjenkjennelsesfaktor ………… 85 7.5 Filmens iboende ironi og humor ………………………………....……… 86 7.6 Hvorfor så populær internasjonalt og unik i Norge? .............................. 88 8. Det nasjonale som suksessfaktor ………………………………………. 89 8.1 Den nasjonale merkelappen ……………………………………………… 89 8.1.1 Det nasjonale i dagens globaliserte verden………………………… 91 8.1.2 Det nasjonale som internasjonal suksessfaktor……………..……… 94 8.2 På hvilken måte uttrykkes det norske i norsk film? ................................ 98 8.2.1 Norske varemerker ? ........................................................................... 99 8.2.2 Eksotisering i norsk film …………………………….……………... 100 8.2.3 Nord ………………………………………………........………....... 101 8.2.4 Eksotisering i Nord ………………………………………….……... 102 8.2.5 Det norske i våre internasjonale suksesser ……………………..….. 104 9. Regissøren som kunstner og stjerne ………………………...………… 105 9.1 Auteurteorien ………………………………………………………….….. 105 9.2 Auteuren på den internasjonale arena ………………………………….. 107 9.3 Hvordan gjenspeiles viktigheten av auteur-statusen i mitt utvalg av suksesser? ……………………………………………………………......... 109 9.4 Hvordan blie en auteur …………………………………………...……… 110 9.5 Viktigheten av en auteur i en nasjonal filmkultur ………………….….. 111 9.6 Auteurer i Norge? ....................................................................................... 112 9.6.1 Bent Hamer ………………………………………………………… 113 9.6.2 Bent Hamers filmer ……………………………………….………... 115 9.6.3 Hvordan skiller filmene seg ut? ......................................................... 117 9.7 Auteurens vilkår i Norge ………………………………………………..... 118 Avsluttende del 10. Sammenfatning og andre perspektiver ……………………………... 120 10.1 Internasjonale suksessfaktorer …………………………………..….. 120 10.2 En refleksjon om totalbildet av norsk film fra 2005 til 2010 i lys av suksessfaktorene …………………………………………………………. 122 10.3 ”Den norske suksessen” ……………………..……………………….. 125 3 10.4 Suksess i Norge – suksess i utlandet? ................................................... 127 10.4.1 Upperdog – hyllet i Norge, ignorert i utlandet …………………….. 130 11. Avsluttende refleksjoner ………………………………………….……... 132 11.1 Hva har vil lært? Hvordan kan norsk film markere seg sterkere internasjonalt? ............................................................................................ 132 11.2 Den blasse middelvei .............................................................................. 134 11.3 ”Alle historier er fortalt” …………………………………...………... 135 Vedlegg 1 : Kildeliste Vedlegg 2 : Oversikt over norske filmer fra 2005-2010 Vedlegg 3 : Vurdering og kategorisering av internasjonale prisvinnere Vedlegg 4 : Synopsiser av filmer som har blitt nærmere analysert i oppgaven Vedlegg 5 : Intervjuguider 4 Innledende del 1. Innledning Stortingsmeldingen Veiviseren inneholder kulturdepartementets filmpolitiske mål. De ulike målene sammenfattes i denne hovedmålsettingen: Hovedmålet er et mangfold av film- og tv-produksjoner basert på norsk språk, kultur og samfunnsforhold, som er anerkjent for høy kvalitet, kunstnerisk dristighet og nyskapning, og som utfordrer og når et stort publikum i Norge og internasjonalt. Her er det tydelig en uttalt målsetting om å forbedre eksport av norsk film, samt deltagelse på de viktigste internasjonale filmfestivalene (St. meld. 22 (2006-2007:4.4)). To av de mer konkrete resultatmålene dreier seg utelukkende om den internasjonale arena: - Norske filmer skal konkurrere ved viktige internasjonale filmfestivaler. - Eksport av norsk film og tv-drama doblet innen 2010 (ibid.). Dette er målsettinger den norske filmpolitikken styres av, men hvordan dette skal oppnås sier den ingenting om. Videre er norsk films eventuelle utenlandssuksess et stadig debattert tema blant filmengasjerte og journalister. Hvorfor er vi ikke med i Cannes? Hvorfor er norsk film så dårlig? Hvordan kan norsk film gjøre det bedre internasjonalt? Hvorfor er danskene og svenskene så mye bedre enn oss? Dette er spørsmål som til stadighet går igjen i artikler og debatter og som i bunn og grunn er knyttet til norsk films internasjonale anerkjennelse. 1 På hjemmemarkedet har 2000-tallet vært en eneste lang suksesshistorie med økt publikumsbesøk og en markedsandel opp mot 25% enkelte år, samt at flere norske filmer har høstet stående applaus av kritikere og presse. Sammenlignet med tidligere har også eksporten av norsk film økt kraftig, og vi kan være stolte av Bent Hamers internasjonale suksess, Ellings Oscar- nominasjon, Reprises anerkjennelse og Død snø sin popularitet blant ”splatter-fans” verden over. Norsk film befinner seg absolutt ikke i noen krise eller bølgedal – snarere tvert i mot. I forhold til de ambisiøse filmpolitiske målene og kritiske røster fra filmmiljøet er det likevel ikke bra nok. Norge regnes videre ikke som en betydningsfull filmnasjon internasjonalt, særlig ikke om vi sammenligner oss med sammenlignbare land som Sverige og Danmark. Vi har heller aldri riktig lykkes på de gjeveste europeiske filmfestivalene som både er et uttalt mål og den største kunstneriske anerkjennelsen en film kan få. På bakgrunn av disse perspektivene ser jeg norsk film og eventuelle suksessfaktorer på den internasjonale arena som et svært relevant tema å undersøke i en masteroppgave. 1 Et eksempel på en slik artikkel; ”Hvorfor er vi ikke i Cannes”: http://rushprint.no/2010/5/hvorfor-er- vi-ikke-i-cannes/ 5 1.1 Problemfelt Problemstilling: Hva kjennetegner norske og andre ikke-engelskspråklige filmer som gjør internasjonal
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