aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology

Pictichromis dinar , a new (: Pseudochromidae) from Indonesia

John E. Randall 1 and Jennifer K. Schultz 2

1) B ishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA . E-mail: [email protected] 2) Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, P.O. Box 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA

Received: 02 April 2009 – Accepted: 06 September 2009

Abstract Arten haben keine Haplotypen gemeinsam; die inner - A new pseudochromid fish species, dinar , is artliche Divergenz der Sequenzen ist um eine Größenord - described from five specimens from the western side of the nung niedriger (d = 0,003) als die zwischenartliche (d = Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi , Indonesia, where it occurred on a 0,06). Dies ist mit der Isolierung bei der Fortpflanzung drop-off in 15 to 25 m. It is bright purple anteriorly and und der Zuerkennung des Art-Status' vereinbar. abruptly bright yellow posteriorly in life, hence remarkably similar to P. paccagnellae (range from Bali and Sulawesi to Résumé Vanuatu ), and to P. coralensis (range from Queensland to Une nouvelle espèce de Pseudochromidé, Pictichromis New Caledonia ). The demarcation of purple and yellow is dinar, est décrite sur base de cinq spécimens originaires du generally more anterior and more slanting in P. dinar . The côté ouest du Golfe de Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonésie, où elle caudal fin of P. paccagnellae and P. coralensis varies from survient sur un tombant entre 15 et 25 m. In vivo, elle est slightly rounded to slightly emarginate, compared to dis - pourpre clair antériurement et abruptement jaune clair po- tinctly emarginate in P. dinar , the caudal concavity is 9.9- stérieurement, donc remarquablement semblable à P. pac- 11.2% SL. Also, P. dinar has modally one more gill raker. cagnellae (distribution de Bali et Sulawesi jusqu’à Vanuatu), Thirty specimens of Pictichromis dinar and 28 of Pictichromis et à P. coralensis (du Queensland jusqu’à la Nouvelle-Calédo- paccagnellae were assessed at 628 base pairs of the mitochon - nie). La limite entre le pourpre et le jaune est généralement drial cytochrome c oxidase I gene. No haplotypes are shared plus antérieure et plus oblique pour P. dinar. La caudale chez between the species, and within species sequence divergence P. paccagnellae et P. coralensis va d’une forme légèrement ar- (d = 0.003) is an order of magnitude lower than sequence rondie à légèrement concave, comparée à la forme clairement divergence between the two species d = 0.06). This is consis - concave chez P. dinar, la concavité de la caudale étant de 9,9- tent with reproductive isolation and species-level designation. 11,2% de la LS. En outre, P. dinar a modalement une bran - chispine supplémentaire. Trente spécimens de Pictichromis Zusammenfassung dinar et 28 de Pictichromis paccagnellae ont été examinés avec Eine neue Zwergbarsch-Art, Pictichromis dinar, wird auf 628 paires de base du cytochrome mitochondiral c oxydase I der Grundlage von fünf Exemplaren von der Westseite des gène. Les espèces ne partagent pas d’haplotypes, et, à l’inté- Tomini-Golfs, Sulawesi, Indonesien, beschrieben, wo sie rieur de l’espèce, la divergence de séquence (d = 0,003) est in- an einem Steilhang in 15 bis 25 m Tiefe lebten. Sie sind férieure de l’ordre d’une magnitude à la même divergence en- vorne leuchtend purpurfarben und im hinteren Bereich tre les deux espèces (d = 0,06). Ceci est une suite logique de ohne Übergang leuchtend gelb (Lebendfärbung). Damit l’isolation reproductive et du niveau de spéciation de l’espèce. ähneln sie stark P. paccagnellae (Verbreitung von Bali und Sulawesi bis Vanuatu) sowie P. coralensis (von Queensland Sommario bis Neukaledonien). Die Grenze zwischen Purpur und Una nuova specie di pseudocromide, Pictichromis dinar, è Gelb liegt bei P. dinar mehr vorne und ist stärker descritta sulla base di cinque esemplari provenienti dalla abgeschrägt. Die Schwanzflosse variiert bei P. paccagnellae costa occidentale del Golfo di Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonesia, und P. coralensis von einer leicht rundlichen bis leicht lungo ripidi pendii tra i 15 e i 25 m di profondità. Ante- eingebuchteten Form, während sie bei P. dinar deutlich riormente presenta una colorazione porpora piuttosto ac- eingebuchtet ist, der Konkavitätsgrad beträgt 9,9 bis 11,2 cesa per poi passare bruscamente al giallo brillante poste- Prozent der Standardlänge (SL). Außerdem besitzt P. dinar riormente, una livrea molto simile a quella di P. paccagnel - im Durchschnitt ein Kiemenblättchen mehr. Bei 30 Exem - lae (diffuso da Bali e Sulawesi a Vanuatu) e a quella di plaren von Pictichromis dinar und 28 von Pictichromis pac- P. coralensis (dal Queensland alla Nuova Caledonia). La cagnellae wurden 628 Basenpaare des mitochondrialen linea di demarcazione tra il porpora e il giallo è general - Cytochrom- c-Oxidase-I-Gens untersucht. Die beiden mente spostata più avanti ed è più obliqua in P. dinar. La

169 aqua vol. 15 no. 4 - 15 October 2009 Pictichromis dinar , a new dottyback (Perciformes: Pseudochromidae) from Indonesia pinna caudale di P. paccagnellae e di P. coralensis varia dal Table I. Gill-raker counts of species of Pictichromis . lievemente arrotondato al leggermente concavo, rispetto a quella distintamente concava in P. dinar, con una concavi- 19 20 21 22 23 tà caudale pari al 9.9-11.2% SL. Inoltre, P. dinar ha un va- P. coralinus 471 lore modale più alto di rastrelli branchiali. Trenta esemplari P. dinar 14 di P. dinar e 28 di P. paccagnellae sono stati utilizzati per l’analisi di 628 paia di basi del gene I per la citocromo c P. paccagnellae 15 25 10 ossidasi mitocondriale. Nessun aplotipo condiviso è stato P. sp. (Rowley Shoals) 1 rinvenuto tra le due specie ed entro le specie la divergenza di sequenza (d = 0.003) è di un ordine di grandezza infe- Kenn Hyltoft of CV. Dinar in Jakarta, a company riore di quella tra le due specie (d = 0.06). Questo dato è that exports aquarium fishes, corals, and other coerente con l’isolamento riproduttivo e la designazione marine from various localities in Indone - come specie distinte. sia, was informed by aquarium fish collectors in Sulawesi that there are two different kinds of Royal INTRODUCTION in the Gulf of Tomini, one from shal - The small Indo-Pacific reef fishes popularly low reefs, and the other from steep drop-offs in 30- known as dottybacks are classified in the 40 m (the depth range later emended to 18-25 m). , one of four subfamilies of the On receiving a shipment of the two, Hyltoft Pseudochromidae. Gill (2004) revised the subfam - noticed the caudal fin of the deeper-dwelling form ily, dividing it into 10 genera, four of which he is more emarginate, and the demarcation of the described as new. His new Pictichromis is purple and yellow on the body is more anterior on represented by the all-purple type species, P. por - the upper part of the body, hence more sloping. phyrea (Lubbock & Goldman, 1974), and five Live fish were sent to the eminent aquarist Scott W. species that are purple and abruptly bright yellow Michael of Lincoln, Nebraska, who confirmed the in differing proportions. Allen et al. (2008) differences, took aquarium photographs, and sent described another species of Pictichromis as P. caitli - specimens and images to us. Photographs were also nae from Cenderawasih Bay, western New Guinea . provided by Arie De Jong, an aquarium fish The best known species of this complex is the importer in Holland, who had received Sulawesi royal dottyback, Pictichromis paccagnellae (Axelrod, fish from CV. Dinar. 1973), described from specimens obtained in the Counts and measurements of available Bishop aquarium trade from an unknown locality in Museum material of Pictichromis paccagnellae failed Indonesia via the Paccagnella family, aquarium fish to show any obvious differences from the Sulawesi wholesalers in Italy (therefore the species name fish, except for the caudal-fin shape of those speci - should have been paccagnellorum ). It is purple on mens with the fin fully intact. We requested loans of the anterior half, and yellow on the posterior, very specimens of P. paccagnellae and P. coralensis from the similar to the pattern of the fairy basslet, Gramma Australian Museum, the Western Australian loreto Poey, 1868 of the tropical western Atlantic, a Museum, and the U.S. National Museum of Nat - species of the family Grammatidae. A second ural History. The additional specimens of P. species of Pictichromis with the same half-purple, paccagnellae have enabled us to determine a modal half-yellow pattern was described by Gill (2004) in difference of one in gill-raker counts of the deeper his subfamily revision as P. coralensis from speci - water fish from both P. paccagnellae and P. coralensis mens from the Great Barrier Reef, reefs in the (Table I). Hyltoft provided fin clips of P. paccagnel - Coral Sea, and New Caledonia . Many of the spec - lae and the similar deeper water form from Sulawesi imens, on which the description was based had for DNA analysis ; Fenton Walsh of Cairns, Queens - previously been identified as land supplied fin clips from P. coralensis , and Sergey paccagnellae . It was distinguished from Pictichromis Bogorodsky obtained fin clips of Pseudochromis oli - paccagnellae mainly by having fewer scales in longi - vaceus Rüppell , 1835 from the Red Sea. Phyloge - tudinal series on the body. Pictichromis paccagnellae netic analysis of mitochrondrial DNA sequences ranges from off the northwestern coast of Australia confirms genetic isolation of the deeper water through central Indonesia and Papua New Guinea Sulawesi specimens that represent the new species. to Vanuatu, with a photographic record from Palau. A distribution map of this species, P. coralen - MATERIALS AND METHODS sis , and P. porphyrea is given by Gill (2004: Fig. 22). Type specimens of the new species are deposited aqua vol. 15 no. 4 - 15 October 2009 170 John E. Randall and Jennifer K. Schultz

Table II. Proportional measurements of type specimens of Pictichromis dinar as percentages of the standard length .

Holotype Paratypes BPBM AMS MZB WAM USNM 40976 I.44801 17173 P.33078 395097 Standard length (mm) 42.0 35.7 38.2 40.3 40.8 Body depth 28.5 29.0 29.7 28.8 29.0 Body width 14.9 14.5 14.4 13.0 14.6 Head length 29.8 30.8 31.8 31.5 31.4 Snout length 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.6 Orbit diameter 9.6 9.8 10.3 10.2 9.5 Interorbital width 5.4 5.6 5.2 5.1 5.1 Upper-jaw length 12.0 11.9 12.3 12.5 11.9 Caudal-peduncle depth 15.6 16.5 15.6 15.5 15.4 Caudal-peduncle length 15.1 16.7 15.2 16.1 16.6 Predorsal length 35.6 35.1 34.0 36.1 34.2 Preanal length 59.9 59.5 60.6 60.1 59.4 Prepelvic length 34.7 34.2 33.5 34.3 34.0 Dorsal-fin base 58.6 54.6 55.2 57.3 54.8 Second dorsal spine 7.6 8.5 8.1 9.4 9.0 Third dorsal spine 11.2 10.3 10.5 12.3 11.4 Longest dorsal ray 18.4 17.7 18.6 20.7 20.5 Anal-fin base 25.2 25.8 24.7 26.0 24.9 Second anal spine 7.0 8.4 7.9 7.7 8.2 Third anal spine 8.8 11.2 10.3 10.6 11.0 Longest anal ray 16.3 16.2 16.4 17.0 17.1 Caudal-fin length broken 35.6 broken 32.2 broken Caudal concavity – 11.2 – 9.9 – Pectoral-fin length 22.6 21.3 21.6 22.3 21.9 Pelvic-spine length 13.9 14.3 14.4 15.4 14.9 Pelvic-fin length 22.7 22.5 22.9 22.7 23.6 at the following institutions: Australian Museum, length the horizontal distance between verticals at Sydney (AMS), Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Hon - the rear base of the anal fin and the caudal-fin base; olulu (BPBM), Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, lengths of spines and rays are measured to their Cibinong, Indonesia (MZB); National Museum of extreme base; caudal- and pectoral-fin lengths are Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM); and the length of the longest ray; caudal concavity is the Western Australian Museum, Perth (WAM). the horizontal distance between verticals at the tips Lengths of specimens are given as standard length of the longest and shortest caudal rays; pelvic-fin (SL), measured from the median anterior point of length is measured from the base of the pelvic spine the upper lip to the base of the caudal fin (poste - to the tip of the longest pelvic soft ray. Gill-raker rior end of the hypural plate); body depth is mea - counts include rudiments. Morphometric data pre - sured vertically from the origin of the pelvic fins, sented in Table II are given as percentages of the and body width at the base of the pectoral fins; standard length. Proportional measurements in the head length (HL) is taken from the front of the text are rounded to the nearest 0.05. upper lip to the posterior end of the opercular We analyzed the DNA from fin clips of 30 speci - membrane, and snout length from the same ante - mens of the presumed new species of Pictichromis rior point to the nearest fleshy edge of the orbit; and 28 of P. paccagnellae from Sulawesi provided by orbit diameter is the greatest fleshy diameter, and K. Hyltoff. For genetic comparison, we also had one interorbital width the least bony width; upper-jaw specimen of P. coralensis and eight of Pseudochromis length is taken from the front of the upper lip to olivaceus , the type species of the largest genus of the the posterior end of the maxilla; caudal-peduncle family. DNA was extracted from all specimens by depth is the least depth, and caudal-peduncle heating 1 mm of a fin clip in 50 mM NaOH at 95°C

171 aqua vol. 15 no. 4 - 15 October 2009 Pictichromis dinar , a new dottyback (Perciformes: Pseudochromidae) from Indonesia for 20 min . and neutralizing the solution with 10 L stranded DNA fragments were removed from the of 1M Tris, following the protocol devised by Meeker PCR product using a 1:1 exonuclease: shrimp alka - et al. (2007). A 628 base pair region of the mito - line phosphatase mix (USB Corp., Cleveland OH ). chondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (also known Sequencing was performed on an ABI 3730XL as the DNA barcoding gene) was amplified using DNA Analyzer by the University of Hawaii Facility. primer sequences described in Ward et al. (2005): DNA sequences were edited using Sequencher ver - FishF2 5’TCGACTAATCATAAAGATATCG - sion 4.52b (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, GCAC and FishR2 5’ACTTCAGGGTGACC - MI.) and are available in Genbank (accession num - GAAGAATCAGAA. Polymerase chain reactions bers FJ851310–FJ851331). Application of the soft - (0.26 M each primer, 2 mM dNTPs, 3 mM MgCl 2, ware Modeltest 3.7 (Posada & Crandall 1998) and 0.5 units of polymerase, and 30-80ng extracted the Akaike Information Criterion indicated that the DNA) were performed as follows: an initial denatu - Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model best fit the data with ration step at 94 °C for four minutes, followed by 35 a gamma distribution of 0.1753. Pairwise sequence cycles of 94 °C, 60 s; 50 °C, 30 s; 72 °C 45 s and a divergences were calculated in PAUP version 4.0b10 final extension at 72°C for 10 minutes. Single- (Swofford 2002). Haplotypic and nucleotide diversi -

Fig. 1 . Pictichromis paccagnellae , Sulawesi . Underwater photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 2. Pictichromis paccagnellae , Papua New Guinea . Fig. 3 . Pictichromis coralensis , Lizard Island, Great Barrier Underwater photo by J. E. Randall. Reef. Underwater photo by J. E. Randall. aqua vol. 15 no. 4 - 15 October 2009 172 John E. Randall and Jennifer K. Schultz ties were calculated in Arlequin version 3.1 (Excoffier (40 or 41); anterior lateral-line scales 22 (23-26); et al. 2005). Phylogenetic trees were constructed in posterior lateral-line scales 6 (4-7); scales above lat - PAUP using maximum likelihood methods. Confi - eral line to origin of 2; scales below lateral dence in tree topology was evaluated by boot- line to origin of anal fin 10; circumpeduncular scales strapping over 1000 replicates (Felsenstein 1985). 16; gill rakers 6 + 14 (5 or 6 + 14 or 15); pseudo - branchial filaments 11 (10 or 11); branchiostegal rays 6; vertebrae 10 + 16; supraneural bones 3; first Pictichromis dinar n. sp. dorsal spine very small, adjacent to second dorsal (Figs 4-5; Table II) spine, and without an obvious pterygiophore; ptery - giophore of second dorsal spine in space between Holotype: BPBM 40976, male, 42.0 mm SL, second and third neural spines; third dorsal spine in Indonesia, Sulawesi, Gulf of Tomini, western side space between third and fourth neural spines. off Parigi (0.495°S 120.10°E), drop-off 350 m Body moderately elongate, the depth 3.45 (3.4- from shore, 18-25 m, four Indonesian divers for 3.5) in SL, and compressed, the width 2.0 (1.9- CV. Dinar, hand nets, March 2008. 2.2) in SL; head length 3.2 (3.15-3.25) in SL; Paratypes: AMS I.44801-001, 35.7 mm; MZB snout length 4.15 (3.9-4.1) in HL; orbit diameter 17173, 38.2 mm; USNM 395097, 40.8 mm; and 3.3 (2.95-3.3) in HL; pupil of eye narrowly egg- WAM P.33078-001, 40.3 mm, all with same data shaped; interorbital space moderately convex, the as holotype. least width 6.15 (5.9-6.2) in HL; caudal-peduncle Diagnosis: Dorsal rays III,22; anal rays III,12; depth 2.05 (2.0-2.05) in HL; caudal-peduncle pectoral rays 17; gill rakers 19 or 20 (usually 20); length 1.9 (1.85-2.0) in HL. body depth 3.4-3.5 in SL; caudal fin emarginate, Mouth terminal or with lower jaw slightly pro - the third and thirteenth branched rays prolonged truding, and oblique, forming an angle of about as filaments; color in life purple anteriorly to a 30° to horizontal axis of head and body; mouth curving demarcation from base of third to fourth moderately large, the maxilla reaching posterior to dorsal soft rays to origin of anal fin, abruptly bright a vertical at anterior edge of orbit, the upper-jaw yellow posteriorly; fin rays colored the same as length 2.65 (2.5-2.65) in HL; two pairs of well- adjacent parts of body, more heavily pigmented on separated, recurved canine teeth anteriorly in jaws, the rays than membranes. the lateral pair largest; canines of lower jaw fitting Description: Dorsal rays III,22; anal rays III,12; all medially to those of upper jaw when mouth closed; dorsal and anal rays branched, the last to base; pec - a band of villiform teeth anteriorly in jaws lingual toral rays 17, the upper two and lowermost to canines, in about 5 irregular rows anteriorly, unbranched; principal caudal rays 17, the middle 15 narrowing to 1 or 2 rows just posterior to lateral branched (middle 16 branched in largest paratype); canines; side of jaws with about 18 slightly upper and lower procurrent caudal rays 7, the pos - incurved, close-set conical teeth; a double row of terior two segmented; longitudinal scale series 40 small conical teeth in a chevron-shape on vomer,

Fig. 4. Holotype of Pictichromis dinar, BPBM 40976, 42.0 mm, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Gulf of Tomini . Aquarium photo by Scott W. Michael.

173 aqua vol. 15 no. 4 - 15 October 2009 Pictichromis dinar , a new dottyback (Perciformes: Pseudochromidae) from Indonesia

Origin of dorsal fin over fourth lateral-line scale, the predorsal length 2.9 (2.8-2.95) in SL; first dor - sal spine very short, about one-third length of sec - ond dorsal spine; second dorsal spine 3.5 (3.6-3.9) in HL; third dorsal spine 2.85 (2.75-3.2) in HL; nineteenth dorsal soft ray longest, 1.55 (1.5-1.65) in HL; origin of anal fin below tenth dorsal soft ray, the preanal length 1.7 (1.65-1.7) in SL; first anal spine very short, about one-third length of second anal spine; second anal spine 3.85 (3.65- Fig. 5. Pictichromis dinar, Gulf of Tomini, caudal fin dam - 4.4) in HL; eighth or ninth anal soft rays longest aged; specimen not retained. Tank photo by Arie De Jong. 1.85 (1.85-1.95) in HL; caudal fin slightly emar - ginate centrally, the third and thirteenth branched closely followed by a double row of similar teeth on rays produced to a filament, with elongate sup - palatines; tongue triangular with rounded tip, set porting adjacent rays; total caudal-fin length 3.0 far back in mouth; upper lip continuous medially, (2.8-3.2) in SL; caudal concavity 3.0 (2.75-3.2) in slightly narrower posterior to canines, then broad - HL; middle pectoral rays longest, 1.45 (1.4-1.45) ening posteriorly; upper lip discontinuous medial in HL; origin of pelvic fins below middle of pec - to anterior canines, broadest at posterior canines, toral-fin base, the prepelvic length 2.95 (2.9-3.0) then progressively narrower posteriorly; gill rakers in SL; pelvic-spine length 2.1 (2.05-2.2) in HL; with a double row of spicules along posterior edge; pelvic fins just reaching anus, the first soft ray longest gill raker at angle, about three-fifths length longest, 1.35 (1.35-1.4) in HL. of longest gill filament. Color of holotype in alcohol: Head Posterior nostril at bony edge of orbit anterior to and anterior body pale purplish gray, the centers of level of upper edge of pupil, the aperture vertically scales paler than edges, to a curving demarcation elliptical with a slight rim; anterior nostril a small from base of third dorsal soft ray to origin of anal short tube with a dorsoposterior flap, about half fin; body posterior to demarcation pale yellowish; distance ventroanteriorly from posterior nostril to cheek, interorbital, and snout a little darker than groove at edge of upper lip; a series of 18 sensory remainder of head; fin rays pale yellow, the mem - pores around orbit, the first before anterior nostril, branes translucent pale yellowish. the large second pore above posterior nostril, and Color of holotype in life as in Fig. 4. the last pore below posterior nostril; a series of 10 DNA Analysis: Of 30 specimens of Pictichromis preopercular-mandibular pores from upper edge of preopercle to front of chin. Scales ctenoid on body, becoming cycloid above lateral line anterior to base of third dorsal soft ray; scales cycloid ventrally on abdomen, chest, prepec - toral area, and head; scales dorsally on head extending anteriorly to a vertical at front edge of orbit; scales present on opercle, subopercle, and preopercle, the larger scales on preopercle in four diagonal rows; no scales on snout or ventrally on head; no scales on dorsal and anal fins; small scales on caudal fin extending about half distance to cen - troposterior margin of fin; no scales on paired fins; a midventral scaly process of 3 scales about one- third length of pelvic spine; lateral line ascending steeply from upper end of gill opening to below base of second dorsal soft ray, then following con - tour of back to below thirteenth dorsal soft ray (in Fig. 6. Maximum likelihood tree (HKY + G) of COI holotype); peduncular portion of lateral line mid - sequence data; bootstrap support of 1000 replicates shown lateral, with one pored scale on base of caudal fin. on branches; number of specimens in parentheses. aqua vol. 15 no. 4 - 15 October 2009 174 John E. Randall and Jennifer K. Schultz dinar , 24 shared the same haplotype at 628 base reports an average of 0.39% divergence within pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I species and 9.9% divergence within genera (Ward gene. The other six specimens exhibited unique et al. 2005). We find 0.31% divergence within haplotypes (each different from the others at a sin - P. dinar specimens and 6.1% divergence between gle transition substitution). Haplotype diversity (h P. dinar and P. paccagnellae , consistent with species- = 0.3655) and nucleotide diversity ( π = 0.000736 ) level designation. reflect low levels of intraspecific sequence diver - Etymology: We name this species Pictichromis gence (d = 0.0031). Interspecific sequence diver - dinar for CV. Dinar, an exporting company of live gence between P. dinar and P. paccagnellae is at least fishes, corals, and other marine life from Indonesia, an order of magnitude larger (d = 0.061), and no in appreciation for the specimens provided. The haplotype is shared by both species. There are a name was requested by Kenn Hyltoft of that com - total of 33 diagnostic differences (26 transitions pany, who was the first to discover the new species. and 7 transversions) between the two species. Remarks : Pictichromis dinar differs in color from Genetic distances between P. dinar and the out - the very similar P. paccagellae and P. coralensis in the groups, P. coralensis and Pseudochromis olivaceus, are demarcation of the purple and yellow being more high (d = 0.13 and d = 0.22) respectively. Phylo - anterior and more oblique, in general. genetic analyses converged on a single-tree topol - The type locality was not precisely given because ogy (Fig. 6) with high bootstrap values (80-100%) of the potential value of this species in the marine reflecting the reproductive isolation between P. aquarium fish trade. A map was provided by Hyltoft dinar and other species. of the southern three-fourths of the western part of Reciprocal monophyly and high sequence diver - the Gulf of Tomini (Fig. 7) to show the location of gence suggest genetic isolation of P. dinar . A survey the nearest town, Parigi. Note that the latitudinal of COI sequence divergence in 200 fish species line at the top of the figure is the equator.

Fig. 7. Map of southern three-fourths of the Gulf of Tomini (Teluk Tomini), Sulawesi to show location of Parigi (W side of Gulf at nearly 5°S), the nearest town to the type locality of Pictichomis dinar .

175 aqua vol. 15 no. 4 - 15 October 2009 Pictichromis dinar , a new dottyback (Perciformes: Pseudochromidae) from Indonesia

We expect Pictichromis dinar to be collected from Reef, One Tree Island. AMS I.22580-004, 4: 33.5- other localities in Indonesia than the Gulf of 43 mm, Great Barrier Reef, Escape Reef, 37 m; AMS Tomini. Because of its deeper reef habitat and the I.22613-008, 2: 35.5-38 mm, Escape Reef, 27 m; prevalence of the similar P. paccagnellae on shallow AMS I.22620-010, 3: 31-47 mm, Escape Reef, 38- reefs, it is probably not often caught by aquarium 40 m; AMS I.22640-003, 39.5 mm, Escape Reef. fish collectors. If collected, it is not apt to be dif - ferentiated from P. paccagnellae . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The drop-off at the type locality commences at We thank foremost Kenn Hyltoft of CV. Dinar for 8 m. The substratum leading to the drop off con - providing specimens of Pictichromis dinar , as well as sists of coral rubble, a typical habitat for species of tissue samples of it and P. paccagnellae . Special thanks Cirrhilabrus . Two small angelfishes sought by the are due Scott W. Michael and Arie DeJong for pro - collectors at the drop off are Centropyge bicolor and viding specimens and aquarium photographs of P. Paracentropyge multifaciata . dinar , and Fenton Walsh and Sergey Bogorodsky for We asked that the loans of Pictichromis paccagnel - tissue samples. We are also grateful to Mark lae requested from other museums include speci - McGrouther of the Australian Museum, Shirleen mens from the deepest localities. Although nine of Smith of the National Museum of Natural History, the collections ranged to depths greater than 30 m, and Sue Morrison of the Western Australian no specimens of P. dinar were found. Museum for the loan of specimens. This is contribu - One specimen collected in 50 m by the first tion #1364 from the Hawaii Institute of Marine author from Mermaid Reef, Rowley Shoals, West - Biology and #7813 from the School of Ocean and ern Australia (BPBM 32014, 37.5 mm SL) was Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii. believed to be P. dinar from what could be seen of the color pattern and the shape of its caudal fin. REFERENCES However, the gill-raker count of 23 precludes its ALLEN , G. A., G ILL , A. C. & E RDMANN , M. V. 2008. identification as P. dinar (see Table I). It may rep - A new species of Pictichromis (Pisces: Pseudochromidae) resent another undescribed species of the P. from western New Guinea with a redescription of paccagnellae complex. P. aurifrons . aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology 13 Bermingham et al. (1997) estimate average COI (3-4): 145-154. sequence divergence rates for reef fish at ca BERMINGHAM , E., M CCAFFERTY , S. S. & M ARTIN , A. 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