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Comparative Studies on Quantity and Quality of Pests' Incursion

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Comparative Studies on Quantity and Quality of Pests' Incursion Research Article Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J Volume 24 Issue 4 - June 2020 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Khalid Zamir Rasib DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2020.24.556276 Comparative Studies on Quantity and Quality of Pests’ Incursion Sugarcane grown at Rahim Yar Khan Pakistan Khalid Zamir Rasib*, Sundaisa Abru and Arif Malik University of Lahore, Institute of molecular, Biotechnology and biology, Pakistan Submission: June 10, 2020; Published: June 22, 2020 *Corresponding author: Khalid Zamir Rasib, University of Lahore, Institute of molecular, Biotechnology and biology, Pakistan Abstract Sugarcane is a vital crop worldwide well-known for many nutritious and economic uses. This study was designed to evaluate the association between sugar cane plantation and pest infestation to crop in relation to abiotic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) in tehsil Khan Pur district Rahim Yar khan from April 1 to July 30, 2019.These abiotic parameters whether have any impact on population density or not was checked. Generally cane varieties grown the Rahim yar khan are, In Pakistan, sugarcane was cultivated on 1313 thousand hectares area in 2017-18. During the last few years the average area under cultivation has increased while the average production of sugarcane falls between the ranges of 45-50 tons/hectare. Insect and pests had been reported playing havoc and main role in reducing the yield of sugarcane. The most serious insect pests limiting sugarcane production are sugarcane borers, stem borers, guard spur borer and Pyrilla. These insects pests potentially caused reduction in the sugarcane production from 15-20, 10-20 and 30-35 percent respectively. In past, chemical control of the pest was in regular practice and it was recommended for tackling these pests. However, Integrated Pest Management technique and biological control has been developed in which the hazards of chemicals is either avoided or reduced to a minimum. Entomology laboratory, which prepares borer Scirpophaga nivella (Crambidae), shoot borer and stalk borer are found pre-dominantly in sub-tropical areas whereas internodes borer andTrichogramma early shoot chilonis borer are and prevalent Chrysoperla in tropical cards bearing region. theLepidopteran eggs of these stalk insects borers provided are the mainto farmers pests tothat use severely them in damage their sugarcane sugarcane fields. in many Top sugarcane producing countries. The losses in sugarcane from insect attack affect both yield and sugar recovery. After hatching of the eggs of these useful insects larvae and adults feed on eggs of harmful borers as biological control. Many insect pests damage the crop throughout the season from germination to harvest. The losses in sugarcane from insect attack affect both yield and sugar recovery. These results indicate that sugar cane production/yield is directly or indirectly related to pest fluctuation at the study site. The role of different abiotic parameters are also core issuesKeywords: leading Insects; to pest Pests; dynamics. Sugarcane; Regression Stalk boreranalysis and revealed insect population; significant Pyrilla(P<0.05) perpusilla; differences Abiotic as a resultfactors of pest infestation on sugarcane crop. Introduction 5].The sugarcane crop possesses an incredible potential for the International travel, world trade and change in meteorological production of a wide range of carbon-chain molecules, higher conditions increase the perils from pest and disease incursions proportion of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses than any other and outbreaks in many agricultural systems. Pakistan is situated C4 crops, such as sorghum and maize [6].Today multi-usage crop in a subtropical arid zone and is located between latitudes of 240 helping a variety of segments like food and pharmaceuticals to and 370 No and longitudes of 610 to 750 oE [1]. The country’s energy production. Recent advances in industrial biotechnology economy remains heavily dependent on agriculture not only for are providing new opportunities to capture additional revenue food supply but also as a source of raw material for agro-industries streams from bioproducts (e.g. bioplastics) using sugarcane stalks and as a source of employment. Lepidopteran stalk borers are and residues (‘bagasse’) as energy feedstock [7]. Sugarcane is the chief pests that strictly damage sugarcane in main sugarcane an important industrial and cash crop in Pakistan and in many producing countries. Larvae bore either into the shoots or stalks countries of the world. Sugarcane is grown in many countries of sugarcane, harshly reducing both yield and sugar content [2- Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J 24(3): ARTOAJ.MS.ID.556276 (2020) 00104 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal worldwide and is known to host more than 1500 insects and of appropriate selection of seed rate and spacing contribute low 80 diseases, but the vast majority have restricted geographic distributions. However, the compliance of some pests and their of sugarcane crop comprising of common weeds are Euphorbia output in the field. Others factors contributing the low production reduction in yield. The most serious insect pests are sugarcane Average production of sugar cane in Pakistan is 450 - 500 top borer, stem borer, Gurdaspur borer, and army worm, white infiltration into sugarcane areas can be amazing and very costly. maunds per acre which is very much low compared to the cane ant (feeding inside the cane and causes less germination). Pyrilla production by other countries. The factors effecting its production (Pyrilla are agronomic factors comprising of preparatory tillage, bed mealy bug and black bugs are also causing damage causing yield is the most destructive foliage sucking pest); whitefly, preparation, planting techniques and time, water availability for reduction from 10-35% according the pest attack and in some irrigation, application of fertilizers, management of ratoon crop, cases it may range from 80-85 percent subsequently leading harvesting time, type of cultivars and plant protection measures to yield reduction as a result of heavy pest attack. Normally meaningfully affect its production followed by cost of production. harvesting practice is completed upon crop maturity followed by Products like sugar, Panela (Jaggery, gur), alcohol, ethanol, bagasse, early harvesting of ratoon crops. Consequently, harvested cane paper making and chip board manufacturer and soil fertility as should be immediately heaved to the mill to reduce weight and enriched source of organic matter after cane is crushed. Pakistan sucrose losses. In Pakistan the reason for the low production of sugarcane conquers a significant position in cane producing countries of the is aptly related to poor soil fertility, low seed rate, seed quality and almost 15th position in sugar production. Around more world and ranked fifth position in cane acreage and production is poor, conventional sowing methods are obsolete and shabby than 1500 species of insects feed on sugarcane plant recorded agro management. [14] and [15] laid stress on low cane throughout the world [8]. Sugarcane is specially grown in tropical intrinsically and acclimatization play a major role. [16] adopted and sub-tropical regions of the world in a range of climates from better techniques and high yield different breeding techniques hot dry environment near sea level to cool and moist environment of sugarcane production are improved. Of the various reasons, at higher elevations irrigated with moderate temperature frost free zone between 26° N latitude to 30°N latitude, Irrigated arid sugarcane production. For instance, borers, growth and sucrose sub-tropical zone between 240° N latitude to 260° N latitude, attack of insects and pests has significant contribution in limiting Temperate zone of northern Punjab and K.P.K. between 32° N practically as a source of injury thus feeding on internal tissues latitude to34° N latitude. A comprehensive list of about 800 records level and amplification of the fiber level and Similarly, Stem bores a probable root cause of low production and overall yield [17]. of parasitoids, predators and pathogens of the 24 key moth borers In Pakistan a massive loss of sugarcane production pertinent to in Asia and the Indian Ocean islands was complied, with enormous insect’s pest’s outbreak has been reported by [18]. Early shoot information on the host stage they attack, host plant or crop and borer or shoot borer, Chilo infuscutellus (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) country of record [9]. A report documented 48 species from Indo- is a wide spread pest in all sugarcane growing areas of the country Pakistan subcontinent feed on crop [10]. Many important insect’s and Indian Punjab, UP with its peak activity during May June [19]. pests have been stated even from Pakistan [11] and province of According to [20] sugarcane production India has faced annually loss of about Rs 8.6 million due to the pest insects and [21] stated devastators reduce the quality and quantity of cane and cane Sindh [12]. Amongst them, borers and leafhoppers are major that average production of sugarcane around the world is about sugar. Biological control for sugarcane crop is extensively being 170 million tons and Brazil is the leading producer of sugarcane used in different parts of the world like South America, Brazil, the with 33 million tons of production. According to the global ranking tachinid larval parasitoids, Metagonistylum minense (Tns.) and Paratheresia claripalpis (Wulp.) and the braconid Cotesia flavipes of the total sugarcane production followed by is India with 19% (Cameron) have been in practice since long. Subsequently 1988, in terms of sugarcane production, Brazil stands first with 39% cultivation while Pakistan, China and Thailand each contribute 7% parasitoid releases reduced infestation level from 10% to an in terms of sugarcane production [22].The sugarcane is effected average and in 1994 about 3% [13]. Sugarcane can be grown on by harmful pests. Proper protection of cane from the harmful a variety of soil conditions with a greater success like clay loams and heavy alluvial soils are amongst the best, with top soil surface designed during the year.
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