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In Diatraea Saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Pupae at Differe Reproduction of Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Pupae at Different Temperatures Author(s): Kellen Favero, Fabricio Fagundes Pereira, Jorge Braz Torres, Harley Nonato De Oliveira, Samir Oliveira Kassab and José Cola Zanuncio Source: Florida Entomologist, 98(3):865-869. Published By: Florida Entomological Society https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0308 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1653/024.098.0308 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Reproduction of Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) pupae at different temperatures Kellen Favero1, Fabricio Fagundes Pereira1, Jorge Braz Torres2, Harley Nonato De Oliveira3, Samir Oliveira Kassab1*, and José Cola Zanuncio4 Abstract Temperature is a major abiotic factor affecting insects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development Tetrastichusof howardi (Olliff) (Hyme- noptera: Eulophidae) on Diatraea saccharalis F., sensu Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) pupae at 6 constant temperatures (16, 19, 22, 25, 28, and 31 °C). This parasitoid developed at all temperatures with the shortest development time and lowest survival at 31 °C.Tetrastichus howardifemales oviposited immediately after making contact with the host pupae. Parasitoids that were kept at 25 °C had the greatest fecundity, and those kept at 16 ° C had the greatest longevity. The greatest net reproductive rate (R0) occurred at 25 °C, and the intrinsic rates of increase (rm) at 25, 28, and 31 °C were similar but significantly greater than at the lower temperatures. The generation time (T) of T. howardi was significantly the longest at 16 °C, which resulted in the slowest development and greatest female longevity. The fecundity of Tetrastichus howardiwas greater in the 19 to 28 °C temperature range than at 16 °C and at 31 °C. These results are important for the multiplication ofT. howardi in the laboratory, and for understanding its potential for the biological control of D. saccharalis. Key Words: biological control; mass rearing; parasitism; sugarcane borer Resumo A temperatura é o principal fator abiótico que afeta insetos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o desenvolvimento de Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae ) em pupas de Diatraea saccharalis F., sensu Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) em seis temperaturas constantes (16, 19, 22, 25, 28 e 31 °C) . Esse parasitóide se desenvolve em todas as temperaturas, com menor período de desenvolvimento e menor sobrevivência à 31 °C. Fêmeas de T. howardi podem ovipositar imediatamente após o contato com o hospedeiro, com maior fecundidade a 25 °C e sobrevivência a 16 °C. As tabelas de vida e de fertilidade mostraram uma taxa líquida de reprodução superior (R0) a 25 °C e taxa intrínseca semelhante de aumento (rm) com as temperaturas de 25, 28 e 31 °C. A duração de uma geração (T) de T. howardi foi maior a 16 °C, o que resultou no desenvolvimento mais lento e maior longevidade das fêmeas, nesta temperatura. Tetrastichus howardi tem maior desempenho, maior fecundidade e longevidade entre 19 a 28 °C. Estes resultados são importantes para a multiplicação deT. howardi em laboratório e para entender o seu potencial para o controle biológico de D. saccharalis. Palavras Chave: controle biológico; criação massal; parasitismo; broca da cana-de-açúcar Temperature is the main limiting factor affecting growth and surviv- a population under certain environmental conditions, such as weather al of insects (Yu et al. 2013). Temperature affects development (Mawela and nutritional resources (Golizadeh et al. 2009). et al. 2013), longevity (Rodrigues et al. 2013), fertility (Golizadeh et al. The intrinsic rate of the natural increase (rm), one of the main re- 2009), host location (Hance et al. 2007), and oviposition (Duale 2005) sults of life table analysis, indicates the possible success of a natural of parasitoids. The influence of temperature on the development and enemy (Coats 1976). A biological control agent is effective when its reproduction of insects is important in understanding parasitoid popu- intrinsic rate of increase (rm) is similar to that of the pest (Hondo et al. lation dynamics (Golizadeh et al. 2009), efficiency in biological control 2006). By determining the relationship ofr m to temperature, it is possi- programs (Roy et al. 2002), mass rearing (Yu et al. 2013), and the use of ble to identify the most favorable temperature for population growth, natural enemies in integrated pest management (Malekmohammadi based on effects on the development, reproduction, and survival of et al. 2012). insects (Castillo et al. 2006). The relationship between temperature and population growth of The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis F., sensu Guenée (Lepi- insects has been described using several methods (Yu et al. 2013). Life doptera: Crambidae) is a major pest of sugarcane and of maize and tables provide a complete description of the biological parameters of sorghum (Cruz et al. 2011). The development of its larvae inside the 1Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil 2Depto de Agronomia/Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 3Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, Caixa Postal 449, CEP 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil 4Depto de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] 2015 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 98, No. 3 865 866 2015 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 98, No. 3 plant stems hinders chemical control (Vacari et al. 2012) and provides pure honey droplets inside the glass tube. Rearing was conducted in a a strong rationale for the development of biological control as an alter- room maintained at 25 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 10% RH, and a 12:12 h L:D photo- native to control this pest (Rodrigues et al. 2013). period (Vargas et al. 2011). The larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) can provide efficient control of D. saccharalis (Silva et al. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 2012). This parasitoid has the ability to find its hosts within the sugar- cane stem and to adapt to the various geographic areas where this crop Development and Reproduction of T. howardi at Various is produced (Vacari et al. 2012). Temperatures Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) can para- sitize lepidopteran pests (Baitha et al. 2004; La Salle & Polaszek 2007; The fecundity and longevity of T. howardi were determined at 6 Prasad et al. 2007; Silva-Torres et al. 2010), including D. saccharalis in constant temperatures (16, 19, 22, 25, 28, and 31 °C). Thirty 24-h-old sugarcane (Vargas et al. 2011) and maize (Cruz et al. 2011). Further- T. howardi females were isolated in glass tubes and fed with honey more, T. howardi was recorded from larvae and pupae of D. saccharalis droplets at each temperature. One 24-h-old D. saccharalis pupa was (Vargas et al. 2011), and it can locate and parasitize this borer inside offered daily to each parasitoid female until her death. Parasitized pu- the galleries formed within sugarcane stems (Kfir et al. 1993). This pae were held in glass tubes at the same temperature until emergence shows that T. howardi could be included in the biological control of D. of offspring. saccharalis as a supplement to the parasitism by C. flavipes. The percent parasitism of the D. saccharalis pupae was recorded. A biological control program with parasitoids depends on knowl- The duration of the life cycle (egg to adult), sex ratio (number of fe- edge of their biological characteristics under different temperature males / number of adults), pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, fe- conditions (Rodrigues et al. 2013). Thus, the aim of this study was to cundity, and longevity of T. howardi females were recorded. Parasitoids evaluate the fertility life table parameters of T. howardi parasitizing D. were sexed based on morphological characters (La Salle & Polaszek saccharalis pupae at different constant temperatures. 2007). The natural mortality rate of D. saccharalis pupae at each of the temperatures was recorded in order to correct the mortality caused by the parasitoid by the formula of Abbott (1925). For this purpose, 20 Materials and Methods non-parasitized D. saccharalis pupae were isolated in glass tubes per temperature, and the numbers of D. saccharalis adults that emerged The experiments were performed at the Laboratory of Entomol- were determined. ogy and Biological Control of the “Empresa Brasileira de
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