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A COMP.Allative STUDY of the DIMATURE STAGIS of Thill

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A COMP.AllATIVE STUDY OF THE DIMATURE STAGIS OF THill SPICDS C1l THB Diatraea COMPLBX By SBSS D. BENSLEY Bachelor of SciaD.c.­ O~lahoma State university Stillwater, OklahOma 1953 Master of Science Oklahoma State University 1955 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma State Univ~aity in p.rtial fulfi~~t of the requirements for the degree of. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 1960 DID Sl'ICIIB 01 !BI Wake• COJIPLil !helil A4Y1Mr ~ te,/.4,L.- 0~ . IL,.d11141 4./3-,,., '~ PUll'ACE Entomologists have lona been intrigued by the apparent similarity of the larvae of piatraea and Zeadiatraea. The three species of these genera that are of economic importance in the United States are the sugar cane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Pabr.), the southern corn stalk bore~, Diatraea crambidoides {Grote) and the southwest~rn corn borer, Zeadiatraea arandiosella (Dyar). The taxonomy of adults 1 seasonal history and bioloaical and cha.ical control of these species have been investigated rather thorouahly since 1911. However~ very little work on larval stases bas been accomplished. The purpose of the present study has been to develop techniques for rearing larvae and to deteraine the extent of the differences which occur in the aorpholoaiea1 life cycles and habita of the larvae of the · three species reared under the same conditions in the laboratory. Since reari~ the c :0 work was started during. the winter 1 when the• larvae of all three species are normally in diapause or quiescence, a method was developed to induce over-wintering larvae to pupate. The laboratory work has bean supplemented with observation and data obtained froa study of field populations of !· grandioaellaI . and !· aaccharalia. crat~tuc:le ia acknowledaed to Drs. D. 1. Howell, J. S. Brooks, D. !. ·Bryan, .J. B.. Harlan and B.. R. Walton of Oklahoma State Unlve:raity for their helpful suggestions during thle course of the work and in the pre• paration of the .anuacript. !special thaks are extended to Mr. K. D. Arbuthnot who reviewed the aaanuscript in its aore advanced;stages and iii generously offered advice and critici~ Thaaks are also due fellow graduate stude'nta J. R. Gifford and Adair Stoner tor their assistance in the field and laboratory. Special mention should be made of the courtesy extended by Mr. J. w. Ingram and Mr. K. D. Arbuthnot of the Cereal and Forage Insects Section~ Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department ot Agriculture and by Dr. v. M. Kirk, Department of Entomology 1 Clemson Agricultural College, tor supplying colonies of larvae. The author is also indebted to Drs. L. D. Newsom and W. H. LoDg, Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, for advice and criticism ot that portion ot the study related to J2• aaccMraUs. iv TABLE OF COftENTS Part Paae I. I.HTRODUCTION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................. 3 History of Diatraea and Ze•diatraea •••••••••••••••••••••• 3 Biology and control of~· saccharalis, ~· crambidoidal and!· arandioaella ••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 III. METHODS AID MATERIALS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 Methodl for •1ntaining colonies of a10ths in, the laboratory ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 Laboratory techniques for rearipa larvae of ~· saccbaralis, ~- crambidoidel and!· arandiosella ••••••• 9 Technique for obtainina larae numbers of !· srandiosella egs .• • • • • • • • • • • •.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 Taxonoaic methods ••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••• -. • • • • • 11 Techniques for studying diapause in over-wintering larvae ......... , ••••••••• , ••••.•••.••••••• , ••• ~., , , ••• , • • • 12 IV. RESULTS •• ,................................................. 17 Comparison of the eaas of !· grandiosella, D. crambidoides and D. saccharalis ••••••••••••••••••••••• 17 Comparison of the larval life cycles of the three species •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•••• 34 Diapause in larvae of the Diatraea complex ••••••••••••••• 42 Attempts to induce larvae to enter diapause· • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55 V. DISCUSSION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·••••••••• 57 Differences aaona ~ture forms of the three species • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5,7 Di•pause in larvae of the three species •••••.•••••••••• ·•• • '60 . ~ . VI. SU)IJA!tY ••• • ••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••• •.!' •............ 74 VII. LITERATURE CITED••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 76 v LIST OF TABLES. Table Page 1. Huaidities obtained fromI saturated aalt s9lutiona at three teaparatures (abridaed, Peterson 1955; Lange ·1955; Stokes and!Robinson 1949; carr and Harris 1949), ·stillwater, Oklahoma, 1956. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 II. Kumber of egs per mass deposited by laboratory ~aged females of three species of the Diatraea complex, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 19.56. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 III. Size in millimeters qf eggs deposited in the laboratory by caged females of three species of the Diatraea complex, Stillwater, Ok~ahollll, 1956. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 IV. Duration of larval ina tars of three species of the Diatraea complex reared on corn at a taaperature of 27 degrees c.,·Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1956. •••••••••• ·37 ~. Width in millimeters of head capsules of various larval instars of three species of the Diatraea compl.ex reared on co;n at a temperatura of 27 ·degrees c., Stillwater, Okl.homa, 1956. ••••••••••••···· 38 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Bass of zeadiatraea arandiosella (Dyar) at post­ oviposition intervals of (A) one day, (B) two days, (C) three days, (D) four days. Magnification: 20X •••••••• 21 2. Eggs of Zeadiatraea arandiosella (Dyar) at post­ oviposition intervals of (E) five days, (F) six days, (G) six days (photographed with transmitted l~ght), (H) three days (infertile aass). Magnification: · B, F, and R lOX; G. 40X. • ••••• •••••••• ••••••• •••• ,, , ••••• 23 3. Eggs of Diatraea crambdoides (Grote) at post-oviposition intervals of (A) one.day, (B) ·two days, (C) three ~ys, (D) four days. ~ag~ification: 20X. ••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 4. Eggs of Diatraea crambidoidas (Grote) at post-oviposition intervals of (E) five days, (F) six days, (G) sev~n days, (H) seven days (hatched mass). Magnification lOX. ••••••••• 27 5. Eggs of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.) at post-oviposition intervals of (A) one day, (B) two days,·(c) three d'fs, (D) four days. Magnific~tion: 20X. ••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 6. Eggs of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr,) at post-ov.iposition interv~ls of (E) five days, (F) six days. Ma&nification: 20X. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • •.• • • • • 31 7. Ins,tars completed prior to pupation by larvae of t~ee species of the Diatraea complex reared on corn at a tempe~ature of 27 degrees c., Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1956 ••• 36 8. Accumulated mortality and pupation of zeadiatraea grandiosella (Dyar) larvae kept (A) without· and (B). ·with access to free water durin& the period Octobu 161 1954-April 14,·· 1955 ••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46 9. Accumulated mortality and pupation of Zeadiatraea grandios·ella (Dyar) larvae kept (A) without access to free water from Bovember 7 to May 21, (B) with access to free water from Bovember 7 to January 30, (C) with access to free water from December 19 to January 30, 1955-56, .Stillwater, Oklahoma. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 vii Figure Page 10. Accumulated mortality and pupation of Zeadiatraea grandiosella (Dyar) larvae at 12 degrees c•. and various relative humidities, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1956-57 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••• 50 11. Accumulated mortality and pupation of Zeadiatraea gran4iosella (Dy~) larvae at 22 degrees c. and various relative hU.idities, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1956-57. •••••·•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 51 12. Accumulated mortality and pupation of Zeadiatraea srandiosella (Dyar) larvae at 32 degrees c. and various relative humidities, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1956-57. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 52 13. Pupation of over-wintering larvae of three species of the Diatraea complex at 27 degrees c. Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1956. • • • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • . • • . • • • • • • • • 55 viii PMTI INTRODUCTION The Diatraea complex, which includes the genera Diatraea and Zeadiatraea, contsins &?proximately 45 species of moths indigenous to the Western hemisphere. The larvae ~f most species are borers of graminaceous or cyperaceous plants. The complex includes a large number of economically tmportant pests of cultivated grasses. The distribution of Diatraea and Zeadiatraea is primarily neo­ tropical, however six species,!· saccharalis (Fabr.), !• crambidoides (Grote), !• evanescens Dyar, B· lisetta (Dyar), B• venosalis (Dyar), and z. grandiosella (Dyar) are listed from nearctic regions. !· lisetta and !· venosalis have not been reported since their description (Dyar 1911). !· evaneseens is found on native grasses of the genus Paspalum in Louisiana but is not a pest of cultivated crops. The sugar cane borer, B• saccharalis, is well known as a pest of sugar cane and corn in the Gulf Coast Region of Louisiana and Texas and in the lower half of Florida. It is also a pest of rice in Louisiana and Texas, especially where that crop is grown in close proximity to large acreages of sugar cane or corn. The
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  • Malpighian Tubules in Larvae of Diatraea Saccharalis (Lepidoptera

    Malpighian Tubules in Larvae of Diatraea Saccharalis (Lepidoptera

    Advances in Entomology, 2014, 2, 202-210 Published Online October 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ae http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ae.2014.24029 Malpighian Tubules in Larvae of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera; Crambidae): A Morphological Comparison between Non-Parasitized and Parasitized by Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera; Braconidae) Gislei Maria Rigoni1, Helio Conte2 1Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil 2Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Brazil Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received 9 September 2014; revised 11 October 2014; accepted 20 October 2014 Copyright © 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract In Diatraea saccharalis larvae, the Malpighian tubules are found along the digestive tube, extend- ing from the middle mesenteric region to the end of the posterior intestine, where they come in contact with the rectum to form the cryptonephridium. Scanning and transmission electron mi- croscopy of non-parasitized and parasitized larvae by Cotesia flavipes have indicated that the tu- bules consist of secretory and reabsorption cells. In parasitized larvae, the occurrence of hemo- cytes and teratocytes around the tubules is indicative of their role in immunological defense; how- ever, they were not observed in non-parasitized larvae. At day 9 of parasitism, the mitochon- dria-containing vacuoles and myelin-like figures show signs of degeneration. The results of this study have confirmed that C. flavipes manipulates the physiology and biochemistry of D.
  • Natural Crop Protection

    Natural Crop Protection

    An information center within the network for AGRECOL sustainable agriculture in third world countries NATURAL CROP PROTECTION based on Local Farm Resources in the Tropics and Subtropics ILEIA P.O. Box 64 r.ahv <%tnll 3830AB LEUSDEN VJttUy kJlUII The Netherlands Tel. 033 - 494 30 86 Title page: Leaf and fruits of a Neem tree Drawing by Wolfgang Lang Last page: Twig of a Neem tree Photo by Gustav Espig Preparation of herbal insecticides Photo by HEKS, Zürich Idea and text: Gaby Stoll Illustrations and layout: Katrin Geigenmüller Translation: John Coates Printing and binding: F. & T. Müllerbader Filderstadt, Germany © Margraf Verlag, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1996 P.O. Box 105 97985 Weikersheim Germany The book is also available in French, German, Spanish and Thai. ISBN 3-8236-1113-5 C O N T E N T Foreword 5 Introduction 7 How to use this book 10 Principles of preventive crop protection 14 Pests in field and store 23 Rice 25 Maize 34 Legumes 44 Vegetables 50 Fruits 64 Storage 69 Methods of crop and storage protection 80 FIELD CULTIVATIONS Insecticidal plants 81 Mixtures 122 Animal substances 124 Ashes 127 Baits and traps 129 Other methods 138 STORAGE PROTECTION Principles of preventive storage protection 141 Insecticidal plants 146 Vegetable oils 163 Mineral substances and ashes 165 Other methods 167 References 168 Index 179 Current activities 185 Request for information 188 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I should like to express my grateful thanks to all those persons who made it possible to present this practical guide in its present form. Above all these are my colleagues Almut Hahn and Mathias Zimmermann, who were always ready to listen and talk things over, and who arranged the financial framework.
  • Integrated Pest Management in the Small Farmer's Maize Crop in Nicaragua

    Integrated Pest Management in the Small Farmer's Maize Crop in Nicaragua

    633.15:632.93:632.78(728.5) MEDEDELINGEN LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL WAGENINGEN • NEDERLAND »81-6(1981) INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN THE SMALL FARMER'S MAIZE CROP IN NICARAGUA A. VAN HUIS Department of Entomology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (received 4-IM981) H. VEENMAN & ZONEN B.V.-WAGENINGEN-l 981 CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS - £ 0000 0163 9653 Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 81-6 (1981) (Communications Agricultural University) is also published as a thesis CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Agriculture in Nicaragua 1 1.1.1. Agropolitics 1 1.1.2. Agricultural services 4 1.1.3. Foodgrain production 4 1.1.4. Small farmers and insecticides 8 1.1.5. Adaptive research 10 1.2. Integrated pest control project 12 1.2.1. History 12 1.2.2. Project activities 12 1.2.3. Research program 13 2. MAIZE AND THE ARTHROPOD PESTS 15 2.1. Themaizecrop 15 2.2. Arthropod pests 16 2.2.1. Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) 16 2.2.2. Diatraea lineolata (Wlk.) 18 2.2.3. Other maize pests 21 3. AGROECOLOGY OF MAIZE PESTS 23 3.1. Oviposition by D. lineolata and S.frugiperda on maize 23 3.1.1. Stage of plant development 23 3.1.1.1. Introduction .' 23 3.1.1.2. Material and methods (Exp. A I) 24 3.1.1.3. Results and discussion 25 3.1.2. Alternative host (sorghum), fertilizer and bean intercropping 35 3.1.2.1. Introduction 35 3.1.2.2. Material and methods (Exp. A II) 35 3.1.2.3.