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INST-D 2002. 123.Pdf • • •• c••• • ..~•• • •• Ministerio de Come~cio, Industria y Turismo ,.~,• artesanías de colombia s.a. ',...r,.... :.(.t•.) :. ~morias mesa de trabajo sobre" Normas '. Técnicas para Piedras Preciosas y Semipreciosas de Colombia" '.. , .e• Convenio MINERCOL Ltda.-OEI-ICONTEC ,..'-.'., ~,~,':,' ,.. Delegados por Artesanías de Colombia Lyda del Carmen Díaz- Coordinadora General Centro de Diseño ;:- Fernán Arias Uribe- Asesor Proyecto Nacional de Joyería! Empresario ~. Joyero ~+~. .• "-J •4!t • Bogotá D.C. 2.002 • ' •. • '. •., • •• • • • Tabla de Contenido •• • 1- Descripción de piedras preciosas y semipreciosas en Colombia • 2- Anteproyecto de Norma Técnica Colombiana y Glosario para el Anteproyecto ... ' • Notas aclaratorias: t' 1) estos documentos son las memorias registradas en los archivos de los miembros de la mesa de e' trabajo delegados por Artesanías de Colombia, los documentos finales reposan en ICONTEC como ( .• Entidad Contratista y coordinadora del proceso, en MINERCOL como Entidad financiadora y en ~(. OEI como Entidad ejecutora 2) La Mesa de trabajo estuvo constituida por delegados del Sector Oficial y Sector Privado, entre ellos: ICONTEC, MINERCOL, SENA, Artesanías de Colombia, Universidad Pedagógica y '.• Tecnológica de Colombia -UPTC - sede Sogamoso, Cámara de Representantes de la República de Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Organízaciones de mineros esmeralderos, • Organizaciones de mineros en general, Organizaciones de exportadores de esmeraldas, Empresarios • grandes, medianos y pequeños del sector de las esmeraldas . •J \~ .;. 3) La mesa de trabajo sesionó durante un aiio, quedando suspendído el proceso por decisión del • gremio académico y de las esmeraldas, hasta tanto el país contara con los factores técnicos 1,' necesarios para la aplicación de la Norma . .••.•..•:." :;;:.' 4) Cualquier citación de estos documentos deberá registrar el nombre de las Entidades y • organizaciones relacionadas en las notas # I Y 2 de esta página . •• i,'•• :'.'..-' c.I~.~I ", • • .•" • "-- - ., c.';:;'..• '.,.1'.• • (. • Piedras preciosas y semipreciosas de Colombia • Esmeralda: Variedad de berilo, de color verde hierba, de valor extraordinario, • Cuarzo: Incoloro (cristal de roca); incoloro con roturas que presentan los colores del ~ espectro (iris); colores: violeta (amatista); amarillo (citrina); pardo (cairngorm); rosado (cuarzo rosa); verde (prasio); verde tornasolado (ojo de gato); amarillo tornasolado (ojo ce• de tigre); azul (siderita); pardo, amarillo, rojo o verde con laminillas de mica • (aventurina) . • Corindón: Colores: rojo (rubi); azul (zafiro); incoloro (zafiro blanco); amarillo (zafiro '.. amarillo); rosa (zafiro rosa); verde (zafiro verde); púrpura y violeta (zafiro violeta). Los ,4t mas comunes: el rubí y el zafiro. €I Copal: Resina reciente y natural parecida al ámbar y con constantes similares. ~ Vidrios volcánicos: Amorfos, Tectita: Nombre general de la moldavita y de algunos ~ otros vidrios naturales, Moldavita: Colores: verde, entre oscuro y claro, y, aunque raramente, pardo. Otros nombres: crisolita de agua y piedra de botella. Obsidiana: No \.:.re~ se parece a la moldavita, Colores: negro, rojo, pardo. ;.". Aguamarina: variedad gema del berilo de color azul-mar a verde-mar. Rara vez ,e, encontradas en las minas de Chivor, de bajo color y por lo tanto valor. • Diamante: Escaso y de baja calidad . En la actualidad se explota exclusivamente la esmeralda en Colombia, Existen otras • piedras preciosas y semipreciosas pero con poco valor comercial, ya sea por sus caracteristicas de gema como los corindones (zafiro y rubi), o por su dureza (cuarzos) y la dificultad que tienen el lapidado o pulido y por lo tanto el costo. :'..••, ,. Se encuentran piedras y otros minerales o compuestos naturales que se prestan para la elaboración de objetos y joyas como los fósiles de Chiquinquirá, piedras de rio de colores fuertes como ia "sangretoro", un caracol que por sus características se presta ~,' para elaborar camafeos: caracol pala, del Atlántico; pero por su rareza y/o valor • ecológico y cultural, o por el costo de explotación y procesamiento como ocurre con '+. las piedras de río, no se ve recompensado en el mercado, , •. , Bogotá, Febrero 15 de 2002 l:,.,~-. "~e\:. J ,. Fernán Arias Uribe Asesor en Diseño de Joyas. '.•• •, .. .• - • • " • • ANTEPROYECTO DE NORMA • 101 • TÉCNICA COLOMBIANA DE • .• ~ 1. OBJETO ,. La presente norma establece las propiedades fisicas que debe presentar una esmeralda, su • clasificación y los métodos de ensayo para determinar su legitimidad . • 2. DEFINICIONES 2.1 CLlVAJE IMPERFECTO: Un cristal se rompe al ser sometido a una fuerza superior a la de • sus limites elástico y plástico. Si se rompe irregularmente, se dice que se ha producido una fractura, pero si lo hace segun superficies relacionadas con su estructura, se dice que el v!1• mineral muestra su clivaje. En los minerales donde el c1ivaje es imperiecto se produce con igual facilidad que la fractura y se presenta cuando el mineral no (' deja una superficie lisa y brillante al romperse. 2.2 Esmeralda: variedad gemológica verde del mineral berilo, cuya fórmula quimica es 8'- Be3AI,Si,018, grupo espacial D"h, segun la notación de Shoenfiies y P6/mcc segun la de ,('c,. Hermann-Maugin. Otras variedades coloreadas de berilo son Aguamarina (azul oscuro a verde azuiado), Heliodoro (amarillo oscuro a castaño), Morganita (rosada clara a purpura), Bixbita r' (rojo a salmón) y la Goshenita (incolora). cf 2.3 Forma pinacoide basal Pinacoide Basal: Nombre que se le da a una forma geométrica que permite la representación en una red cristalográfica de ciertos minerales. La representación se • muestra usando operaciones de simetria en una cara no paralela al eje cristalográfico e y sobre . , Jt• la base de la figura. 2.4 Fractura concoide: superficie de fractura parecida, en la forma, a la parte ondulada de una valva de molusco. '-.,1,.r' 2.5 Imperiección: (por definir incluyendo los tipos) ,.e, 2.6 Inclusión: cualquier liquido, sólido o gas presente en el interior de la gema, el cual afecta la ':',.,' transparencia y en consecuencia la belleza y calidad de ia misma. 2.7 Pleocroismo bajo: Fenómeno de absorción selectiva que se produce en las distintas ,e. direcciones de una piedra anisótropa. Los diferentes rayos de luz polarizada son absorbidos de manera distinta en intensidad y en calidad, y la piedra toma coioraciones distintas al ser " ..' •• observada por transparencia en direcciones diferentes. Existen dos colores fundamentales, ,• ¡' correspondientes a los rayos ordinario y extraordinario, en los cristales uniáxicos, y tres, ,. correspondientes a los tres indices de refracción principales, en los cristales biaxicos.) '.,"-. 3. CLASIFICACiÓN ••;.., • Las esmeraldas segun su apariencia se clasifica en: • 3.1 TIPO A: aquella esmeralda que al observarla con 10 x no muestra inclusiones ni • imperfecciones . 3.2 TIPO B: aquella esmeralda que al observarla con 10 x muestra inclusiones y/o ~.• imperfecciones . ..•- 3.3 TIPO C: aquella esmeralda que a simple vista es opaca y/o presenta un alto numero de • imperfecciones o inclusiones. :. 1 rfJ •, • ANTEPROYECTO DE NORMA • /01 • TÉCNICA COLOMBIANA DE • 4, REQUISITOS • 4,1 REQUISITOS GENERALES • 4,1.1 La esmeralda cristaliza en el sistema hexagonal en donde son posibles las formas , •,-' prismáticas hexagonales y di hexagonales, las bipiramides hexagonales y di hexagonales y el pinacoide basal. En esmeraldas colombianas se presentan formas sencillas donde están •1) presentes un prisma hexagonal y el pinacoide basal; raramente aparecen otras formas cristalográficas adicionales y cuando esto ocurre, se presentan incompletas y/o en forma de • fases vecinas, 4.1.2 La esmeralda natural debe presentar brillo vitreo, clivaje imperfecto, fractura concoide, • paralelo al pinacoide basal y exfoliación. ~ (."' 4,2 REQUISITOS ESPECiFICOS (.¡,. 4.2.1 La esmeralda natural debe cumplir con las propiedades indicadas en la Tabla 1. (' Tabla 1, Requisitos de la esmeralda Natural 1 ,." ," t. Prooiedad valor • Dureza relativa 7,5 - 8 en la escala de Mohs " .... Peso específico 2,67 - 2,90 '.l~., • Carácter óptico uniáxico Neaativo ( .••• :1' '. Birefrinaencia 0,005 - 0,009 e''-;." ,. Indice de refracción 1,566 - 1,588 .:?." . ':: •... • 4.2.1 Además de las propiedades físicas indicadas en la Tabla 1, ía esmeralda natural debe tener ,~.píeocroismo bajo. .•.._ .. ,. 4.2.3 La esmeralda natural debe presentar la siguiente composición quimica 1,' Na20 0,00 - 0,91; MgO 0,00 - 3,04; K20 0,00 - 0,21; CaO 0,00 - 0,88; Ti02 0,00 - 0,04; V203 ,JI 0,00 - 0,79; Cr203 0,00 - 0,56; MnO 0,00 - 0,09; Fe203 0,00 - 0,82; Berílo 88,98 - 97,56. ',-; •• Concentración en porcentaje en peso de oxidos principales presentes en la esmeralda , colombiana . • Berilo=AI203+ Si02+ BeO • 5. MÉTODOS DE ENSAYO • El profesor Femando Romero, proporcionará la información respectiva a los siguientes métodos .' de ensayo: • 2 ' • .::~". , •, • • ANTEPROYECTO DE NORMA • TÉCNICA COLOMBIANA DE 101 • 5.1 DUREZA RELATIVA (toca pulir pues se necesita elprocedimiento para hacer el • ensayo y como medir el resultado a ver si pasa o no el ensayo) • Se suele definir esta propiedad como la resistencia de una sustancia a ser rayada. La dureza relativa se ha usado como carácter taxonómico desde los comienzos de la minera logia. El cientifico Mohs dio a este carácter cierta precisión cualitativa al proponer la siguiente escala de .' dureza relativa: .•., 1. Talco 2. Yeso • 3. Calcita • 4. Fluorita 5. Apatito • 6. Ortosa •• 7. Cuarzo 8. Topacio 9.
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