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Sharīʿa in Africa Today Islam in Africa Sharīʿa in Africa Today Sharīʿa in Africa Today Islam in Africa Sharīʿa in Africa Today Reactions and Responses Editorial Board Rüdiger Seesemann Knut Vikør Edited by Founding Editor John Chesworth and Franz Kogelmann John Hunwick VOLUME 15 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/isaf Sharīʿa in Africa Today Reactions and Responses Edited by John Chesworth and Franz Kogelmann LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www .knowledgeunlatched.org. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sharia in Africa today : reactions and responses / edited by John Chesworth & Franz Kogelmann. pages cm — (Islam in Africa ; v. 15) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-25054-3 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-26212-6 (e-book : alk. paper) 1. Islamic law—Africa. 2. Islamic courts—Africa. I. Chesworth, John. II. Kogelmann, Franz. KBP64.S43 2014 340.5’9096—dc23 2013033032 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1570-3754 ISBN 978-90-04-25054-3 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26212-6 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by the Authors. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Maps ...................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ ix Technical Note ................................................................................................. xi Preface ................................................................................................................ xiii 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 John Chesworth and Franz Kogelmann PART ONE SUDAN: “TOTAL SHARĪʿA” 2 “Sharīʿa and Reality”: A Domain of Contest among Sunni Muslims in the District of Shendi, Northern Sudan ......... 13 Osman Mohamed Osman Ali 3 Contradicting State Ideology in Sudan: Christian-Muslim Relations among the Internally Displaced Persons in Khartoum—The Case of Mandela and Wad al-Bashīr Camps .... 41 Salma Mohamed Abdalla PART TWO NIGERIA: “RE-IMPLEMENTATION OF SHARĪʿA” 4 The Evolution of the Independent sharīʿa Panel in Osun State, South-West Nigeria ................................................................................. 73 Abdul-Fatah Kola Makinde 5 “Education is Education”: Contemporary Muslim Views on Muslim Women’s Education in Northern Nigeria ......................... 103 Chikas Danfulani vi contents 6 ‘We Introduced sharīʿa’—The Izala Movement in Nigeria as Initiator of sharīʿa-reimplementation in the North of the Country: Some Reflections .................................................................. 125 Ramzi Ben Amara PART THREE KENYA: “PLACE OF SHARĪʿA IN THE CONSTITUTION” 7 Debates on Kadhi’s Courts and Christian-Muslim Relations in Isiolo Town: Thematic Issues and Emergent Trends ............. 149 Halkano Abdi Wario 8 “Necessity Removes Restrictions”: Swahili Muslim Women’s Perspectives on Their Participation in the Public Sphere ......... 177 Esha Faki Mwinyihaji 9 Women’s Views on the Role of Kadhi’s Courts: A Case Study of Kendu Bay, Kenya ............................................................................. 195 Rebecca Osiro PART FOUR TANZANIA: “CALLS FOR THE RE-INTRODUCTION OF SHARĪʿA” 10 Demand for the Re-Introduction of Kadhi’s Courts on the Tanzanian Mainland: A Religious, Social and Political Analysis ..................................................................................................... 215 William Andrew Kopwe 11 “Chaos Will Never Have a Chance”: Sharīʿa Debates and Tolerance in a Provincial Tanzanian Town ................................... 241 Bernardin Mfumbusa Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 259 Contributors ..................................................................................................... 271 Index ................................................................................................................... 275 LIST OF MAPS Map 1 Map of Africa: Showing countries covered in the book .... xv Map 2 Map of Sudan: Showing principal places referred to in Part One ............................................................................................ 12 Map 3 Map of Nigeria: Showing principal places referred to in Part Two ........................................................................................... 72 Map 4 Map of Nigeria showing the states ........................................... 74 Map 5 Map of Kenya: Showing principal places referred to in Part Three ........................................................................................ 148 Map 6 Map of Tanzania: Showing principal places referred to in Part Four ..................................................................................... 214 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank all those who have been involved in the project, ‘Sharīʿa Debates and Their Perception by Christians and Muslims in Selected African Countries’. We acknowledge the generous support for the project of the Volkswagen Foundation and the “Knowledge for Tomorrow” initiative. We are grateful for the support of: – Senior Staff Professor Kurt Beck and Professor Ulrich Berner, University of Bayreuth, and Professor Frieder Ludwig, now at Fachhochschule für Interkulterelle Theologie, Hermannsburg; – Dr. Philip Ostien and Dr. Sati Fwatshak, who were country co-ordinators in Nigeria, together with Dr. Jamila Nasir from the University of Jos, Nigeria; Professor Esther Mombo, St. Paul’s University, Kenya; country co-ordinator for Sudan, Associate Professor Osman Muhammad Osman Ali, University of Khartoum, Sudan; We are grateful: – for the involvement in the planning stages of Associate Professor Shamil Jeppie, University of Cape Town and Dr. Abdulkadir Hashim Abdulkadir, formerly at University of Zanzibar, now at University of Nairobi, Kenya; – for those who were involved in introducing new methodologies to the Junior Scholars: Professor Gabriele Cappai, Dr. Katharina Hofer and Dr. Asonzeh Ukah; – to Ahmad Elhassab Umar Elhassab and Mohamed Hamed Mohamed Ahmed who also participated in the project. Finally we would like to appreciate the support and patience of our wives Phyll and Brigitte. TECHNICAL NOTE Non-English words are italicised; the transliteration of Arabic words fol- lows that used in the Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe (Brill, 2001–2006). The meanings of non-English words are given in parentheses following their first appearance, e.g. ribā (Arab.: interest). All quotations from the Qurʾān use Abdel Haleem’s The Qurʾan (Oxford University Press, 2004), with the reference being given using the name of the sūra, with the number in parentheses, e.g. al-Nūr (24):31. Quotations from the Bible use the New Revised Standard Version, (Oxford University Press, 1995), with the reference being given using the name of the book, with chapter and verse, e.g. Matthew 5:25. All dates are cited according to the “Common Era” (c.e.), numerically equivalent to the Christian a.d. PREFACE This book originated in a research project “Sharīʿa Debates and Their Perception by Christians and Muslims in Selected African Countries” in which a group of African junior scholars at different stages of their academic careers were invited to participate. This research project was financed for three years (2006–2009) by Volkswagen Foundation under the funding initiative “Knowledge for Tomorrow—Co-operative Research Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Most of the research and writing spon- sored by the project has been done by these African junior scholars, who include both Muslims and Christians. They have been closely supervised, assisted and evaluated by a group of senior scholars with a view to their proper
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