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Background of Community-Based Conservation Beyond Community: "Global" Conservation Networks and "Local" Organization in Tanzania and Zanzibar Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Dean, Erin Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 01:23:33 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195624 BEYOND COMMUNITY: “GLOBAL” CONSERVATION NETWORKS AND “LOCAL” ORGANIZATION IN TANZANIA AND ZANZIBAR by Erin Dean _____________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2007 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by ERIN DEAN entitled BEYOND COMMUNITY: "GLOBAL" CONSERVATION NETWORKS AND "LOCAL" ORGANIZATION IN TANZANIA AND ZANZIBAR and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: August 14, 2007 Diane Austin _______________________________________________________________________ Date: August 14, 2007 Mamadou Baro _______________________________________________________________________ Date: August 14, 2007 Steve Lansing _______________________________________________________________________ Date: August 14, 2007 William Shaw _______________________________________________________________________ Date: August 14, 2007 Garth Myers Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: August 14, 2007 Dissertation Director: Diane Austin 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: ERIN DEAN 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is the nature of Anthropology that we are always deeply indebted to the people who have so graciously chosen to share their lives with us, and the long process of obtaining a graduate degree compounds those debts. It is a massive understatement to say that this work would not have been possible without the assistance of many people. Though recognizing this statement’s inadequacy, I would like to make a brief attempt to express my heartfelt appreciation for their continuing support and encouragement. First, I am humbled and honored by the kindness and hospitality of the people of Jongowe and Ngaramtoni. I am especially grateful to Makame Muhajir, Iddie Haji, Tatu Selima, and Salim Makame Ali in Jongowe for their practical assistance, but principally for their friendship and unflagging good humor. In Ngaramtoni, Elias and Rose Ngungat opened their home to me and included me in their family. Thank you. I am also indebted to Fadhil Walele and his family, who helped me in countless ways and made every trip to Dar es Salaam interesting and fun. Mussa Sheha and his wife Sauma, provided similar, much appreciated support in Stonetown. The staff at COSTECH, the Zanzibar Archives as well as the faculty, staff, and students at the Forestry Training Institute in Ol Motonyi provided both practical and moral support for this research, and I am grateful. Thank you to Kristin Phillips, Liz Singleton, Karen Milch, Tim Park, and Howard Frederick for their friendship and willingness to provide needed distractions, and to Andrew Williams, a generous scholar who is making a difference. I would especially like to thank all the members of Osotwa and JEMA, particularly the organizations’ leaders. This research is entirely based on your willingness to open your organizations to scrutiny, and I am moved by your courage. Your concern for your neighbors, your on-going struggles to improve your communities, your thoughtful and occasionally brutal honesty, and your endurance in the face of so many challenges is inspirational to me and to all who have the privilege of working with you. I have been very lucky to work with the talented scholars on my dissertation committee—they have been tireless and tolerant. Thank you to Diane Austin, Mamadou Baro, Steve Lansing, Bill Shaw, and Garth Myers for their support and encouragement for all these years. Besides being a dissertation director, Diane Austin has been a mentor, advisor, and friend for eight years, and it is impossible to adequately thank her for all she has done for me. Her ethical and intellectual rigor has set a model I strive to emulate. In addition to serving as an outside member of my committee, Garth Myers was pivotal in developing and supporting this research project, and has always been a source of encouragement and insight. This research was funded through a Fulbright-Hayes Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad fellowship, and I am grateful for the support. Thank you to Makame Muhajir and Andrew Gardner for their insightful comments on early chapters and drafts and Tom McGuire for a useful discussion on fisheries. Thank you to Sarah Dahlen for her friendship and spare bedroom. Thank you to my parents, who never told me a PhD in Anthropology was crazy, even if they thought so. And finally, thank you to my husband, Steinur Bell, who inspires me further every day. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF FIGURES........................................................................................................ 7 ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED CONSERVATION AND THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION................................................................................................. 14 The National Park Model................................................................................ 17 Emergence of a new model: Community-based natural resource management .............................................................................................. 19 CBNRM in Action .......................................................................................... 21 Critiques of CBNRM ...................................................................................... 22 New Directions ............................................................................................... 25 Methodology............................................................................................................ 28 Site selection ................................................................................................... 29 Data collection ................................................................................................ 35 Structure of Dissertation......................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 3: “GRASSROOTS” ORGANIZATION ...................................................... 40 Island Conservation: Jongowe and JEMA............................................................ 41 From city-state to village ................................................................................ 42 Deceptive isolation.......................................................................................... 48 Cooperative organization in Jongowe............................................................. 51 Forest Conservation: Mount Meru and Osotwa................................................... 57 A Settled Pastoralist Identity .......................................................................... 63 Cooperative Organization in Ngaramtoni....................................................... 69 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 74 CHAPTER 4: PROBLEMATIZING “TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE” ............................................................................................................ 76 Knowledge of the Sea:............................................................................................. 79 Traditional “Ecological” Knowledge?............................................................ 90 Knowledge of the Land ........................................................................................... 92 “Traditional” Ecological Knowledge?...........................................................
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