Oikos OIK-04536 Guardiola, M., Stefanescu, C., Rodà, F. and Pino, J. 2017. Do asynchronies i n ex tinction debt af fect the s tructure of trophic networks? A case s tudy of antagonistic larvae–plant networks. – Oikos doi: 10.1111/oik.04536

Appendix 1 Figure A1–A5 Table A1–A8

1 Figure A1. Map showing the location of the study region in the Iberian Peninsula

(black square), and distribution and main land cover around the 26 studied patches.

3 Figure A2. Overall plant (left, green boxes) and butterfly (right, red boxes) interaction networks including all plants and recorded in the 26 analysed patches. Each line between a butterfly and a plant corresponds to a trophic interaction between butterfly larvae and ttheir hos plants: e.g. Colias alfacariensis (Photo: J. Corbera) is a butterfly specialist species that interact with (Photo: M.

Guardiola). Codes of butterfly and plant identities are shown in Table A3 and Table A4 respectively.

4 P10-S B58.G P232-G B67.G P105-G P20-S B59.G P34-G B2.G P83-G B1.G P223-G B3.G P170-G B36.G P171-G P212-G B74.G P211-G B51.S P49-G B50.S P56-S B52.G P57-S B13.G P58-S P9-S B83.G P100-G B70.S P184-G P220-G B22.S P240-G B65.S P17-S B84.S P16-S B61.S P143-S B41.G P96-G B25.S P97-S P82-S B20.S P47-G B16.G P103-S P134-G B64.G P148-G P189-S B66.S P190-S B23.S P191-G B21.G P294-G P295-G B60.S P180-G B38.G P124-S B62.S P125-G P126-G B63.S P188-S B42.G P287-G B17.G P288-G B24.S P67-G P178-S B39.G P32-S B30.S P161-S B19.G P162-S B78.S P163-G P238-S B73.G P182-G B35.S P181-G B40.G P214-G B48.G P112-S B55.G P114-S B32.S P113-S B31.G P3-G B71.G P272-S B72.G P273-S B47.G P36-S B49.S P40-S B33.G P27-S B57.G P28-S B12.G P37-S B4.S P41-G P204-S B34.S P91-S B80.S P50-G B81.S P51-S B18.G P52-S P33-S B5.S P157-S B6.S P296-G B7.G P127-G B8.G P128-G B9.G P135-S B11.G P136-S P137-S B37.G P138-S B10.G P139-S B69.S P179-G B14.G P259-G P260-S B15.S P270-S B26.S P176-G B44.G P177-G B27.G P233-G B28.G P234-G P241-G B29.G P205-S B77.G P226-G B45.S P225-G B46.G P227-G B53.S P228-G B75.G P229-G P92-G B54.G P94-S B76.G P203-S P284-S B56.G P285-S B68.S P244-S B79.S P106-G B85.S 40

5 Figure A3. Interaction networks of all 26 studied patches, including all butterflies (top, red boxes) and host-plants (bottom, green boxes) recorded in each patch. Each line between a butterfly and a plant corresponds to a trophic interaction between butterfly larvae and their host plants. Codes of butterfly and plant identities are shown in Table

A3 and Table A4 respectively.

Patch Network B7.G B8.G B10.G B48.G B55.G B31.G B71.G B40.G B47.G B18.G B53.S B60.S B64.G B75.G

1 P40-S P36-S P37-S P97-S P135-S P138-S P272-S P205-S P178-S P189-S P296-G P226-G P229-G B18.G B40.G B47.G B4.S B71.G B72.G B31.G B48.G B30.S B17.G B10.G B20.S B61.S B51.S B83.G B53.S B54.G B75.G B64.G

2 P51-S P52-S P36-S P37-S P40-S P17-S P97-S P272-S P273-S P113-S P135-S P138-S P143-S P205-S P189-S P211-G P184-G P229-G B2.G B59.G B8.G B32.S B40.G B31.G B33.G B71.G B48.G B73.G B41.G B53.S B68.S B75.G

3 P36-S P37-S P40-S P97-S P34-G P272-S P205-S P285-S P296-G P229-G

6 B17.G B48.G B31.G B47.G B49.S B71.G B18.G B26.S B38.G B75.G

4 P40-S P37-S P51-S P52-S P113-S P272-S P124-S P176-G P126-G P226-G P229-G B18.G B78.S B49.S B40.G B4.S B71.G B33.G B31.G B73.G B48.G B55.G B10.G B52.G B83.G B13.G B21.G B60.S B27.G B29.G B77.G B36.G B53.S B61.S B68.S B79.S

5 P9-S P52-S P36-S P37-S P40-S P91-S P49-G P273-S P113-S P135-S P138-S P178-S P205-S P143-S P285-S P244-S P184-G P211-G P233-G P223-G P100-G B18.G B71.G B49.S B40.G B78.S B31.G B48.G B73.G B17.G B27.G B36.G B53.S B54.G B75.G B59.G B61.S

6 P51-S P52-S P37-S P40-S P20-S P273-S P113-S P112-S P205-S P143-S P181-G P233-G P223-G P225-G P229-G B18.G B78.S B49.S B71.G B31.G B48.G B38.G B75.G B83.G

7 P51-S P52-S P37-S P40-S P57-S P49-G P272-S P273-S P113-S P124-S P126-G P229-G

7 B8.G B30.S B17.G B48.G B73.G B31.G B33.G B71.G B18.G B21.G B60.S B52.G B61.S B75.G

8 P40-S P36-S P37-S P51-S P52-S P57-S P113-S P272-S P178-S P143-S P296-G P226-G B18.G B40.G B4.S B71.G B31.G B17.G B73.G B48.G B80.S B10.G B23.S B66.S B38.G B62.S B63.S B21.G B64.G B41.G B25.S B61.S B52.G B75.G B79.S

9 P3-G P36-S P40-S P91-S P32-S P97-S P57-S P41-G P272-S P113-S P135-S P138-S P188-S P143-S P244-S P126-G P180-G P227-G P229-G B2.G B59.G B3.G B36.G B10.G B16.G B38.G B18.G B78.S B49.S B32.S B40.G B33.G B47.G B31.G B71.G B73.G B48.G B26.S B27.G B77.G B53.S B54.G B75.G B61.S B83.G

10 P20-S P52-S P37-S P28-S P91-S P40-S P57-S P58-S P34-G P49-G P135-S P138-S P124-S P273-S P272-S P113-S P205-S P143-S P223-G P126-G P148-G P214-G P177-G P234-G P228-G P229-G P184-G P100-G B3.G B36.G B30.S B17.G B48.G B55.G B73.G B31.G B33.G B4.S B71.G B32.S B40.G B49.S B78.S B18.G B5.S B37.G B10.G B27.G B77.G B38.G B41.G B44.G B53.S B54.G B75.G B61.S B83.G

11 P40-S P36-S P37-S P52-S P51-S P97-S P57-S P49-G P113-S P114-S P272-S P273-S P135-S P138-S P124-S P205-S P143-S P223-G P296-G P233-G P126-G P176-G P227-G P229-G P226-G

8 B3.G B17.G B48.G B31.G B33.G B4.S B71.G B81.S B40.G B47.G B49.S B78.S B18.G B6.S B7.G B8.G B9.G B37.G B10.G B16.G B64.G B21.G B60.S B61.S B66.S B75.G B76.G B79.S

12 P40-S P36-S P37-S P51-S P52-S P97-S P114-S P272-S P273-S P135-S P138-S P124-S P189-S P178-S P143-S P188-S P244-S P223-G P296-G P126-G P226-G P229-G B18.G B71.G B40.G B47.G B49.S B33.G B31.G B48.G B17.G B36.G B61.S B75.G

13 P51-S P52-S P37-S P40-S P272-S P113-S P143-S P223-G P226-G P229-G B10.G B48.G B57.G B71.G B81.S B31.G B40.G B49.S B78.S B18.G B21.G B60.S B64.G B36.G B59.G B65.S B75.G

14 P40-S P37-S P52-S P17-S P34-G P135-S P138-S P113-S P272-S P178-S P189-S P214-G P295-G P223-G P229-G B48.G B33.G B31.G B78.S B40.G B47.G B49.S B71.G B18.G B27.G B77.G B59.G B67.G B61.S B75.G B83.G

15 P40-S P37-S P52-S P20-S P113-S P272-S P143-S P233-G P232-G P229-G P184-G

9 B78.S B18.G B40.G B49.S B33.G B31.G B71.G B4.S B48.G B10.G B15.S B38.G B21.G B60.S B53.S B59.G B61.S B75.G B83.G

16 P52-S P37-S P36-S P40-S P20-S P57-S P34-G P272-S P135-S P138-S P260-S P124-S P178-S P205-S P143-S P126-G P226-G P229-G P184-G B4.S B71.G B48.G B31.G B33.G B18.G B78.S B53.S B60.S B61.S B75.G B77.G

17 P40-S P36-S P37-S P52-S P113-S P272-S P205-S P178-S P143-S P226-G P229-G P233-G B3.G B19.G B71.G B81.S B47.G B40.G B48.G B31.G B78.S B49.S B33.G B18.G B12.G B60.S B38.G B21.G B83.G B50.S B37.G B45.S B46.G B53.S B59.G B61.S B67.G B75.G B77.G B79.S

18 P91-S P37-S P40-S P52-S P10-S P50-G P34-G P113-S P272-S P178-S P161-S P205-S P143-S P244-S P223-G P214-G P126-G P180-G P295-G P288-G P184-G P211-G P296-G P241-G P105-G P226-G P229-G P233-G P100-G B3.G B36.G B74.G B48.G B81.S B47.G B71.G B33.G B31.G B40.G B49.S B78.S B18.G B20.S B61.S B53.S B56.G B59.G B60.S B75.G B77.G

19 P91-S P40-S P37-S P36-S P51-S P52-S P16-S P17-S P32-S P34-G P113-S P272-S P143-S P205-S P203-S P178-S P223-G P214-G P226-G P229-G P233-G P234-G

10 B3.G B18.G B34.S B71.G B72.G B4.S B80.S B81.S B48.G B47.G B73.G B40.G B33.G B35.S B30.S B7.G B8.G B10.G B14.G B45.S B46.G B52.G B53.S B61.S B64.G B75.G B77.G

20 P51-S P52-S P33-S P91-S P37-S P36-S P40-S P27-S P49-G P157-S P204-S P113-S P135-S P139-S P205-S P143-S P189-S P223-G P296-G P128-G P179-G P241-G P191-G P229-G P234-G B17.G B30.S B39.G B78.S B24.S B35.S B40.G B49.S B31.G B47.G B33.G B73.G B48.G B55.G B80.S B81.S B71.G B4.S B12.G B18.G B5.S B21.G B64.G B36.G B46.G B52.G B53.S B61.S B77.G B85.S

21 P3-G P91-S P40-S P37-S P36-S P52-S P51-S P41-G P50-G P96-G P49-G P113-S P189-S P205-S P143-S P296-G P180-G P287-G P288-G P294-G P191-G P223-G P241-G P233-G P106-G B35.S B78.S B12.G B33.G B48.G B31.G B49.S B47.G B18.G B71.G B81.S B4.S B21.G B53.S

22 P40-S P37-S P36-S P91-S P41-G P112-S P205-S P295-G B18.G B71.G B31.G B32.S B40.G B48.G B78.S B53.S B75.G

23 P51-S P52-S P36-S P37-S P40-S P91-S P113-S P205-S P226-G

11 B9.G B17.G B30.S B78.S B48.G B32.S B18.G B71.G B41.G B84.S

24 P40-S P36-S P37-S P52-S P97-S P113-S P272-S P296-G B10.G B30.S B48.G B31.G B33.G B78.S B40.G B49.S B71.G B18.G B53.S B64.G B76.G B85.S

25 P40-S P37-S P52-S P51-S P97-S P135-S P136-S P138-S P113-S P272-S P205-S P189-S P229-G P106-G B18.G B78.S B40.G B71.G B31.G B30.S B48.G B75.G

26 P52-S P37-S P40-S P272-S P113-S P229-G

47

12 Figure A4. Relationship between current patch area and all network metrics considered.

Fitted lines are linear regression estimates. Solid and dashed lines indicated significant or non-significant relationship respectively.

30 30 Total Total Specialist Specialist 25 Generalist 25 Generalist

20 20

15 15

10 10 Plant species richness species Plant Butterfly species richness Butterfly species 5 5

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 80 1.8 Total Current Parch Area Total Current Parch Area Specialist Specialist Generalist 1.6 Generalist 60 1.4

1.2 40

Total links Total 1.0 Links per species per Links 20 0.8

0.6 0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Total 12 Total Current Parch Area Current Parch Area 0.8 Specialist Specialist Generalist 10 Generalist

0.6 8

6 0.4 Connectance Compartments 4

0.2 2

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.7 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Total Total Specialist Current Parch Area Current Parch Area 0.2 0.6 Specialist Generalist Generalist

0.1 0.5

0.0 0.4

-0.1Asymmetry 0.3 Robustness

-0.2 0.2

-0.3 0.1

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Current Parch Area Current Parch Area

13 Figure A5. Null models of each patch using the ‘mgen’ algorithm in the bipartite package R. Red lines indicate observed values of each network metric whereas histograms represent the distribution of 1000 null models. All observed network metrics were significantly different than that of null models (P < 0.001).

Connectance Compartments Web asymmetry

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 3.5 1.0 3.0 800 0.8 2.5 600

2.0 0.6 1 Density Density Density 1.5 400 0.4 1.0 Patch 200 0.2 0.5 0 0.0 0.0

0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 6 8 10 12 14 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.0001838 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.1687 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.1178

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 5 0.4 800 4 0.3 600 3

Density Density Density 0.2 400 2 Patch 2 0.1 1 200 0 0 0.0

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 8 10 12 14 16 18 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.0001288 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.2731 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.08139

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 1.0 800 3 0.8 600

0.6 2 Density Density Density 400 0.4 1 Patch 3 200 0.2 0 0 0.0

0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1

N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.0001932 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.1687 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.1084

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 5 6000 2.5 5000 4 2.0 4000

3 1.5 3000 Density Density Density 2 1.0 2000 Patch 4 1 0.5 1000 0 0 0.0

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

N = 1000 Bandwidth = 5.952e-05 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.07022 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.1474

14 Connectance Compartments Web asymmetry

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 0.4 0.3

0.2 Patch 5 0.1 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 10 15 20 25 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 1.5

1.0 Density Density Density 0.5 Patch 6 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 8 10 12 14 16 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

N = 1000 Bandwidth = 5.387e-05 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.1419 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.1384

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry

Density Density Density Patch 7 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 4 5 6 7 8 9 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2

N = 1000 Bandwidth = 6.889e-05 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.06473 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.1569

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 1500 1000

500 Patch 8 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 6 8 10 12 14 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1

15 Connectance Compartments Web asymmetry

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 4 0.3 3

0.2 2 Patch 9 0.1 1 200 400 600 800 0 0 0.0

0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 10 15 20 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry

Density Density Density 500 1000 1500 2000 Patch 10 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 15 20 25 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

N = 1000 Bandwidth = 6.348e-05 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.2778 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.1153

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry

Patch 11 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 15 20 25 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 4 3

2 Density Density Density 1 Patch 12 200 400 600 800 1000 0 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 10 15 20 25 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1

N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.0001025 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.3374 N = 1000 Bandwidth = 0.0933

16 Connectance Compartments Web asymmetry

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 1.5 1500

1.0 1000 Patch 13 0.5 500 0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.10 0.15 0.20 4 6 8 10 12 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 2000 1500

1000 Patch 14 500 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 8 10 12 14 16 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 1500

1000 500 Patch 15 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 6 8 10 12 14 16 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry

Patch 16 500 1000 1500 2000 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 10 12 14 16 18 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

17 Connectance Compartments Web asymmetry

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 2.0 1.5

1.0 Patch 17 0.5 500 1000 1500 2000 0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 2000 1500

1000 Patch 18 500 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 15 20 25 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 0.8 2000 0.6 1500

0.4 1000 Patch 19 0.2 500 0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 10 12 14 16 18 20 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 4 3

20 2 Patch 1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 15 20 25 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

18 Connectance Compartments Web asymmetry

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry

Patch 21 200 400 600 800 1000 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 10 15 20 25 30 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 0.8

0.4 0.6 Patch 22 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 4 6 8 10 12 14 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 3000

2000 Patch 23 1000 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 1.5 1.0

0.5 Patch 24 200 400 600 800 0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1

19 Connectance Compartments Web asymmetry

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry 4 3

25 2 Patch 1 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 6 8 10 12 14 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0

Connectance Compartments Asymmetry

Patch 26 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0

56

20 Table A1. Values of the patch and landscape explanatory variables in the studied

patches: current patch area, current connectivity, past patch area, past connectivity and

proportion of patch area lost between 1956 and 2003.

Patch Current Past Current Past Patch code patch area patch area connectivity connectivity area loss (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (%) 1 0.101 4.177 0.101 4.857 97.582 2 0.500 15.038 1.424 15.038 96.675 3 0.339 1.830 0.339 4.632 81.475 4 3.105 14.037 3.105 17.985 77.880 5 19.276 19.276 35.946 95.381 0.000 6 7.194 8.785 13.653 93.511 18.110 7 0.232 94.662 5.210 79.451 99.755 8 0.677 3.011 1.477 5.595 77.516 9 1.191 5.713 1.191 5.713 79.153 10 26.845 35.623 26.845 35.623 24.641 11 20.744 33.159 20.744 33.159 37.441 12 3.412 4.178 5.805 13.959 18.334 13 0.400 2.513 2.739 10.261 84.083 14 0.397 0.397 0.608 0.608 0.000 15 4.003 4.003 4.142 4.142 0.000 16 10.877 10.877 12.184 14.131 0.000 17 0.629 0.629 8.380 8.380 0.000 18 15.441 16.875 15.441 16.875 8.498 19 18.165 18.165 18.165 18.165 0.000 20 1.336 2.074 8.078 16.352 35.583 21 4.626 5.927 6.431 13.144 21.950 22 0.252 0.968 0.252 0.968 73.967 23 0.743 2.463 1.203 5.726 69.834 24 1.382 2.627 1.660 3.275 47.392 25 0.339 0.339 0.764 1.494 0.000 26 0.592 1.538 1.075 2.493 61.508 60

21 Table A2. Correlation matrix of patch and landscape explanatory variables used in the

analysis. The size and colour of the circles represents the correlation strength and

direction respectively. Blue scale colour represents positive correlation and red scale

colour represents negative correlation. Colour intensity and the size of the circle are

proportional to the correlation coefficients. Green numbers corresponds to the

correlation coefficients.

Current.patch.area Past.patch.area Current.connectivity Past.connectivity Patch.area.lost Geographical.gradient 1

Current.patch.area 1 0.57 0.86 0.59 -0.72 0.37 0.8

0.6 Past.patch.area 1 0.58 0.81 -0.02 0.23

0.4

0.2 Current.connectivity 1 0.76 -0.66 0.41

0

Past.connectivity 1 -0.18 0.25 -0.2

-0.4

Patch.area.lost 1 -0.39

-0.6

-0.8 Geographical.gradient 1

68 -1 69

22 Table A3. Butterfly species recorded in this study with the code used in the analysis.

Grassland specialists, indicated by an S at the end of the code, were selected based on habitat preference data derived from data from the Catalan Butterfly Monitoring

Scheme ().

Code Butterfly species B39-G Lasiommata maera B1-G Anthocharis cardamines B40-G Lasiommata megera B2-G Anthocharis euphenoides B41-G Leptidea sinapis B3-G Aporia crataegi B42-G Leptotes pirithous B4-S Arethusana arethusa B43-G Libythea celtis B5-S aglaja B44-G Limenitis reducta B6-S Argynnis niobe B45-S Lycaena alciphron B7-G Argynnis pandora B46-G Lycaena phlaeas B8-G Argynnis paphia B47-G Maniola jurtina B9-G Argynnis sp. B48-G Melanargia lachesis B10-G Aricia cramera B49-S Melanargia occitanica B11-G Boloria dia B50-S Melitaea cinxia B12-G Brintesia circe B51-S Melitaea didyma B13-G Carcharodus alceae B52-G Melitaea phoebe B14-G Carcharodus boeticus B53-S Muschampia proto B15-S Carcharodus lavatherae B54-G Neozephyrus quercus B16-G Celastrina argiolus B55-G Ochlodes venata B17-G Coenonympha arcania B56-G Papilio machaon B18-G Coenonympha dorus B57-G Pararge aegeria B19-G Coenonympha pamphilus B58-G Pieris brassicae B20-S Colias alfacariensis B59-G Pieris rapae B21-G Colias crocea B60-S Plebejus argus B22-S Cupido minimus B61-S coridon B23-S Cupido osiris B62-S Polyommatus daphnis B24-S Erebia triaria B63-S Polyommatus escheri B25-S Erynnis tages B64-G Polyommatus icarus B26-S Euphydryas aurinia B65-S Polyommatus nivescens B27-G Gonepteryx cleopatra B66-S Polyommatus ripartii B28-G Gonepteryx rhamni B67-G Pontia daplidice B29-G Gonepteryx sp. B68-S Pseudophilotes panoptes B30-S Hesperia comma B69-S Pyrgus alveus B31-G Hipparchia alcyone B70-S Pyrgus malvoides B32-S Hipparchia fidia B71-G Pyronia bathseba B33-G Hipparchia semele B72-G Pyronia cecilia B34-S Hipparchia statilinus B73-G Pyronia tithonus B35-S Hyponephele lycaon B74-G acaciae B36-G Iphiclides podalirius B75-G Satyrium esculi B37-G Issoria lathonia B76-G B38-G Lampides boeticus B77-G Satyrium spini

23 B78-S Satyrus actaea B82-G Vanessa atalanta B79-S Spialia sertorius B83-G Vanessa cardui B80-S Thymelicus acteon B84-S Zygaena lavandulae B81-S Thymelicus sylvestris B85-S Zygaena sarpedon 74

24 Table A4. Plant species recorded in this study with the code used in the analysis.

Grassland specialists, indicated by an S at the end of the code, were selected with the help of regional floras (Bolòs et al. 1993; Rivas–Martínez et al. 2001) and expert advice.

Code Plant species P124-S Genista hispanica P3-G Aegilops geniculata P125-G Genista patens P9-S Althaea hirsuta P126-G Genista scorpius P10-S Alyssum spinosum P127-G Geranium columbinum P16-S Anthyllis montana P128-G Geranium robertianum purpureum P17-S Anthyllis vulneraria fontqueri P134-G Hedera helix P20-S Arabis auriculata P135-S Helianthemum appeninum P27-S Arrhenatherum album P136-S Helianthemum marifolium marifolium P28-S Arrhenatherum elatius sardoum P137-S Helianthemum numularium P32-S Astragalus monspessulanus monspessulanus P138-S Helianthemum oelandicum italicum P33-S Avenula pratensis iberica P139-S Helianthemum origanifolium molle P34-G Biscutella laevigata P143-S Hippocrepis comosa P36-S Brachypodium phoenicoides P148-G Ilex aquifolium P37-S Brachypodium retusum P157-S Koeleria vallesiana P40-S P161-S Lathyrus filiformis P41-G Bromus squarrosus P162-S Lathyrus saxatilis P47-G Calicotome spinosa P163-G Lathyrus setifolius P49-G nigrescens nigrescens P170-G Linaria arvensis simplex P50-G Carex flacca P171-G Linaria supina aeruginea P51-S Carex halleriana P176-G Lonicera implexa P52-S Carex humilis P177-G Lonicera pyrenaica P56-S linifolia caballeroi P178-S Lotus corniculatus P57-S Centaurea linifolia linifolia P179-G Marrubium supinum P58-S Centaurea montana lingulata P180-G Medicago minima P67-G Colutea arborescens P181-G Melica ciliata P82-S Coronilla minima P182-G Melica minuta P83-G Crataegus monogyna P184-G Micropus erectus P91-S glomerata hispanica P188-S supina supina P92-G Daucus carota P189-S Ononis minutissima P94-S Dictamnus hispanicus P190-S Ononis pusilla P96-G Dorycnium hirsutum P191-G Ononis spinosa P97-S Dorycnium pentaphyllum pentaphyllum P203-S Peucedanum officinale stenocarpum P100-G Echium vulgare argentae P204-S Phleum phleoides P103-S Erica multiflora P205-S Phlomis lychnitis P105-G Erucastrum nasturtiifolium P211-G Plantago lanceolata P106-G Eryngium campestre P212-G Plantago sempervirens P112-S nigrescens P214-G bulbosa P113-S Festuca ovina P220-G Potentilla reptans P114-S Festuca paniculata spadicea P223-G Prunus spinosa

25 P225-G Quercus cerrioides P259-G Sideritis hirsuta hirsuta P226-G P260-S Sideritis spinulosa ilicifolia P227-G Quercus faginea P270-S Stachys heraclea P228-G Quercus humilis P272-S Stipa offneri P229-G Quercus ilex P273-S Stipa pennata iberica P232-G Reseda luteola P284-S Thymus serpyllum fontqueri P233-G Rhamnus alaternus var balearicus P285-S Thymus vulgaris P234-G Rhamnus saxatilis P287-G Trifolium campestre P238-S Rosmarinus officinalis P288-G Trifolium stellatum P240-G Rubus ulmifolius P294-G Vicia peregrina P241-G Rumex intermedius P295-G Vicia sativa nigra P244-S Sanguisorba minor P296-G rupestris 79

26 Table A5. Values of the all butterfly larvae-plant network metrics for each patch analysed.

All Links butterfly- Butterfly Plant Total per Web Robustness plant species species Connectance links species asymmetry Compartments random 1 14 13 0,165 30 1,111 0,037 6 0,144 2 19 18 0,126 43 1,162 0,027 7 0,108 3 14 10 0,193 27 1,125 0,167 7 0,099 4 10 11 0,200 22 1,048 -0,048 4 0,056 5 25 21 0,110 58 1,261 0,087 10 0,099 6 16 15 0,163 39 1,258 0,032 7 0,067 7 9 12 0,213 23 1,095 -0,143 4 0,086 8 14 12 0,185 31 1,192 0,077 6 0,091 9 23 19 0,098 43 1,024 0,095 7 0,121 10 26 28 0,099 72 1,333 -0,037 11 0,124 11 29 25 0,112 81 1,500 0,074 12 0,126 12 28 22 0,104 64 1,280 0,120 10 0,124 13 12 10 0,233 28 1,273 0,091 4 0,090 14 17 15 0,133 34 1,063 0,063 7 0,104 15 16 11 0,182 32 1,185 0,185 6 0,090 16 19 19 0,108 39 1,026 0,000 9 0,118 17 12 12 0,188 27 1,125 0,000 6 0,107 18 28 29 0,083 67 1,175 -0,018 12 0,187 19 21 22 0,126 58 1,349 -0,023 9 0,120 20 27 25 0,098 66 1,269 0,038 12 0,176 21 30 25 0,108 81 1,473 0,091 10 0,147 22 14 8 0,339 38 1,727 0,273 3 0,077 23 9 9 0,284 23 1,278 0,000 3 0,065 24 10 8 0,263 21 1,167 0,111 3 0,104 25 14 14 0,158 31 1,107 0,000 6 0,081 26 8 6 0,333 16 1,143 0,143 2 0,098

27 Table A6. Values of the specialist butterfly larvae-plant network metrics for each patch analysed.

Specialist Links butterfly- Butterfly Plant Total per Web Robustness plant species species Connectance links species asymmetry Compartments random 1 2 2 0,500 2 0,500 0,000 2 0,333 2 6 6 0,194 7 0,583 0,000 5 0,358 3 3 5 0,333 5 0,625 -0,250 3 0,302 4 2 4 0,500 4 0,667 -0,333 2 0,239 5 8 9 0,167 12 0,706 -0,059 6 0,453 6 4 6 0,375 9 0,900 -0,200 3 0,457 7 2 4 0,875 7 1,167 -0,333 1 0,460 8 3 3 0,333 3 0,500 0,000 3 0,375 9 9 7 0,175 11 0,688 0,125 5 0,354 10 6 7 0,333 14 1,077 -0,077 4 0,446 11 8 9 0,292 21 1,235 -0,059 4 0,469 12 9 10 0,178 16 0,842 -0,053 6 0,413 13 2 4 0,500 4 0,667 -0,333 2 0,285 14 5 5 0,320 8 0,800 0,000 3 0,438 15 3 4 0,500 6 0,857 -0,143 2 0,409 16 7 7 0,184 9 0,643 0,000 5 0,470 17 5 6 0,200 6 0,545 -0,091 5 0,553 18 9 10 0,144 13 0,684 -0,053 7 0,571 19 7 11 0,208 16 0,889 -0,222 4 0,662 20 9 13 0,197 23 1,045 -0,182 4 0,515 21 12 9 0,185 20 0,952 0,143 5 0,520 22 6 6 0,306 11 0,917 0,000 2 0,470 23 3 4 0,417 5 0,714 -0,143 2 0,457 24 4 5 0,400 8 0,889 -0,111 2 0,513 25 5 5 0,320 8 0,800 0,000 3 0,508 26 2 2 0,750 3 0,750 0,000 1 0,680

28 Table A7. Values of the generalist butterfly larvae-plant network metrics for each patch analysed.

Generalist Links butterfly- Butterfly Plant Total per Web Robustness plant species species Connectance links species asymmetry Compartments random 1 12 12 0,194 28 1,167 0,000 5 0,145 2 13 15 0,185 36 1,286 -0,071 5 0,093 3 11 8 0,250 22 1,158 0,158 5 0,094 4 8 10 0,225 18 1,000 -0,111 3 0,073 5 17 17 0,159 46 1,353 0,000 6 0,083 6 12 13 0,192 30 1,200 -0,040 5 0,059 7 7 12 0,190 16 0,842 -0,263 4 0,095 8 11 11 0,231 28 1,273 0,000 5 0,090 9 14 17 0,134 32 1,032 -0,097 5 0,127 10 20 25 0,116 58 1,289 -0,111 8 0,113 11 21 23 0,124 60 1,364 -0,045 10 0,122 12 19 19 0,133 48 1,263 0,000 7 0,117 13 10 9 0,267 24 1,263 0,053 3 0,091 14 12 14 0,155 26 1,000 -0,077 6 0,109 15 13 10 0,200 26 1,130 0,130 5 0,087 16 12 16 0,156 30 1,071 -0,143 6 0,107 17 7 9 0,333 21 1,313 -0,125 3 0,090 18 19 26 0,109 54 1,200 -0,156 9 0,177 19 14 16 0,188 42 1,400 -0,067 6 0,091 20 18 21 0,114 43 1,103 -0,077 10 0,163 21 18 21 0,161 61 1,564 -0,077 6 0,128 22 8 7 0,482 27 1,800 0,067 2 0,074 23 6 8 0,375 18 1,286 -0,143 2 0,053 24 6 8 0,271 13 0,929 -0,143 3 0,112 25 9 12 0,213 23 1,095 -0,143 4 0,062 26 6 6 0,361 13 1,083 0,000 2 0,089

29 Table A8. Results (Z-score) of the randomisation tests for the independent contributions of separate predictor variables (current and past patch area, current and past connectivity, patch isolation, proportion of patch area lost, and geographical gradient) in hierarchical partitioning analysis as a means of explaining network metrics

(butterfly and plant species, connectance, total links, links per species, web asymmetry and compartments) in (a) all butterfly-plant networks, (b) specialist butterfly-plant networks and (c) generalist butterfly-plant networks. Bold numbers indicate variables with a significant (p < 0.05) independent contribution. (+) indicated positive relationship while (-) indicated negative relationship.

30 Table A8

Current Past Patch Adj. R2 Current Past Geographical patch patch area selected connectivity connectivity gradient area area lost model (a) All butterfly-plant Butterfly species (+)3.84 -0.08 0.73 -0.32 0.62 0.71 0.39 Plant species (+)3.91 0.75 (+)2.32 0.13 0.35 1.12 0.46 Connectance (-)1.72 0.45 1.16 0.66 0.86 (-)2.51 0.48 Total links (+)3.29 0.01 1.14 -0.09 0.44 0.55 0.42 Links per species 0.14 -0.52 -0.56 -0.60 -0.26 -0.76 - Web asymmetry 0.77 (-)2.19 0.91 (-)2.25 -0.43 -0.47 0.32 Compartments (+)1.96 0.03 0.88 0.35 1.14 1.16 0.45 Robustness -0.48 -0.81 -0.50 -0.73 -0.51 0.27 - (b) Specialist butterfly-plant Butterfly species (+)2.25 -0.59 0.29 -0.46 0.81 -0.24 0.26 Plant species (+)1.84 -0.41 (+)1.68 0.01 0.93 0.40 0.34 Connectance (-)2.61 0.80 0.14 -0.52 1.32 0.78 0.18 Total links (+)2.75 -0.41 (+)1.85 -0.15 0.24 -0.48 0.28 Links per species -0.03 0.87 (+)1.76 0.14 -0.41 -0.38 0.15 Web asymmetry 0.18 -0.25 0.02 1.19 0.19 -0.14 - Compartments (+)2.28 -0.41 0.82 -0.14 0.97 1.64 0.29 Robustness 0.44 -0.20 (+)2.48 0.19 (-)2.04 1.55 0.19 (c) Generalist butterfly-plant Butterfly species (+)3.61 0.16 0.94 -0.22 0.40 1.58 0.39 Plant species (+)2.46 1.13 0.82 0.01 0.26 1.24 0.43 Connectance 0.90 1.04 0.45 0.81 -0.13 1.43 - Total links (+)3.32 0.53 0.92 -0.24 0.24 0.82 0.43 Links per species 0.76 -0.25 -0.56 -0.67 -0.43 -0.69 - Web asymmetry 0.79 1.45 1.33 0.43 -0.36 -0.64 - Compartments 1.42 0.09 0.37 0.04 0.09 1.28 - Robustness -0.72 -0.65 -0.68 -0.35 -0.65 0.72 -

31