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Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Im Tauberland Und Angrenzenden Regionen

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Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Im Tauberland Und Angrenzenden Regionen Carolinea 73 (2015): 29-81, 84 Abb.; Karlsruhe, 15.12.2015 29 Neue Erkenntnisse zur Verbreitung und Lebensweise von myrmekophilen Bläulingen (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) im Tauberland und angrenzenden Regionen MATTHIAS SANETRA, ROBERT GÜSTEN & ROBERT TRUSCH Kurzfassung to ants (myrmecophily) are described. Oviposition be- Im Tauberland im Norden Baden-Württembergs wurden haviour and the habitat of early stages could be docu- acht myrmekophile Bläulingsarten, Glaucopsyche alexis mented for P. daphnis. Possible host ant species of M. (Alexis-Bläuling), Polyommatus eumedon (Storchschna- alcon X were identified by investigation of the ant fauna bel-Bläuling), Polyommatus daphnis (Zahnflügel-Bläu- close to Gentiana cruciata plants. Myrmica schencki is ling), Polyommatus amandus (Vogelwicken-Bläuling), deemed to be the main host. Regional ecological spe- Polyommatus thersites (Esparsetten-Bläuling), Plebejus cializations are discussed through comparison with argus (Argus-Bläuling), Maculinea arion (Thymian-Amei- other populations. Also, implications for the conservation senbläuling) und Maculinea alcon X (Kreuzenzian-Amei- of myrmecophilous blues, which are sensitive to certain senbläuling), im Hinblick auf ihre aktuelle Verbreitung mowing and grazing regimes, are presented. und ihre Biologie und Ökologie untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, dass M. arion im Tauberland und Nördlichen Autoren Bauland ausgestorben ist. Die Präimaginalstadien (Eier MATTHIAS SANETRA, Hunsrückstr. 7, D-64546 Mörfelden- und Raupen) von G. alexis, P. eumedon, P. amandus, P. Walldorf; E-Mail: [email protected] thersites und P. argus wurden im Freiland aufgefunden, ROBERT GÜSTEN, Merckstr. 28, D-64283 Darmstadt; und ihre Beziehungen zu Ameisen (Myrmekophilie) wer- E-Mail: [email protected] den beschrieben. Das Eiablageverhalten und das Ent- ROBERT TRUSCH, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde wicklungshabitat konnten für P. daphnis dokumentiert Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76133 Karlsruhe; werden. Durch die Untersuchung der Ameisenfauna E-Mail: [email protected] in Bereichen mit Kreuzenzian ergeben sich Hinweise auf die möglichen Wirtsarten für M. alcon X. Myrmica Inhaltsverzeichnis schencki stellt vermutlich die Hauptwirtsart dar. Die Er- gebnisse werden im Vergleich zu anderen Populationen Einleitung . 30 dieser Arten mit bekannter ökologischer Einnischung 1 Glaucopsyche alexis diskutiert und regionale Besonderheiten aufgezeigt. Es (Alexis-Bläuling) . 33 ergeben sich zudem Implikationen für die Biotoppflege 2 Polyommatus eumedon zur langfristigen Erhaltung der Lebensräume myrme- (Storchschnabel-Bläuling) . 39 kophiler Bläulinge, da diese vielfach empfindlich auf 3 Polyommatus daphnis Mahd und Beweidung reagieren. (Zahnflügel-Bläuling) . 43 Abstract 4 Polyommatus amandus New findings on the distribution and the life history (Vogelwicken-Bläuling) . 48 of myrmecophilous Blues in the Tauberland and 5 Polyommatus thersites adjacent regions (Esparsetten-Bläuling) . 52 The present distribution and the life-history patterns of 6 Plebejus argus eight myrmecophilous species of Lycaenidae (“Blues”) (Argus-Bläuling) . 58 were studied in the Tauberland region of northern Baden-Wurttemberg, i.e. Glaucopsyche alexis (Green- 7 Maculinea arion underside Blue), Polyommatus eumedon (Geranium (Thymian-Ameisenbläuling) . 65 Argus), Polyommatus daphnis (Meleager’s Blue), Poly­ 8 Maculinea alcon X ommatus amandus (Amanda’s Blue), Polyommatus (Kreuzenzian-Ameisenbläuling) . 67 thersites (Chapman’s Blue), Plebejus argus (Silver- 9 Ameisen-Assoziationen studd ed Blue), Maculinea arion (Large Blue), and Ma­ (Myrmekophilie) . 70 culinea alcon X (Rebel’s Blue). Maculinea arion is extinct 10 Naturschutz und Biotoppflege . 73 in the region. The preimaginal stages (eggs and larvae) of G. alexis, P. eumedon, P. amandus, P. thersites and P. Danksagung . 77 argus were detected in the field and their relationships Literatur . 77 30 Carolinea 73 (2015) Einleitung Der in die Studie einbezogene geographische Das im Regenschatten von Odenwald und Bereich entspricht dem Tauberland (Haupteinheit Spessart gelegene Tauberland gehört zu den 129) im Sinne der naturräumlichen Gliederung trockensten und wärmsten Naturräumen in Ba- Deutschlands (MEYNEN & SCHMITTHÜSEN 1955). den-Württemberg. Die westlich angrenzenden Berücksichtigt wurden als angrenzende Bereiche Teile des Nördlichen Baulandes sind in ihrer das Nördliche Bauland (Untereinheit 128.8, vgl. klimatischen Ausprägung dem Tauberland sehr MENSCHING & WAGNER 1963) und das Obere Tau- ähnlich, aber etwas weniger wärmebegünstigt. bertal (Untereinheit 127.8, vgl. SICK 1962). Hier In beiden Regionen finden sich viele für den Na- finden sich sehr ähnliche Habitattypen für die Tag- turschutz wertvolle Trockenhänge mit einer be- falter der Kalkmagerrasen wie im angrenzenden trächtlichen Anzahl an Tier- und Pflanzenarten Tauberland. Die vorliegenden Verbreitungsdaten (hohe Biodiversität). Neben der auf den flach- (v.a. EBERT & RENNWALD 1991a, 1991b, LDS-BW, gründigen Muschelkalkböden vorkommenden BRÄU et al. 2013) zeigen entsprechend für viele artenreichen Flora beherbergen die Trocken- Tagfalterarten ein kontinuierliches, aber oft iso- und Halbtrockenrasen auch eine große Anzahl liertes Areal im Tauberland, Nördlichen Bauland von seltenen Großschmetterlingen. Besonders und Oberen Taubertal (z.B. Abb. 1). Verwaltungs- divers sind in dieser Region die Bläulinge (Le- technisch entspricht die abgedeckte Region im pidoptera: Lycaenidae), die aktuell noch mit ins- Nordosten des Bundeslandes Baden-Württem- gesamt 28 Arten vertreten sind (Tab. 1). Gleich- berg weitgehend dem Main-Tauber-Kreis, ohne wohl ist die Bestandssituation vieler Bläulinge die nördlichsten Gemeinden Wertheim und Freu- innerhalb Baden-Württembergs unbefriedigend. denberg. Der westlichste Abschnitt des Untersu- Auch haben die Verbreitungsareale in den letz- chungsgebiets liegt im Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis ten Jahrzehnten bei zahlreichen Arten an Fläche (Gemeinden Hardheim und Höpfingen). Kleine eingebüßt, wie es die historische Darstellung Bereiche im angrenzenden Bundesland Bayern der Fundmeldungen in der Landesdatenbank haben Anteil am Tauberland. Schmetterlinge Baden-Württembergs (LDS-BW; Für den Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt ist es www.schmetterlinge-bw.de) belegt. notwendig, die Lebensansprüche und die öko- Tabelle 1. Im Tauberland, Nördlichen Bauland und Oberen Taubertal nachgewiesene Bläulinge. Abkürzungen: RL D – Rote Liste Deutschland (REINHARDT & BOLZ 2012), RL B-W – Rote Liste Baden-Württemberg (EBERT et al. 2005), 1 – vom Aussterben bedroht, 2 – stark gefährdet, 3 – gefährdet, G – Gefährtung unbekannten Ausmaßes, V – Art der Vorwarnliste. Klassifizierung der Ameisenassoziationen nach FIEDLER (2006): fac – fakultativ, obl – obligat, com – kommensal, mut – mutualistisch, par – parasitisch. Art Nachweis RL RL Ameisen- Bemerkungen D B-W Assoziation Lycaena phlaeas (LINNAEUS, 1761) aktuell – V Lycaena dispar (HAWORTH, 1803) aktuell 3 3 fac, com Lycaena tityrus (PODA, 1761) aktuell – V Thecla betulae (LINNAEUS, 1758) aktuell – – fac, com Favonius quercus (LINNAEUS, 1758) aktuell – – fac, com Callophrys rubi (LINNAEUS, 1758) aktuell V V Satyrium w­album (KNOCH, 1782) aktuell – V fac, mut Satyrium pruni (LINNAEUS, 1758) aktuell – – Satyrium spini ([DENIS & SCHIFFERMÜLLER], 1775) aktuell 3 3 fac, mut Satyrium ilicis (ESPER, 1779) bis 1976 2 1 fac, mut Satyrium acaciae (FABRICIUS, 1787) aktuell V 3 Celastrina argiolus (LINNAEUS, 1758) aktuell – – fac, mut Pseudophilotes baton (BERGSTRÄSSER, 1779) (bis 1996) 2 2 fac, mut nur Oberes Taubertal, Einzelnachweis SANETRA et al.: Myrmekophile Bläulinge im Tauberland und angrenzenden Regionen 31 Fortsetzung Tabelle 1. Art Nachweis RL RL Ameisen- Bemerkungen D B-W Assoziation Glaucopsyche alexis (PODA, 1761) aktuell 3 2 fac, mut Maculinea1 arion (LINNAEUS, 1758) bis 1997/ 3 2 obl, par aktuell nur Oberes (aktuell) Taubertal Maculinea nausithous (BERGSTRÄSSER, 1779) aktuell V 3 obl, par Maculinea alcon ([DENIS & SCHIFFERMÜLLER], 1775) X2 aktuell 3 2 obl, par Cupido minimus (FUESSLY, 1775) aktuell – V fac, mut Cupido argiades (PALLAS, 1771) aktuell V V Plebejus argus (LINNAEUS, 1758) aktuell – V obl, mut Plebejus argyrognomon (BERGSTRÄSSER, 1779) aktuell – V fac, mut Polyommatus 3 agestis ([DENIS & SCHIFFERMÜLLER], aktuell – – fac, mut 1775) Polyommatus 3,4 artaxerxes (FABRICIUS, 1793) aktuell G V fac, mut Polyommatus 3 eumedon (ESPER, 1780) aktuell 3 3 fac, mut Polyommatus 3 semiargus (ROTTEMBURG, 1775) aktuell – V fac, mut Polyommatus dorylas ([DENIS & SCHIFFERMÜLLER], bis 1929 2 1 fac, mut 1775) Polyommatus thersites (CANTENER, 1835) aktuell 3 3 fac, mut Polyommatus icarus (ROTTEMBURG, 1775) aktuell – – fac, mut Polyommatus amandus (SCHNEIDER, 1792) aktuell – 3 fac, mut Nördliches Bauland (Tauberland: bis 1996) Polyommatus daphnis ([DENIS & SCHIFFERMÜLLER], aktuell 3 3 fac, mut 1775) Polyommatus damon ([DENIS & SCHIFFERMÜLLEr], bis 1931 1 1 fac, mut 1775) Polyommatus 3 bellargus (ROTTEMBURG, 1775) aktuell 3 3 fac, mut Polyommatus 3 coridon (PODA, 1761) aktuell – V fac, mut 1 Neuere Untersuchungen haben etabliert, dass Phengaris DOHERTY, 1891 und Maculinea VAN EECKE, 1915 als Syno- nyme zu betrachten sind (FRIC et al. 2007, UGELVIG et al. 2011). BALLETTO et al. (2010) haben beantragt, Maculinea Priorität vor Phengaris einzuräumen. Da sich der Fall auch weiterhin in Abwägung durch die Internationale Kom- mission für Zoologische Nomenklatur befindet, ist dem vorherrschenden Gebrauch von Maculinea an Stelle von Phengaris zu folgen (ICZN 1999: Artikel 82.1.).
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