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Altay Ana Muharebe Tankı

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Altay Ana Muharebe Tankı Börteçin Ege >>> Altay Ana Muharebe Tankı Son yıllarda ASELSAN, ROKETSAN, TUSAŞ, OTOKAR ve TÜBİTAK gibi devlet kurumları ve özel sermayeli savunma kuruluşları birbirinden önemli askeri projelere imza atıyor. ALTAY Tankı projesi bunlardan sadece biri, ama istediği takdirde bir ulusun neleri başarabileceğini göstermesi bakımından önemli ve aynı zamanda Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin teknolojik dışa bağımlılığının azaltılması açısından da önemli bir sembol. Türkiye’nin önde gelen özel sermayeli savunma şirketlerinden OTOKAR’ın liderliğinde tasarlanan ALTAY Ana Muharebe Tankı’nın ilk prototipleri 15 Kasım 2012’de Başbakan Erdoğan’ın da katıldığı bir törenle Türk ve dünya kamuoyuna tanıtıldı. Bu prototiplerle önümüzdeki aylarda yapılacak test çalışmaları kapsamında elde edilecek bilgi ve tecrübelerden yola çıkılarak 2015’e kadar iki prototipin daha üretilip seri üretime hazır hale getirilmesi ve en geç 2016 yılında ilk Türk tankının üretim bandından çıkması bekleniyor. Gelin, ilk önce çoğumuzun uzmanlık alanına girmeyen tankların tarihçesine ve genel yapılarına bir baktıktan sonra ALTAY’ı incelemeye başlayalım. Tankların tarihçesi Ana muharebe tanklarının genel yapısı Tankların tarihi I. Dünya Savaşı’na dayanıyor. Ta- Bir tankın muharebe gücünü belirleyen üç önem- rihi kayıtlara göre ilk olarak Eylül 1916’da İngiliz Or- li etmen var: Arazilerdeki manevra kabiliyeti, tankın dusu tarafından kullanılmaya başlandı. Çeşitli kay- korunması ve ateş gücü. Tank tasarımcılarının ana naklarda, paletli ve zırhlı bu savaş aracına “tank” adı- görevlerinden biri, tasarımlar sırasında bu üç etmeni nın, üretiminden hiç kimsenin haberdar olmasını is- de göz önünde bulundurarak bunlar arasında den- temeyen İngiliz Ordu yetkilileri tarafından bilinçli ge kurmaktır. Tanklar günümüzde motor gücüne, olarak verildiği ve böylece söz konusu aracın yapı- ağırlığa veya silah gücüne göre değil, piyadeye verdi- mında çalışan İngiliz işçilere bile sadece paletli su de- ği desteğe ve taarruz ve faydalanma oranına göre sı- poları ürettikleri izlenimi verildiği söyleniyor. nıflandırılıyor. Kısa sürede I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ana unsurların- dan biri haline gelen tanklar, aynı zamanda siper sa- Motor yapısı vaşı taktiğini de tarihin derinliklerine gömerek or- duları hareketli savunma düzenine geçmeye zorla- Günümüzün modern tanklarında benzinle ça- mış ve klasik süvari görevlerini üstlenmeye başla- lışan motorlar değil, genellikle dizel motorları veya mıştı. Sonraki yıllarda İngiliz Ordusu’nun yanı sıra gaz türbinli motorlar kullanılıyor (benzin ile çalışan özellikle Alman, Fransız, ABD ve Rus orduları tara- motorların kullanılmamasının başlıca sebebi bunla- fından da geliştirilen zırhlı araçlara dayalı savaş biçi- rın çatışma sırasında hayli kolay alev alma olasılığı- mi, geçerliliğini günümüzde de büyük ölçüde koru- dır). Başlangıçta pek de güçlü olmayan dizel motor- yan ana muharebe tanklarının II. Dünya Savaşı’nın lar zamanla geliştirilmiş ve ortaya modern tankla- ana aktörlerinden biri olmasını sağlamıştı. Tanklar, rın gittikçe vazgeçilmez bir parçası haline gelen hayli ilk defa II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Alman ordula- güçlü dizel motorları çıkmıştır. Tanklarda kullanılan rı tarafından Yıldırım Savaşları (Der Blitzkrieg) kap- dizel motorları hayli karmaşık bir yapıya sahip olsa- samında ana silah olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. lar da, hasar görmeleri durumunda bile sadece daki- II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında hâkim olan Soğuk kalar içinde yenisi ile değiştirilebilirler. Motorlar aynı Savaş sırasında da önemini koruyan ana muharebe zamanda tankların enerji santralleridir. Burada ka- tankları, her ne kadar Siber Savaş dönemine girildi- zanılan enerji sadece tankın hareket ettirilmesi için ği günümüzde önemini göreceli olarak biraz yitirmiş değil, tank kulesinin döndürülmesi ve telsiz sistem- olsa da halen her modern ordunun vazgeçilmez ana lerinin vb. çalışması için gerekli elektrik enerjisini de unsurlarından biridir ve yakın gelecekte de öyle ola- sağlar. Birkaç tank modeli hariç, motorlar genelde caktır. tankların arka kısmında bulunur. 16 16_19_altay_tanki.indd 16 25.01.2013 18:54 Bilim ve Teknik Şubat 2013 >>> Hareket kabiliyeti ve sürat jik ihtiyaçları karşısında klasik malzeme- lerinde ise 125 mm’dir). Bazı ana muhare- lerin, örneğin metallerin yetersiz kalmaya be tankları füze ateşleme yeteneğine de sa- Bir ana muharebe tankını yenilmez ya- başlaması üzerine üretilmeye başlanmış- hiptir. Modern tank topları ayrıca arka ar- pan unsurların en başında o tankın fark- tır. Kompozit zırhlar klasik malzemeler- kaya atışlardan sonra top namlusunda or- lı arazi türlerindeki (çamurlu araziler, en- den daha hafif ama bir o kadar sağlamdır. taya çıkan sıcaklığın tankın hedef vurma gebeli araziler, sulak bölgeler vb.) manev- Son yıllarda üretilen ABD yapımı M1A1 yeteneğini etkilememesi için özel bir ter- ra kabiliyeti, yakıt ikmali yapmaksızın eri- Abrams tipi tanklarda kompozit zırhla- mik koruma sistemi ile de donatılmıştır. şebildiği menzil ve ortalama sürati geli- rın yanı sıra tükenmiş uranyum ile kap- Topun haricinde, bir ana muharebe tankı- yor. II. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında bir tankın lanmış zırhlar da kullanılmaya başlanmış- nın sahip olduğu en önemli ikincil ana si- azami menzili ancak 150 km iken, günü- tır. Modern tankların tank cephanelikleri lah genellikle 7,62 mm-12,7 mm büyük- müzde bu değer 400-500 km’ye ulaşmıştır. de tank personelinin olası bir patlamanın lüğündeki, küçük kalibreli makineli tüfek- Modern tankların engebeli olmayan ara- etkilerinden korunması için özel zırhlarla lerdir. zilerde ulaşabildiği ortalama sürat ise sa- kaplanıyor. Son yıllarda vurulduğu zaman atte 70 km’ye kadar yükselmiş durumda. patlamayan, sadece yanan cephaneler gi- Hedef vurma yeteneği Tankların özellikle engebeli arazilerdeki derek daha sık kullanılıyor. hareket ve manevra yeteneklerinde mo- Başka bir zırh çeşidi de yine tank per- Hedef vurma yeteneği, özellikle de ha- dern süspansiyon sistemleri büyük rol oy- sonelinin biyolojik ve kimyasal silahlar gi- reketli hedefleri vurma yeteneği oldum nuyor. Bu süspansiyon sistemleri o kadar bi kitlesel imha silahlarından korunması olası ana muharebe tanklarının en zor- hassas ki en hafif tanksavar silahlarının amacıyla yapılan özel zırhlardır. Yukarıda lu görevlerinden biri olmuştur. II. Dünya kullanımında bile kolaylıkla devre dışı ka- da belirtildiği gibi tankların özellikle en- Savaşı sırasında tanklar hedeflerini sadece labiliyorlar. Bu nedenle birçok tankın yan gebeli arazilerdeki hareket ve manevra ye- gün ışığında vurabiliyordu. 1970’li yıllar- eteklerinde süspansiyon sistemlerini ko- teneklerinde modern süspansiyon sistem- dan itibaren ilerleyen teknolojiyle birlik- ruyan özel zırh sistemleri bulunuyor. leri büyük rol oynar. Bu nedenle çoğu mo- te aydınlatma sistemlerinin de gelişmesiy- dern tankta aracın süspansiyon sistemini le tankların geceleri de hedeflerini vurma- Zırh sistemleri koruyan zırhlar da bulunur. sı mümkün olmaya başladı. Fakat kolay- lıkla tahmin edilebileceği I. Dünya Savaşı sıra- gibi bu konudaki en bü- sında kullanılan ilk nesil yük devrim başta bilgi- tankların zırh kalınlığı 6 sayarlar olmak üzere çe- ile 12 mm arasındayken, şitli elektronik sistemle- II. Dünya Savaşı’nda zırh rin geliştirilerek ana mu- kalınlığı 30-40 mm’ye harebe tanklarına enteg- çıkmıştı. Tanklarda ge- re edilmesiyle gerçekleş- leneksel olarak en kalın ti. Günümüzün modern zırhın bulunduğu bölge tankları lazer mesafe öl- tankın ön cephesi ile ta- çerler, lazer hedef işaret- retin bulunduğu bölüm- leme sistemleri, gece gö- dür. Taret, tank veya her- rüş sistemleri gibi elekt- hangi bir zırhlı aracın ro-optik sistemler saye- üzerindeki silahların, ör- sinde hedeflerini artık Otokar neğin makinalı tüfekle- gece ve gündüz takip et- rin bulunduğu kuledir. Bu nedenle bir ça- me, bunları kendileri ve/veya hedefleri tışma esnasında tank komutanı tankı sü- Tankların ana silahı: Top hareket halindeyken bile vurma yeteneği- rekli olarak ön cephesi düşman tarafına Modern tanklar da dâhil olmak üze- ne sahip. bakacak şekilde pozisyonlandırmaya çalı- re her tankın ana silahı toptur. II. Dünya şır. Yan taraflarda bulunan zırhlar ise daha Savaşı sırasında tank toplarında kullanı- Mürettebat incedir ve bir tankın en zayıf noktaların- lan kalibre büyüklüğü 37 mm-88 mm ara- dan birini oluşturur. sında değişmekteyken, bu büyüklük gü- Bir ana muharebe tankının ekibi ge- 1970’li yıllardan beri tank yapımın- nümüzün modern tank toplarında 105 nelde üç veya dört kişiden oluşuyor: Tank da metal ve seramik katmanlardan olu- mm’ye ve üstüne çıkmıştır (Batı’da kulla- komutanı, sürücü, nişancı ve cephanele- şan kompozit zırhlar kullanılıyor. Kom- nılan tank toplarındaki standart büyüklük rin otomatik olarak yüklenmediği ortam- pozit zırhlar, günümüzün gelişen teknolo- genelde 120 mm, eski Varşova Paktı üye- larda doldurucu. 17 16_19_altay_tanki.indd 17 25.01.2013 18:54 Altay Ana Muharebe Tankı Dünyanın en modern tankları çok önemli bir teknolojik sembol. ALTAY Uzun vadedeki ana hedef ise Türkiye’nin ile birlikte Türk Ordusu dünyanın en mo- bu tank motorlarını Savunma Sanayi- Yukarıda sayılan özelliklere veya bu dern ana muharebe tanklarından birine i Müsteşarlığı tarafından yönetilen Milli özelliklerin çoğuna sahip olan ana muha- kavuşacak. Her ne kadar ALTAY’ın bazı Güç Grubu Geliştirilmesi Projesi çerçeve- rebe tankları günümüzde modern tank sı- parçaları ilk aşamada lisans ile üretim yo- sinde kendisinin tasarlayıp geliştirip üret- nıfına giriyor. Bu tanklar şunlar: Leopard luyla yurtdışından alınacak olsa da proje- mesi. ABD yapımı M1 Abrams 1521 bey-
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