Climate Change: Challenges & Solutions
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Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions Proceedings of the National Seminar Organized by Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Editors Ritu Kakkar K.H. Vinaya Kumar O.K. Remadevi N. Hema J. Cruz Antony Funded by Strategic Programmes, Large Initiatives & Coordinated action Enabler (SPLICE) Division Department of Science & Technology (DST) Government of India ALLIED PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD. New Delhi • Mumbai • Kolkata • Lucknow • Chennai Nagpur • Bangalore • Hyderabad • Ahmedabad ALLIED PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED 1/13-14 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi–110002 Ph.: 011-23239001 • E-mail: [email protected] 87/4, Chander Nagar, Alambagh, Lucknow–226005 Ph.: 0522-4012850 • E-mail: [email protected] 17 Chittaranjan Avenue, Kolkata–700072 Ph.: 033-22129618 • E-mail: [email protected] 15 J.N. 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Road, Navrangpura, Ellisbridge P.O., Ahmedabad–380006 Ph.: 079-26465916 • E-mail: [email protected] No. 25/10, Commander-in-Chief Road, Ethiraj Lane (Next to Post Office) Egmore, Chennai–600008 Ph.: 044-28223938 • E-mail: [email protected] Hebbar Sreevaishnava Sabha, Sudarshan Complex-2 No. 24/1, 2nd Floor, Seshadri Road, Bangalore–560009 Ph.: 080-22262081 • E-Mail: [email protected] 3-2-844/6 & 7 Kachiguda Station Road, Hyderabad–500027 Ph.: 040-24619079 • E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.alliedpublishers.com © EMPRI 2018, Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions We encourage the free use of the contents of this book with appropriate and full citation as given below: Ritu Kakkar, Vinaya Kumar K.H., Remadevi O.K., Hema N. and Cruz Antony J. (Eds.) 2018. Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 318 pp. The views expressed in this book are of the individual contributors, editors or authors and do not represent the viewpoint of EMPRI. Errors, if any are purely unintentional and the publishers or editors do not take any responsibility for the same in any manner. This book is not for sale. ISBN: 978-93-87997-00-4 Published and printed by Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (Printing Division), A-104 Mayapuri Phase II, New Delhi-110064 Message limate change is a major challenge for developing countries like India that face C large scale climate variability and are exposed to enhanced risks from climate change. The current development regime reiterates the focus on sustainable growth and aims to exploit the co-benefits of addressing climate change along with promoting economic growth. The future global climate model projection says that if the business as usual scenario gets continued, a global temperature rise of 3–4°C is inevitable. COP 21 has set a new mandate to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at global level to ensure that the increase in global average temperature does not exceed a maximum of 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. A new paradigm has been created that demands changed practices at the global, country and local levels. It is time to debate on the challenges posed by climate change in India and understand how we can act and contribute to the mounting momentum to meet the interlinked global challenges of climate change and sustainable development. Science has an imperative role in the improvement of the understanding of the problems specific to regions and providing feasible technological solutions. The information with respect to climate change vulnerabilities is in possession of many knowledge institutions and there is inadequate coordination of all knowledge inputs for practical use. Reliable and detailed regional information, including current and future assessments of climate variability and change is essential in the design of effective strategies for adaptation to climate change On this backdrop, a national seminar on Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions was organized by Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute (EMPRI), Bengaluru. v vi Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute (EMPRI), functioning under the Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment has completed more than fifteen years of service to the state and has achieved many accolades in the field of Environmental management and policy research. As per the MoEF&CC guidelines, Karnataka State Government has designated EMPRI as the State Nodal agency for Climate Change in Karnataka to anchor the State’s future Scientific and Technical activities on climate change. The institute has been instrumental in formulating and implementing many policies towards bringing in sustainable and climate resilient growth in Karnataka. State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) prepared by EMPRI and accepted by MoEF&CC is the guiding document for climate change related action plans and programmes of the Govt. of Karnataka. During 2016, National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC), Department of Science and Technology (DST) under the Strategic Programmes Large Initiatives and Coordinated Action Enabler (SPLICE) project approved the strengthening of the state climate change centre into a Strategic knowledge centre for climate change. EMPRI in its endeavour to network with climate change knowledge institutions in India, organized a national seminar on “Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions” at its campus on 23rd January 2017. Prominent academicians, researchers and adminis- trators participated in the seminar. The seminar facilitated debates on the challenges posed by climate change in India and development of feasible technological solutions for mitigation and adaptation to the diverse issues of climate change. EMPRI has prepared the lectures and papers presented in the seminar in the form of a book entitled, “Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions” with ISBN number for the use of academicians, students, researchers and policy makers. Hope this will be used by all as a reference for their works. I congratulate the team of editors from EMPRI for bringing out the book in a befitting way. (Vandita Sharma) Message The Department of Science Technology (DST), Government of India has been entrusted with the responsibility of implementing two out of eight missions launched under National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). The National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC) is one among them which aims at building S&T capacities in the relevant areas of climate change; mapping of knowledge and data resources; Networking of knowledge institutions, creation of new dedicated centres, technology mapping, selection and prioritization, etc. One of the deliverables of NMSKCC is to provide assistance to the State Governments to establish and strengthen the climate change knowledge centres to build CC knowledge base and take up certain basic tasks such as carrying out vulnerability and risk assessments, conducting stakeholder trainings, organising public awareness programmes and building institutional capacity in climate change. DST has recently supported a Centre for Climate Change in Karnataka at EMPRI. The Centre success- fully conducted its first National seminar on climate change during January, 2017. The technical sessions had six themes namely, climatology and climate change, climate change and impact assessment, climate change and biodiversity, adaptation and mitigation measures, climate concerns and green technology, climate change law and policy. I understand the Seminar was attended by a large number of researchers, academicians, NGOs, policy makers, and administrators from across the State. The deliberations at the seminar were very fruitful. I am delighted to learn that a book entitled “Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions” is being brought out which is a compilation of papers presented by experts and researchers in the Seminar. I congratulate EMPRI team especially the Director General for publication of the book which I am confident will be of great use to not only researchers, academicians and students but also the policy makers. I sincerely wish that DST’s supported CC Centre at EMPRI will continue to contribute meaningfully towards meeting its objectives and not only come up to DST’s expectation but attain excellence in the time to come. (Akhilesh Gupta) vii Organizing Committee Ms. Ritu Kakkar, IFS, Director General Ms. Saswati Mishra, IFS, Director Dr. K.H. Vinaya Kumar, IFS, Director Dr. O.K. Remadevi, Head, Centre for Climate Change Mr. C. Ramesha, Project Development Officer Mr. Basavaraju, Head, Training Division Mr. B.S. Hegde, Accounts Manager (Finance) Dr. Papiya Roy, Research Scientist Dr. M. Manjunatha, Research Scientist Dr. N. Hema, Research Scientist Dr. Boya Saritha, Research Associate Mr. J. Cruz Antony, Research Associate Ms. P. Chitra, Research Associate Mr. Roshan Puranik, Research Associate Mr. R. Abhilash, Sr. GIS Scientist Ms. Roopadevi Koti, GIS Scientist Mr. Kiranraddi Morab, GIS Scientist Ms. Nayana Prakash, Research Associate Ms. Reethu Singh, Research Associate Ms. Vyshali Prakash, Junior Research Fellow Mr. Balasubramanya Sharma, Research Assistant Mr. S. Sooraj, Research Assistant Mr. Chaturved Shet, Research Assistant Ms. D. Komala, Programme