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Appendix 13.2

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Appendix 13.2 Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report Appendix 13.2 Population Biology of the Hong Kong/Pearl River Estuary Population of the Chinese White Dolphin ( Sousa chinensis ): Literature Review 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. There are sixteen confirmed cetacean species in Hong Kong waters (Jefferson & Hung, 2007) and in March 2009, a Humpback whale was also reported in Hong Kong, which increased the number of recorded species to 17. There have also been two unconfirmed additional species, both baleen whales, in Hong Kong waters. 1.2. Although other cetaceans, including the Bottlenose Dolphin and False Killer Whale, have been previously noted in Hong Kong waters, these sightings are likely to be transient or extralimital records and only two species of cetaceans, the Chinese White Dolphin (CWD) or Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin ( Sousa chinensis ) and the Indo-Pacific Finless Porpoise ( Neophocaena phocaenoides ) are resident. 1.3. There appears to be only a limited overlap in the distribution of the CWD and Finless Porpoise in local Hong Kong waters, as the CWD tends to be predominantly distributed in the western waters, whereas the Finless Porpoise is usually recorded in areas further to the south and east of Hong Kong. The southwestern coast of Lantau around Fan Lau and the Soko Islands represent the only areas in Hong Kong where both species are commonly seen (Parsons et al ., 1995; Jefferson, 2000; Jefferson et al ., 2002). 1.4. As such, only the CWD has been consistently reported within the proposed study area of the extension of the existing Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) and the third runway (3RS Project), comprising the area from Tuen Mun to the southwest of the existing airport platform. The Indo- Pacific Finless Porpoise habitat is located predominatly in the southern and eastern waters of Hong Kong and these animals do not occur along the west or north coasts of Lantau Island (Jefferson, et al. , 2002). As the proposed 3RS land platform will be formed by deep cement mixing and other non-dredging ground improvement methods, any marine excavation will be limited to the open trench and field joint works for the 11kv electicity cable diversion and bore piling for the approach lights and 1 Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report marker beacons. Thus, dredging and mud disposal will be minimal and the dispersion of suspended solids during the project works will be limited and confined. In additon, marine fill for the reclamation will also be brought in from outside Hong Kong which will negate the need for source material dredging in Hong Kong waters. Based on this, it is considered that the habitat of the Indo- Pacific Finless Porpoise would not be directly or indirectly affected by the project and this is confirmed by the water quality modelling in Chapter 8, which demonstrates that there will be no impact from the Project’s construction or operation on the waters to the south of Lantau Island frequented by the Finless Porpoise. As such, it is considered that this resident marine mammal will not be impacted by the project and is not considered further, with this literature review focussing on the CWD only. 1.5. The largest known population of CWDs is located within the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), occurring in Hong Kong, Macau and the Guangdong Province waters. The total size of the Pearl River breeding population is difficult to determine accurately, although it has been estimated to comprise over 2,500 individuals, with about 103-193 inhabiting Hong Kong’s waters at various times of the year, as of the late 2000s (Jefferson, 2007; Chen et al., , 2010c). Numbers in Hong Kong have declined significantly in recent years (Hung, 2013), as further discussed below. 1.6. The presence of the CWDs in Hong Kong waters and the adjacent PRE of China’s Guangdong Province was essentially unknown until relatively recently. The first mention of these animals appeared in Carnac-Temple’s (1634-1637) log, in which he reported that white ‘porpoises’ were observed while lying at anchor off of Macau. The species was unknown to science at the time. In 1751, Osbeck (1771) reported live sightings of these animals from the Canton (Pearl) River and his observations formed the basis of the type description for the species (at the time, Delphinus chinensis ). However, the first-ever scientific paper on the cetaceans of Hong Kong, Romer (1955), made no mention of the species. It was not until Melville’s (1976) note reported several sightings of the species in Hong Kong in 1976 that this population of the species appeared in scientific literature. Soon after, Abel and Leatherwood (1985) reported several sightings of humpback dolphins in Hong Kong, together with a stranding in 1978. 1.7. The construction of the HKIA at Chek Lap Kok also highlighted the presence of the CWDs. It should be noted that no reliable survey data were available for the period prior to the construction of the HKIA and the hypothesis that the population was larger in the past was only an assumption. Since the mid 1990s, intensive research into the distribution, status and conservation requirements of this species have been on-going (see Jefferson, 2000, 2005 & 2007; Hung, 2008& 2013). 2 Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report 1.8. In 2008, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) evaluated the status of the species Sousa chinensis throughout its range. The species was classified as Near Threatened (NT), although individual populations of the species may have a different status (Reeves et al., 2008a). For instance, the Eastern Taiwan Strait population was classified as Critically Endangered, due to its very small population size and inference that a significant population decline has occurrred in the past (Wang et al., 2007; Reeves et al. , 2008b). 1.9. A workshop was conducted in 2008, which formed an an ‘external review’, mostly by experts from outside of Hong Kong, to evaluate the overall conservation status of the Hong Kong and PRE CWD population based on the IUCN criteria (Wilson et al., , 2008). The extensive research conducted on this population since the early 1990s has made it clear that this is the best-understood population of CWDs ( Sousa chinensis). While the workshop participants were not able to clearly define the status of the population, they felt that there is the potential for a large number of human activities currently occurring in Hong Kong to have impacts on the population that are not sustainable. 2. SURVEY DATA SOURCES 2.1. As noted above, the main source of data on the CWD is obtained from the Hong Kong Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department’s (AFCD) long term CWD monitoring programme (AFCD, unpublished, 2013). However, besides these data, other studies and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) have gathered additonal survey data relevant to to the proposed 3RS Project. A summary of the survey data used in this review is detailed in the sections below. 2.2. The AFCD long term monioring programme has been conducted by various consultants for AFCD from 1995 to the present, and is still on-going. Since 1995, this longitudinal research programme has been conducted on CWDs, together with the Indo-Pacific Finless Porpoises, in Hong Kong and with some additional study in the Pearl River Delta region. The annual marine mammal monitoring project in Hong Kong represents the continuation and extension of this programme. The territory- wide AFCD small cetacean monitoring programme covers nine zones within Hong Kong waters, including western and north Lantau waters, with vessel survey transects within each zone (AFCD, 2013). The nine monitoring zones and vessel transects are shown in Figure 1. These surveys provide the main data for examining abundance and trends in numbers of both CWDs and the Indo- Pacific Finless Porpoises in different areas of Hong Kong. In addition, the AFCD dataset has also included helicopter surveys (primarily of eastern waters of Hong Kong), and contains information on photographic records of individual dolphins, as well as detailed stranding records of all cetaceans in Hong Kong. 3 Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report 2.3. The AFCD dataset currently includes 18 years of data from vessel-based line transects, photo- identification surveys, periodic helicopter aerial surveys, investigation into CWD strandings, with later additional biopsy sampling of live dolphins, land-based surveys and acoustic studies using passive acoustic monitoring. There have been numerous published reports, theses and unpublished contract reports that have summarised the results of analyses of these data with respect to the CWD distribution, abundance, habitat use, ranging patterns, demography, life history, feeding habits, mortality and behavioral ecology for various time periods. These are summarised in Table 1 below, with Hung (2013) providing the most recent comprehensive analysis. Table 1. Summary of Literature Conducting Analyses of the AFCD Long-Term Monitoring Dataset Reference Data Period (Years) Type of Data Analysed Jefferson, 2000 1995-1998 Comprehensive Hung and Jefferson, 2004 1995-2002 Ranging patterns Jefferson et al . 2006 1995-2004 Strandings/mortality Jefferson, 2007 1995-2007 Comprehensive Hung, 2008 1996-2005 Comprehensive Jefferson et al . 2012 1995-2009 Life history/growth Hung, 2012 2002-2012 Comprehensive Hung, 2013 2003-2013 Comprehensive 2.4. The field work on and major analyses of the data collected by the AFCD long term small cetaceans monitoring programme ( Table 1 ) has been conducted primarily by T. A. Jefferson and S. K. Hung through the Ocean Park Conservation Foundation and later the Hong Kong Cetacean Research Project.
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