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Detailed Feasibility Studies: Transmission Projects in Nepal Volume 2: Environmental and Social Assessment MCC-15-BPA-0032, MCC-16-CL-0002 March 2017 Page 1 Task 2: Environmental and Social Assessment Detailed Feasibility Studies: Transmission ProjectsDraft in NepalFeasibility Study Report Transmission Projects in Nepal Volume 2 (Report) Volume 6 Monitoring and Evaluation MCC-15-BPA-0032, MCC-16-CL-0002 Prepared for: March 2017 Millennium Challenge Corporation 1099 14th Street NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005-3550 MCC-16-CL-0002 Prepared by: 1320 North Courthouse Road, Suite 600 Arlington, VA 22201 Tel 703.387.2100, Fax 703.243.0953 December 6, 201 Detailed Feasibility Studies Transmission Projects in Nepal Volume 2 (Report): Task 2: Environmental and Social Assessment Prepared for: Millennium Challenge Corporation 1099 14th Street NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005-3550 MCC-15-BPA-0032, MCC-16-CL-0002 Prepared by: Cenibark International, Inc. P. O. Box 1467 Richland, WA 99352 Sub-contractor to: Tetra Tech ES, Inc. 1320 North Courthouse Road, Suite 600 Arlington, VA 22201 Tel 703.387.2100, Fax 703.243.0953 March 2017 Consultants Team David Keith BPA Program Manager Rakesh Kumar Goyal Project Manager Armando F. Balloffet Task Leader David A. Burack Environmental Specialist Sunil Goonetillke Environmental Specialist Albab Akanda Social Scientist Jennifer Mudge Social Scientist/Gender Paul N. Seeley Principal, Environmental/Social Performance Lesli A. Rucker Principal, Response Planning and Risk Management Prayag Tamrakar Environment/Forestry Expert Niranjan Shrestha Environmental Specialist Sharada Jnawali Social/Gender Scientist Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 1 1. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ........................................................................ 16 1.1 PURPOSE AND METHOD OF REVIEW ...................................................................................... 16 1.2 NEPALESE REGULATIONS ..................................................................................................... 16 1.3 MCC GUIDELINES AND IFC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ..................... 24 1.4 COMPARISON OF IFC PERFORMANCE STANDARDS AND NATIONAL AND LOCAL LAW AND REGULATIONS 31 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................ 41 2.1 PROPOSED PROJECTS ......................................................................................................... 41 2.2 METHODOLOGY FOR MULTI-CRITERIA ROUTE SELECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES AND SUBSTATIONS .. 52 3. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATIONS ........................................................................ 56 3.1 PURPOSE AND CONTEXT OF STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ........................................................... 56 4. BASELINE INFORMATION .................................................................................................................... 59 4.1 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT .................................................................................... 59 4.2 GENERAL SOCIAL AND GENDER CONTEXT .............................................................................. 126 4.3 NR1 ............................................................................................................................ 147 4.4 XB1 ............................................................................................................................ 160 4.5 T8 ............................................................................................................................... 164 4.6 T3 ............................................................................................................................... 168 4.7 T2’ .............................................................................................................................. 173 4.8 NR3 ............................................................................................................................ 181 4.9 NR4 ............................................................................................................................ 189 4.10 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES THAT COULD AFFECT A ROUTING DECISION .......................................... 194 5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING OF PROJECTS ............................................................... 197 5.1 PROJECT SCREENING ........................................................................................................ 197 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIES ........................................................................................... 199 5.3 TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACTS ............................................................................................... 202 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ........................................... 203 6.1 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ............................................ 203 6.2 BENEFIT SHARING OPPORTUNITIES ...................................................................................... 222 6.3 SUMMARY OF PROJECT-LEVEL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ......................................... 223 6.4 POTENTIAL FATAL FLAWS .................................................................................................. 236 7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................. 237 7.1 INITIAL ALTERNATIVES ...................................................................................................... 237 7.2 NO ACTION ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................ 240 8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................... 241 8.1 OUTLINE FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ...................................... 241 8.2 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................................. 244 9. ESIA TERMS OF REFERENCE AND COST ESTIMATES.......................................................................... 248 List of Tables Table 1. Ramsar Sites in Nepal ................................................................................................................... 20 Table 2. Gender-related Constitutional and Legal Provisions, and Operational Policies ........................... 23 Table 3. Comparison of IFC Performance Standards with National and Local Laws and Regulations ....... 32 Table 4. Proposed Projects ......................................................................................................................... 41 Table 5. Substation Access Road Information (as of December 2016) ...................................................... 42 Table 6. Directly Associated IPP Facilities .................................................................................................. 43 Table 7. Relationship of NEA Planned Facilities to MCC Proposed Lines ................................................... 44 Table 8. Annual Rainfall by Station (mm) ................................................................................................... 65 Table 9. Average Sunshine Duration by Station (hr/day) .......................................................................... 67 Table 10. Average Wind Speed by Station .................................................................................................. 68 Table 11. Annual Mean Temperature by Station ........................................................................................ 70 Table 12 .Profile of the Physiographic Zones .............................................................................................. 72 Table 13. River Water Runoff from Nepal .................................................................................................. 80 Table 14. Water Quality of Major Rivers During the Dry Season ............................................................... 81 Table 15. Ground Water Quality of (Shallow Tube) Aquifers in the East Tarai, 2003 ................................ 82 Table 16. Mineral Contaminants of Drinking Water, 2009/10 ................................................................... 82 Table 17. Bacteriological Water Quality of Different Water Sources, Kathmandu Valley .......................... 83 Table 18. Air Quality Monitoring Results for Major Cities (PM10, TSP, SO2, NO2, Co and Pb) ..................... 84 Table 19. Noise Level in Different Areas of Kathmandu ............................................................................. 86 Table 20. Physiographic and Bioclimatic Zones of Nepal............................................................................ 89 Table 21. Profile of Bioclimatic Zone Sub Divisions .................................................................................... 89 Table 22. Wildlife Corridors Connecting TAL with Other Protected Areas ............................................... 101 Table 23. Physiographical Linkages of Protected Areas............................................................................ 106 Table 24. Representation of Ecosystems in Protected Areas ................................................................... 107 Table 25. Eco-regions in Nepal .................................................................................................................. 109 Table 26. Area
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