Where are we on the time axis?

M. B. Patil [email protected]

Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

July, 2009

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B

1 B

100 M

10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang

1 B

100 M

10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B

100 M

10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B * 3 B: first sign of life

100 M

10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B * 3 B: first sign of life

100 M * 600 M: earliest fossils

10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B * 3 B: first sign of life

100 M * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct 10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B * 3 B: first sign of life

100 M * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct 10 M * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools.

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B * 3 B: first sign of life

100 M * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct 10 M * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire 1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B * 3 B: first sign of life

100 M * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct 10 M * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire 1 M * 200 K: speech begins

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B * 3 B: first sign of life

100 M * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct 10 M * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire 1 M * 200 K: speech begins

100 K * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man)

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B * 3 B: first sign of life

100 M * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct 10 M * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire 1 M * 200 K: speech begins

100 K * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance

10 K tools

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B * 3 B: first sign of life

100 M * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct 10 M * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire 1 M * 200 K: speech begins

100 K * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance

10 K tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed 1 B * 3 B: first sign of life

100 M * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct 10 M * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire 1 M * 200 K: speech begins

100 K * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance

10 K tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing 1 K * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe) * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia) * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B

1 B

100 M

10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia) * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

1 B

100 M

10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia) * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

1 B * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection

100 M

10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia) * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

1 B * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs 100 M

10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia) * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

1 B * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs 100 M * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia)

10 M

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia) * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

1 B * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs 100 M * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and 10 M more durable than stone and copper)

1 M

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia) * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

1 B * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs 100 M * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and 10 M more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, 1 M astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India

100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia) * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

1 B * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs 100 M * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and 10 M more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, 1 M astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started 100 K

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

1 B * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs 100 M * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and 10 M more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, 1 M astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started 100 K * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia)

10 K

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

1 B * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs 100 M * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and 10 M more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, 1 M astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started 100 K * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia)

10 K * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation

1 K

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

10 B * 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

1 B * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs 100 M * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and 10 M more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, 1 M astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started 100 K * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia)

10 K * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation

1 K * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle. Aristotle was the most respected philosopher during and after the Renaissance. However, in places, Aristotle went too far in deriving “laws of the universe” from simple observation and over-stretched reason. Today’s scientific method assumes that such thinking without sufficient facts is ineffective.

Where are we on the time axis?

Note: The time axis has become linear!

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle. Aristotle was the most respected philosopher during and after the Renaissance. However, in places, Aristotle went too far in deriving “laws of the universe” from simple observation and over-stretched reason. Today’s scientific method assumes that such thinking without sufficient facts is ineffective.

Where are we on the time axis?

Note: The time axis has become linear!

−2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two.

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle. Aristotle was the most respected philosopher during and after the Renaissance. However, in places, Aristotle went too far in deriving “laws of the universe” from simple observation and over-stretched reason. Today’s scientific method assumes that such thinking without sufficient facts is ineffective.

Where are we on the time axis?

Note: The time axis has become linear!

−2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two.

0 * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India)

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle. Aristotle was the most respected philosopher during and after the Renaissance. However, in places, Aristotle went too far in deriving “laws of the universe” from simple observation and over-stretched reason. Today’s scientific method assumes that such thinking without sufficient facts is ineffective.

Where are we on the time axis?

Note: The time axis has become linear!

−2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two.

0 * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle. Aristotle was the most respected philosopher during and after the Renaissance. However, in places, Aristotle went too far in deriving “laws of the universe” from simple observation and over-stretched reason. Today’s scientific method assumes that such thinking without sufficient facts is ineffective.

Where are we on the time axis?

Note: The time axis has become linear!

−2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two.

0 * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Aristotle. Aristotle was the most respected philosopher during and after the Renaissance. However, in places, Aristotle went too far in deriving “laws of the universe” from simple observation and over-stretched reason. Today’s scientific method assumes that such thinking without sufficient facts is ineffective.

Where are we on the time axis?

Note: The time axis has become linear!

−2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two.

0 * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his 1000 most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato?

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Aristotle was the most respected philosopher during and after the Renaissance. However, in places, Aristotle went too far in deriving “laws of the universe” from simple observation and over-stretched reason. Today’s scientific method assumes that such thinking without sufficient facts is ineffective.

Where are we on the time axis?

Note: The time axis has become linear!

−2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two.

0 * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his 1000 most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle.

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

Note: The time axis has become linear!

−2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two.

0 * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his 1000 most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle. Aristotle was the most respected philosopher during and after the Renaissance. However, in places, Aristotle went too far in deriving 2000 “laws of the universe” from simple observation and over-stretched reason. Today’s scientific method assumes that such thinking without sufficient facts is ineffective.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these

0 atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these

0 atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these

0 atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these

0 atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) 1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these

0 atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) 1000 * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these

0 atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) 1000 * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD)

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these

0 atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) 1000 * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these

0 atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) 1000 * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus

2000 * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move.

0

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M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca

1000 * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca

1000 * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca

1000 * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic 2000 scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca

1000 * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic 2000 scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s hypothesis) * 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I, reinstatement of Protestantism in England

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s hypothesis) * 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I, reinstatement of Protestantism in England

Where are we on the time axis?

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome.

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s hypothesis) * 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I, reinstatement of Protestantism in England

Where are we on the time axis?

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s hypothesis) * 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I, reinstatement of Protestantism in England

Where are we on the time axis?

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account 0 of warfare against the Mongols

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s hypothesis) * 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I, reinstatement of Protestantism in England

Where are we on the time axis?

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account 0 of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s hypothesis) * 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I, reinstatement of Protestantism in England

Where are we on the time axis?

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account 0 of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the 1000 celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis.

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I, reinstatement of Protestantism in England

Where are we on the time axis?

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account 0 of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the 1000 celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling

2000 bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s hypothesis)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account 0 of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the 1000 celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling

2000 bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s hypothesis) * 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I, reinstatement of Protestantism in England

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua. In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo’s opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy. * 1613: Galileo published his Letters on Sunspots

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua. In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo’s opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy. * 1613: Galileo published his Letters on Sunspots

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) −2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua. In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo’s opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy. * 1613: Galileo published his Letters on Sunspots

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) −2000 * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo’s opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy. * 1613: Galileo published his Letters on Sunspots

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) −2000 * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and 0 musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1613: Galileo published his Letters on Sunspots

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) −2000 * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and 0 musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua. In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe 1000 which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo’s opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino 2000 personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) −2000 * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and 0 musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua. In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe 1000 which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo’s opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino 2000 personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy. * 1613: Galileo published his Letters on Sunspots

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen) * 1768-1771: First Pacific voyage of James Cook who claimed Australia for Britain

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen) * 1768-1771: First Pacific voyage of James Cook who claimed Australia for Britain

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen) * 1768-1771: First Pacific voyage of James Cook who claimed Australia for Britain

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen) * 1768-1771: First Pacific voyage of James Cook who claimed Australia for Britain

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors 1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen) * 1768-1771: First Pacific voyage of James Cook who claimed Australia for Britain

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors 1000 * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen) * 1768-1771: First Pacific voyage of James Cook who claimed Australia for Britain

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors 1000 * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1768-1771: First Pacific voyage of James Cook who claimed Australia for Britain

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors 1000 * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia

2000 * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors 1000 * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia

2000 * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen) * 1768-1771: First Pacific voyage of James Cook who claimed Australia for Britain

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel.

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen)

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen)

0 * 1776: The American Revolution begins.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen)

0 * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen)

0 * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen)

0 * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the 1000 phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e)

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen)

0 * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the 1000 phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France 2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen)

0 * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the 1000 phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France 2000 * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen)

0 * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the 1000 phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France 2000 * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases”

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos 1000 (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field).

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos 1000 (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos 1000 (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos 1000 (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India

2000 * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. * 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. * 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. * 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog”

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. * 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 * 1861-1865: The US Civil War.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. * 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. 1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. 1000 * 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. 1000 * 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. 2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. 1000 * 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. 2000 * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. 1000 * 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. 2000 * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It burned for 40 hours. * 1882: Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. * 1882: Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide. (Before this, EE was considered a part of Physics.) * 1883: Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University introduced the world’s first courses of study in electrical engineering. * 1885: University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1882: Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. * 1882: Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide. (Before this, EE was considered a part of Physics.) * 1883: Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University introduced the world’s first courses of study in electrical engineering. * 1885: University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the −2000 filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It

0 burned for 40 hours.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1882: Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide. (Before this, EE was considered a part of Physics.) * 1883: Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University introduced the world’s first courses of study in electrical engineering. * 1885: University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the −2000 filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It

0 burned for 40 hours. * 1882: Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1883: Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University introduced the world’s first courses of study in electrical engineering. * 1885: University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the −2000 filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It

0 burned for 40 hours. * 1882: Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan.

1000 * 1882: Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide. (Before this, EE was considered a part of Physics.)

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1885: University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the −2000 filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It

0 burned for 40 hours. * 1882: Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan.

1000 * 1882: Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide. (Before this, EE was considered a part of Physics.) * 1883: Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University introduced the world’s first courses of study in electrical 2000 engineering.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the −2000 filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It

0 burned for 40 hours. * 1882: Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan.

1000 * 1882: Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide. (Before this, EE was considered a part of Physics.) * 1883: Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University introduced the world’s first courses of study in electrical 2000 engineering. * 1885: University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India. * 1886: The University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States. * 1887: Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current. In the following years, a bitter rivalry between Tesla and Edison, known as the “War of Currents”, took place over the preferred method of distribution. AC eventually replaced DC for generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution. For long-distance distribution, HVDC systems are now found to be effective; they are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system needs to be considered. Tesla’s work on induction motors and polyphase systems influenced the field for years to come, while Edison’s work on telegraphy and his development of the stock ticker (which transmitted the changing price of gold) proved lucrative for his company, which ultimately became General Electric.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1886: The University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States. * 1887: Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current. In the following years, a bitter rivalry between Tesla and Edison, known as the “War of Currents”, took place over the preferred method of distribution. AC eventually replaced DC for generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution. For long-distance distribution, HVDC systems are now found to be effective; they are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system needs to be considered. Tesla’s work on induction motors and polyphase systems influenced the field for years to come, while Edison’s work on telegraphy and his development of the stock ticker (which transmitted the changing price of gold) proved lucrative for his company, which ultimately became General Electric.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India.

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1887: Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current. In the following years, a bitter rivalry between Tesla and Edison, known as the “War of Currents”, took place over the preferred method of distribution. AC eventually replaced DC for generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution. For long-distance distribution, HVDC systems are now found to be effective; they are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system needs to be considered. Tesla’s work on induction motors and polyphase systems influenced the field for years to come, while Edison’s work on telegraphy and his development of the stock ticker (which transmitted the changing price of gold) proved lucrative for his company, which ultimately became General Electric.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India. −2000 * 1886: The University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States.

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay For long-distance distribution, HVDC systems are now found to be effective; they are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system needs to be considered. Tesla’s work on induction motors and polyphase systems influenced the field for years to come, while Edison’s work on telegraphy and his development of the stock ticker (which transmitted the changing price of gold) proved lucrative for his company, which ultimately became General Electric.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India. −2000 * 1886: The University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States. * 1887: Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current.

0 In the following years, a bitter rivalry between Tesla and Edison, known as the “War of Currents”, took place over the preferred method of distribution. AC eventually replaced DC for generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution. 1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Tesla’s work on induction motors and polyphase systems influenced the field for years to come, while Edison’s work on telegraphy and his development of the stock ticker (which transmitted the changing price of gold) proved lucrative for his company, which ultimately became General Electric.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India. −2000 * 1886: The University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States. * 1887: Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current.

0 In the following years, a bitter rivalry between Tesla and Edison, known as the “War of Currents”, took place over the preferred method of distribution. AC eventually replaced DC for generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution. 1000 For long-distance distribution, HVDC systems are now found to be effective; they are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system needs to be considered.

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India. −2000 * 1886: The University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States. * 1887: Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current.

0 In the following years, a bitter rivalry between Tesla and Edison, known as the “War of Currents”, took place over the preferred method of distribution. AC eventually replaced DC for generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution. 1000 For long-distance distribution, HVDC systems are now found to be effective; they are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system needs to be considered. Tesla’s work on induction motors and polyphase systems influenced 2000 the field for years to come, while Edison’s work on telegraphy and his development of the stock ticker (which transmitted the changing price of gold) proved lucrative for his company, which ultimately became General Electric.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions of his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km). * 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode. * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes. * 1905: Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity. * 1908: Henry Ford began production of the Model T

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions of his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km). * 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode. * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes. * 1905: Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity. * 1908: Henry Ford began production of the Model T

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment.

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode. * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes. * 1905: Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity. * 1908: Henry Ford began production of the Model T

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions 0 of his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km).

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode. * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes. * 1905: Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity. * 1908: Henry Ford began production of the Model T

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions 0 of his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km). * 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes. * 1905: Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity. * 1908: Henry Ford began production of the Model T

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions 0 of his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km). * 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. 1000 * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode.

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1905: Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity. * 1908: Henry Ford began production of the Model T

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions 0 of his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km). * 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. 1000 * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode. * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes.

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1908: Henry Ford began production of the Model T

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions 0 of his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km). * 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. 1000 * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode. * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes. * 1905: Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity. 2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions 0 of his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km). * 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. 1000 * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode. * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes. * 1905: Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity. 2000 * 1908: Henry Ford began production of the Model T

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ede radioactivit´e * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom. * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang. * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom. * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang. * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ede radioactivit´e −2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom. * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang. * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ede radioactivit´e −2000 * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang. * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ede radioactivit´e −2000 * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom.

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang. * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ede radioactivit´e −2000 * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom.

0 * 1914-1918: The First World War.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang. * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ede radioactivit´e −2000 * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom.

0 * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang. * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ede radioactivit´e −2000 * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom.

0 * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle”

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang. * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ede radioactivit´e −2000 * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom.

0 * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that 1000 accounted for the “spin” of electrons

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ede radioactivit´e −2000 * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom.

0 * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that 1000 accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang.

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ede radioactivit´e −2000 * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom.

0 * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that 1000 accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang. * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. 2000 Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1939-1945: Second World War. Radio location, radio communication and radio guidance of aircraft were developed in Britain during this time. An early electronic computing device, Colossus was built by Tommy Flowers of the GPO to decipher the coded messages of the German Lorenz cipher machine. An American invention at the time was a device to scramble the telephone calls between Churchill and Roosevelt. This was called the Green Hornet system and worked by inserting noise into the signal. The noise was then extracted at the receiving end. This system was never broken by the Germans. A great amount of work was undertaken in the United States as part of the War Training Program in the areas of radio direction finding, pulsed linear networks, frequency modulation, vacuum tube circuits, transmission line theory and fundamentals of electromagnetic engineering. These studies were published shortly after the war in what became known as the ‘Radio Communication Series’ published by McGraw hill 1946. * 1947: Bell Laboratory researchers develop the transfer-resistor or “transistor,” the first successful solid-state amplifying device.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay An American invention at the time was a device to scramble the telephone calls between Churchill and Roosevelt. This was called the Green Hornet system and worked by inserting noise into the signal. The noise was then extracted at the receiving end. This system was never broken by the Germans. A great amount of work was undertaken in the United States as part of the War Training Program in the areas of radio direction finding, pulsed linear networks, frequency modulation, vacuum tube circuits, transmission line theory and fundamentals of electromagnetic engineering. These studies were published shortly after the war in what became known as the ‘Radio Communication Series’ published by McGraw hill 1946. * 1947: Bell Laboratory researchers develop the transfer-resistor or “transistor,” the first successful solid-state amplifying device.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1939-1945: Second World War. Radio location, radio communication and radio guidance of aircraft were developed in

−2000 Britain during this time. An early electronic computing device, Colossus was built by Tommy Flowers of the GPO to decipher the coded messages of the German Lorenz cipher machine.

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay A great amount of work was undertaken in the United States as part of the War Training Program in the areas of radio direction finding, pulsed linear networks, frequency modulation, vacuum tube circuits, transmission line theory and fundamentals of electromagnetic engineering. These studies were published shortly after the war in what became known as the ‘Radio Communication Series’ published by McGraw hill 1946. * 1947: Bell Laboratory researchers develop the transfer-resistor or “transistor,” the first successful solid-state amplifying device.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1939-1945: Second World War. Radio location, radio communication and radio guidance of aircraft were developed in

−2000 Britain during this time. An early electronic computing device, Colossus was built by Tommy Flowers of the GPO to decipher the coded messages of the German Lorenz cipher machine. An American invention at the time was a device to scramble the 0 telephone calls between Churchill and Roosevelt. This was called the Green Hornet system and worked by inserting noise into the signal. The noise was then extracted at the receiving end. This system was never broken by the Germans.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1947: Bell Laboratory researchers develop the transfer-resistor or “transistor,” the first successful solid-state amplifying device.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1939-1945: Second World War. Radio location, radio communication and radio guidance of aircraft were developed in

−2000 Britain during this time. An early electronic computing device, Colossus was built by Tommy Flowers of the GPO to decipher the coded messages of the German Lorenz cipher machine. An American invention at the time was a device to scramble the 0 telephone calls between Churchill and Roosevelt. This was called the Green Hornet system and worked by inserting noise into the signal. The noise was then extracted at the receiving end. This system was never broken by the Germans.

1000 A great amount of work was undertaken in the United States as part of the War Training Program in the areas of radio direction finding, pulsed linear networks, frequency modulation, vacuum tube circuits, transmission line theory and fundamentals of electromagnetic engineering. These studies were published shortly 2000 after the war in what became known as the ‘Radio Communication Series’ published by McGraw hill 1946.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 1939-1945: Second World War. Radio location, radio communication and radio guidance of aircraft were developed in

−2000 Britain during this time. An early electronic computing device, Colossus was built by Tommy Flowers of the GPO to decipher the coded messages of the German Lorenz cipher machine. An American invention at the time was a device to scramble the 0 telephone calls between Churchill and Roosevelt. This was called the Green Hornet system and worked by inserting noise into the signal. The noise was then extracted at the receiving end. This system was never broken by the Germans.

1000 A great amount of work was undertaken in the United States as part of the War Training Program in the areas of radio direction finding, pulsed linear networks, frequency modulation, vacuum tube circuits, transmission line theory and fundamentals of electromagnetic engineering. These studies were published shortly 2000 after the war in what became known as the ‘Radio Communication Series’ published by McGraw hill 1946. * 1947: Bell Laboratory researchers develop the transfer-resistor or “transistor,” the first successful solid-state amplifying device.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit. * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory. * 1962: Light emitting diode: The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962. Losev was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian journal of the first ever LED. * 1968: Marcian Hoff invented the first microprocessor at Intel and thus ignited the development of the personal computer. The first realization of the microprocessor was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit processor developed in 1971. * 1969: Apollo 11 moon landing mission. Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2.5 hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit. * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory. * 1962: Light emitting diode: The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962. Losev was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian journal of the first ever LED. * 1968: Marcian Hoff invented the first microprocessor at Intel and thus ignited the development of the personal computer. The first realization of the microprocessor was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit processor developed in 1971. * 1969: Apollo 11 moon landing mission. Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2.5 hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. −2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory. * 1962: Light emitting diode: The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962. Losev was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian journal of the first ever LED. * 1968: Marcian Hoff invented the first microprocessor at Intel and thus ignited the development of the personal computer. The first realization of the microprocessor was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit processor developed in 1971. * 1969: Apollo 11 moon landing mission. Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2.5 hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. −2000 * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit.

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1962: Light emitting diode: The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962. Losev was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian journal of the first ever LED. * 1968: Marcian Hoff invented the first microprocessor at Intel and thus ignited the development of the personal computer. The first realization of the microprocessor was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit processor developed in 1971. * 1969: Apollo 11 moon landing mission. Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2.5 hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. −2000 * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit. * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory. 0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1968: Marcian Hoff invented the first microprocessor at Intel and thus ignited the development of the personal computer. The first realization of the microprocessor was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit processor developed in 1971. * 1969: Apollo 11 moon landing mission. Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2.5 hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. −2000 * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit. * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory. 0 * 1962: Light emitting diode: The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962. Losev was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian 1000 journal of the first ever LED.

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1969: Apollo 11 moon landing mission. Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2.5 hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module.

Where are we on the time axis?

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. −2000 * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit. * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory. 0 * 1962: Light emitting diode: The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962. Losev was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian 1000 journal of the first ever LED. * 1968: Marcian Hoff invented the first microprocessor at Intel and thus ignited the development of the personal computer. The first realization of the microprocessor was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit 2000 processor developed in 1971.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. −2000 * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit. * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory. 0 * 1962: Light emitting diode: The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962. Losev was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian 1000 journal of the first ever LED. * 1968: Marcian Hoff invented the first microprocessor at Intel and thus ignited the development of the personal computer. The first realization of the microprocessor was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit 2000 processor developed in 1971. * 1969: Apollo 11 moon landing mission. Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2.5 hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement. * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony. * 2009: Nandan Nilekani, Infosys chief and an IITB alumnus, is invited by Dr. Manmohan Singh to lead the National Unique ID Card project. * ... and the time axis keeps advancing.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement. * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony. * 2009: Nandan Nilekani, Infosys chief and an IITB alumnus, is invited by Dr. Manmohan Singh to lead the National Unique ID Card project. * ... and the time axis keeps advancing.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH)

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement. * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony. * 2009: Nandan Nilekani, Infosys chief and an IITB alumnus, is invited by Dr. Manmohan Singh to lead the National Unique ID Card project. * ... and the time axis keeps advancing.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time

0

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement. * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony. * 2009: Nandan Nilekani, Infosys chief and an IITB alumnus, is invited by Dr. Manmohan Singh to lead the National Unique ID Card project. * ... and the time axis keeps advancing.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time

0 * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony. * 2009: Nandan Nilekani, Infosys chief and an IITB alumnus, is invited by Dr. Manmohan Singh to lead the National Unique ID Card project. * ... and the time axis keeps advancing.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time

0 * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement.

1000

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 2009: Nandan Nilekani, Infosys chief and an IITB alumnus, is invited by Dr. Manmohan Singh to lead the National Unique ID Card project. * ... and the time axis keeps advancing.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time

0 * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement. * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; 1000 Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony.

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * ... and the time axis keeps advancing.

Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time

0 * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement. * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; 1000 Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony. * 2009: Nandan Nilekani, Infosys chief and an IITB alumnus, is invited by Dr. Manmohan Singh to lead the National Unique ID Card project.

2000

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay Where are we on the time axis?

−2000 * 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time

0 * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement. * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; 1000 Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony. * 2009: Nandan Nilekani, Infosys chief and an IITB alumnus, is invited by Dr. Manmohan Singh to lead the National Unique ID Card project. 2000 * ... and the time axis keeps advancing.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1878: Edison invented the light bulb * 1897: Experiments by J.J. Thomson led to the discovery of a fundamental building block of matter: the electron. He was investigating a long-standing puzzle known as “cathode rays.” His experiments prompted him to make a bold proposal: these mysterious rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, they are in fact minuscule pieces of atoms. He called these particles “corpuscles,” and suggested that they might make up all of the matter in atoms. * 1909: measurement of charge of an electron by A. Millikan

A brief look at history of electronics

* 18th and 19th centuries: theoretical and experimental studies of electricity, leading to machines and wide use of electricity

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1897: Experiments by J.J. Thomson led to the discovery of a fundamental building block of matter: the electron. He was investigating a long-standing puzzle known as “cathode rays.” His experiments prompted him to make a bold proposal: these mysterious rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, they are in fact minuscule pieces of atoms. He called these particles “corpuscles,” and suggested that they might make up all of the matter in atoms. * 1909: measurement of charge of an electron by A. Millikan

A brief look at history of electronics

* 18th and 19th centuries: theoretical and experimental studies of electricity, leading to machines and wide use of electricity * 1878: Edison invented the light bulb

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1909: measurement of charge of an electron by A. Millikan

A brief look at history of electronics

* 18th and 19th centuries: theoretical and experimental studies of electricity, leading to machines and wide use of electricity * 1878: Edison invented the light bulb * 1897: Experiments by J.J. Thomson led to the discovery of a fundamental building block of matter: the electron. He was investigating a long-standing puzzle known as “cathode rays.” His experiments prompted him to make a bold proposal: these mysterious rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, they are in fact minuscule pieces of atoms. He called these particles “corpuscles,” and suggested that they might make up all of the matter in atoms.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay A brief look at history of electronics

* 18th and 19th centuries: theoretical and experimental studies of electricity, leading to machines and wide use of electricity * 1878: Edison invented the light bulb * 1897: Experiments by J.J. Thomson led to the discovery of a fundamental building block of matter: the electron. He was investigating a long-standing puzzle known as “cathode rays.” His experiments prompted him to make a bold proposal: these mysterious rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, they are in fact minuscule pieces of atoms. He called these particles “corpuscles,” and suggested that they might make up all of the matter in atoms. * 1909: measurement of charge of an electron by A. Millikan

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * In 1907, Lee De Forest placed a bent wire serving as a screen, later known as the “grid” electrode, between the filament and plate electrode. As the voltage applied to the grid was varied from negative to positive, the number of electrons flowing from the filament to the plate would vary accordingly. Thus the grid was said to electrostatically “control” the plate current. The resulting three-electrode device was therefore an excellent and very sensitive amplifier of voltages and came to be known as the “triode.” * Today, solid-state devices have replaced vacuum tubes in many applications, but for some high-frequency, high-power applications, vacuum tubes are the only practical choice. (They can be huge, several feet in length.)

A brief look at history of electronics

* The English physicist John Fleming worked as an engineering consultant for technology firms, including Edison Telephone. In 1904, he developed a device he called an “oscillation valve” or kenotron. Later known as the Fleming valve and then the diode, it allowed electrical current to flow in only one direction, enabling the rectification of alternating current.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * Today, solid-state devices have replaced vacuum tubes in many applications, but for some high-frequency, high-power applications, vacuum tubes are the only practical choice. (They can be huge, several feet in length.)

A brief look at history of electronics

* The English physicist John Fleming worked as an engineering consultant for technology firms, including Edison Telephone. In 1904, he developed a device he called an “oscillation valve” or kenotron. Later known as the Fleming valve and then the diode, it allowed electrical current to flow in only one direction, enabling the rectification of alternating current. * In 1907, Lee De Forest placed a bent wire serving as a screen, later known as the “grid” electrode, between the filament and plate electrode. As the voltage applied to the grid was varied from negative to positive, the number of electrons flowing from the filament to the plate would vary accordingly. Thus the grid was said to electrostatically “control” the plate current. The resulting three-electrode device was therefore an excellent and very sensitive amplifier of voltages and came to be known as the “triode.”

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay A brief look at history of electronics

* The English physicist John Fleming worked as an engineering consultant for technology firms, including Edison Telephone. In 1904, he developed a device he called an “oscillation valve” or kenotron. Later known as the Fleming valve and then the diode, it allowed electrical current to flow in only one direction, enabling the rectification of alternating current. * In 1907, Lee De Forest placed a bent wire serving as a screen, later known as the “grid” electrode, between the filament and plate electrode. As the voltage applied to the grid was varied from negative to positive, the number of electrons flowing from the filament to the plate would vary accordingly. Thus the grid was said to electrostatically “control” the plate current. The resulting three-electrode device was therefore an excellent and very sensitive amplifier of voltages and came to be known as the “triode.” * Today, solid-state devices have replaced vacuum tubes in many applications, but for some high-frequency, high-power applications, vacuum tubes are the only practical choice. (They can be huge, several feet in length.)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay A brief look at history of electronics

* The first half of the 20th century was the era of the vacuum tubes in electronics ⇒ radio, long-distance telephony, television and even the first computers. The most famous computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) completed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay A brief look at history of electronics

* The first half of the 20th century was the era of the vacuum tubes in electronics ⇒ radio, long-distance telephony, television and even the first computers. The most famous computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) completed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes, (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes. (b) It would occupy a football field. (c) It would take equivalent of two Niagara falls to cool it.

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes, (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes. (b) It would occupy a football field. (c) It would take equivalent of two Niagara falls to cool it.

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material. The rest is history!

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes, (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes. (b) It would occupy a football field. (c) It would take equivalent of two Niagara falls to cool it.

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material. The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes, (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes. (b) It would occupy a football field. (c) It would take equivalent of two Niagara falls to cool it.

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material. The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes. (b) It would occupy a football field. (c) It would take equivalent of two Niagara falls to cool it.

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material. The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay (b) It would occupy a football field. (c) It would take equivalent of two Niagara falls to cool it.

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material. The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes, (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay (c) It would take equivalent of two Niagara falls to cool it.

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material. The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes, (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes. (b) It would occupy a football field.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material. The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes, (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes. (b) It would occupy a football field. (c) It would take equivalent of two Niagara falls to cool it.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay References

* wikipedia * http://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/timeline.htm * http://www.imahero.com/herohistory/alva herohistory.htm

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay