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Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline Page 2 of 382 Area Comp ESIA Albania Section 6 – Environmental, Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline Page 2 of 382 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1008 ESIA Albania Section 6 - Environmental, Document Title: Rev.: 03 Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL HERITAGE BASELINE 11 6.1 Introduction 11 6.2 Offshore Biological and Physical Environment 11 6.2.1 Introduction 11 6.2.2 Geographical Scope of the Baseline 13 6.2.3 Methodology and Sources of Information 13 6.2.3.1 Video Methodology 13 6.2.3.2 Environmental Survey Methodology 13 6.2.4 Legislation 15 6.2.4.1 Designated Sites 15 6.2.4.2 Sensitive and Protected Habitats / Biocenoses 16 6.2.5 Regional Overview 16 6.2.5.1 Introduction 16 6.2.5.2 Physical Environment 16 6.2.5.3 Biological Baseline 33 6.2.6 Albanian Nearshore Study Area 56 6.2.6.1 Physical Baseline 56 6.2.6.2 Biological Baseline 69 6.3 Offshore Socioeconomic Environment 73 6.3.1 Introduction 73 6.3.2 Harbours 75 6.3.2.1 Durrës Harbour 75 6.3.2.2 Vlorë Port 76 6.3.3 Marine Traffic 76 6.3.3.1 Ferry Traffic 79 6.3.4 Fishing 80 6.3.4.1 National Overview 80 6.3.5 Cultural Heritage 87 6.3.6 Marine Ammunition / Unexploded Ordnances (UXO) 88 6.4 Onshore Physical Environment 89 6.4.1 Climate and Ambient Air Quality 89 6.4.1.1 Overview 89 6.4.1.2 Climate 89 6.4.1.3 Wind 99 6.4.1.4 Ambient Air Quality 103 6.4.1.5 Key Findings and Conclusions 107 6.4.1.6 Limitations 108 6.4.2 Acoustic Environment 108 6.4.2.1 Acoustic Environment along the Pipeline Route 108 6.4.2.2 Acoustic Environment at CS03 112 6.4.2.3 Acoustic Environment at CS02 116 6.4.2.4 Limitations 120 6.4.3 Surface Water 120 6.4.3.1 Introduction 120 6.4.3.2 River Hydro-Morphology 121 6.4.3.3 Water Quality 127 6.4.3.4 Sediment Quality 137 6.4.3.5 Key Findings and Conclusions 141 Page 3 of 382 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1008 ESIA Albania Section 6 - Environmental, Document Title: Rev.: 03 Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline 6.4.3.6 Limitations 143 6.4.4 Groundwater 143 6.4.4.1 Overview 143 6.4.4.2 Groundwater Description 145 6.4.4.3 Groundwater Sampling 147 6.4.4.4 Key Findings and Conclusions 150 6.4.5 Geology and Geomorphology 151 6.4.5.1 Introduction 151 6.4.5.2 Eastern Section 153 6.4.5.3 Central Eastern Section 157 6.4.5.4 Central Western Section 159 6.4.5.5 Western Section 162 6.4.5.6 Key Findings and Conclusions 165 6.4.6 Soil Quality 165 6.4.6.1 Eastern Section 168 6.4.6.2 Central Eastern Section 169 6.4.6.3 Central Western Section 170 6.4.6.4 Western Section 171 6.4.6.5 Screening of Existing Soil Contamination 172 6.4.6.6 Key Findings and Conclusions 174 6.4.7 Landscape and Visual Amenity 175 6.4.7.1 Landscape of the Compressor Station Site CS02 175 6.4.7.2 Landscape of the Pipeline Corridor 178 6.4.7.3 Landscape – Compressor Station Site C03 197 6.4.7.4 Limitations 201 6.5 Onshore Biological Environment 202 6.5.1 Terrestrial Ecology 202 6.5.1.1 Eastern Section 202 6.5.1.2 Central Eastern Section 213 6.5.1.3 Central Western Section 228 6.5.1.4 Western Section 239 6.5.1.5 Northern Section 250 6.5.1.6 Terrestrial Ecology Survey and Desktop Study Limitations 256 6.5.2 Aquatic Ecology 256 6.5.2.1 Eastern Section 257 6.5.2.2 Central Eastern Section 261 6.5.2.3 Central Western Section 264 6.5.2.4 Western Section 268 6.5.3 Designated Areas 272 6.5.3.1 Natural Environment Protected Areas Overview 273 6.5.3.3 Cultural Heritage Protected Areas Overview 276 6.5.3.4 Eastern Section 277 6.5.3.5 Central Eastern Section 280 6.5.3.6 Central Western Section 282 6.5.3.7 Western Section 284 6.5.3.8 Key Summary of Protected Areas 287 6.6 Onshore Socioeconomic Environment 290 6.6.1 Introduction 290 6.6.2 Historical and Political Overview 293 6.6.2.1 Historical Overview 293 6.6.2.2 Modern Political Context 293 6.6.2.3 Local Administrative Structure 294 Page 4 of 382 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1008 ESIA Albania Section 6 - Environmental, Document Title: Rev.: 03 Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline 6.6.2.4 Local Decision Making 296 6.6.3 Planning and Development 297 6.6.3.1 National Strategy for Development and Integration 297 6.6.3.2 Regional and Local Development Plans 298 6.6.4 Demographics 301 6.6.4.1 Population and Settlements 301 6.6.4.2 Migration and Population Change 303 6.6.4.3 Age 304 6.6.4.4 Gender 305 6.6.4.5 Ethnicity 306 6.6.4.6 Religion 307 6.6.5 Economy, Employment and Income 309 6.6.5.1 National Level Overview 309 6.6.5.2 Economy and Livelihoods in the Study Area 311 6.6.5.3 Working Practices and Labour Rights 315 6.6.5.4 Agricultural Production 317 6.6.5.5 Industry and Commerce 322 6.6.5.6 Fishing and Hunting 325 6.6.5.7 Tourism 326 6.6.5.8 Remittances and Social Assistance 327 6.6.6 Land Use and Ownership 328 6.6.6.1 Agricultural Land Tenure 328 6.6.6.2 Forested Land Tenure 332 6.6.6.3 Land Use 333 6.6.7 Infrastructure and Public Services 334 6.6.7.1 Road and Transport Infrastructure 334 6.6.7.2 Water and Sanitation 336 6.6.7.3 Irrigation 338 6.6.7.4 Waste Management 339 6.6.7.5 Telecommunications 344 6.6.8 Traffic and Transport 345 6.6.8.1 Traffic Study 345 6.6.8.2 Summary of Traffic Survey Carried Out 346 6.6.9 Education and Skills 349 6.6.9.1 Education Infrastructure 349 6.6.9.2 Education Levels 351 6.6.9.3 Vocational Training 352 6.6.10 Health 353 6.6.10.1 Facilities 353 6.6.10.2 Access to Healthcare 356 6.6.10.3 Health Issues 356 6.6.11 Vulnerable Groups 358 6.6.11.1 Vulnerability 358 6.6.12 Limitations 365 6.6.12.1 Data Adequacy and Uncertainty 365 6.7 Onshore Cultural Heritage 367 6.7.1 Introduction 367 6.7.2 Information Sources and Methods 367 6.7.2.1 Overview of Baseline Studies 367 6.7.2.2 Desk Review 369 6.7.2.3 Consultation 369 6.7.2.4 Fieldwork 370 Page 5 of 382 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP AAL00-ERM-641-Y-TAE-1008 ESIA Albania Section 6 - Environmental, Document Title: Rev.: 03 Socioeconomic and Cultural Heritage Baseline 6.7.3 Cultural Heritage Findings 370 6.7.3.1 Historic and Cultural Context of the Study Area 370 6.7.3.2 Cultural Heritage Sites and Areas of High Archaeological Potential 372 6.7.4 Summary and Conclusions of Cultural Heritage Baseline 379 LIST OF TABLES Table 6.2-1 Potential Marine Protected Areas and Designated Sites 16 Table 6.2-2 Atmospheric Pollutant background concentration for marine environments 23 Table 6.2-3 Priority Species/Groups List found in the Albanian waters of the Southern Adriatic Sea (ADRIAMED, 2008) and their Conservation Status 47 Table 6.2-4 Conservation Status and Known Distribution of Turtle Species Present in the Adriatic Sea 48 Table 6.2-5 Conservation Status of Cetacean Species in the Adriatic Sea 51 Table 6.2-6 Conservation Status of Sea Birds Occurring or Potentially in the Study Area 55 Table 6.2-7 Turbidity values 62 Table 6.3-1 Ferry Routes Crossing the Pipeline 79 Table 6.3-2 Landing by Species (kg) in the Various Ports in 2003 82 Table 6.3-3 Distribution of Vessel by Port 83 Table 6.4-1 Wind directions at Shequeras and Fier 102 Table 6.4-2 Air Sampling Results (ppm) 106 Table 6.4-3 Noise Level Guidelines 108 Table 6.4-4 Summary of Noise Measurements 109 Table 6.4-5 Noise Sources Identified 111 Table 6.4-6 Noise Monitoring Sites at CS03 113 Table 6.4-7 Noise Pressure Levels at Receptors near CS03 115 Table 6.4-8 Noise Sources Identified During Noise Measurement at CS03 115 Table 6.4-9 Noise Monitoring Sites at CS02 117 Table 6.4-10 Noise Pressure Levels at Receptors near CS02 118 Table 6.4-11 Noise Sources Identified During Noise Measurement at CS02 118 Table 6.4-12 Hydrologic Analysis Points within the Eastern Section 124 Table 6.4-13 Hydrologic Analysis Points within the Central Eastern Section 125 Table 6.4-14 Hydrologic Analysis Points within the Central Western Section 125 Table 6.4-15 Hydrologic Analysis Points within the Western Section 126 Table 6.4-16 Reference Values and Classification Criteria for Surface Water Samples 128 Table 6.4-17 Water Sampling Points in the Eastern Section 129 Table 6.4-18 Description of Analytical Results (Low Flow) 130 Table 6.4-19 Water Sampling Points in the Central Eastern and the Central Western Sections 131 Table 6.4-20 Description of Analytical Results (High Flow) 132 Table 6.4-21 Description of Analytical Results (Low Flow) 133 Table 6.4-22 Water Sampling Points in the Western Section 134 Table 6.4-23 Description of Analytical Results (High Flow) 134 Table 6.4-24 Description of Analytical Results (Low Flow) 135 Table 6.4-25 Sediment Sampling Points 137 Table 6.4-26 Reference Values and Classification Criteria for Sediment Samples 139 Table 6.4-27 Description of Analytical Results 140 Table 6.4-28 Summary of Granulometric Results 141 Table 6.4-29 Summary of Samples Collected 147 Table 6.4-30 Surveys for Agricultural Use of Land Locations 167 Page 6 of 382 Area Comp.
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