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UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 A FRAMEWORK FOR FORMAL SPECIFICATION OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC USER INTERFACE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alan Kirk Edmonds, B.G.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1997 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Professor Harold Moellering, Adviser Professor Morton O’Kelly Adviser Professor Alan Saalfeld Department of Geograph UMI Number: 9731616 UMI MicroForm 9731616 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48103 © Copyright by Alan Kirk Edmonds 1997 ABSTRACT This research combines elements from sim ilar models in cartographic communication theory and human-computer interaction to develop a model for cartographic interaction. The model developed includes components from Nielsen's virtual protocol model of human- computer interaction. The use of the concepts of surface and deep structure in this research is adopted from Nyerges cartographic data structure research and the surface interaction paradigm of Took. These concepts are represented at various levels of interaction by BNF production rules modified according to Shneiderman's multi-party grammar model. Other levels of specification draw on the transformations of Moellering's real and virtual maps model. The model developed using the above concepts is used to specify and compare five different cartographic computer systems that use three different styles of interaction. In addition, to test the use of this model to implement systems the specifications for one of the computer mapping systems is used to implement a graphical user interface. The results of this research show that: • Modification of Backus Naur form production rules for graphical interaction and deep and surface structure can be successfully applied to the specification of spatial information system user interfaces, • That such specification can allow the comparison of systems based on their use of graphical interaction, in terms of virtual devices, • That examining such production rules can give insight into the system concepts, i.e. the surface interaction with the user in terms of text and graphics, • That complexity of interaction and ease of use of systems can be described by examining the length and number of graphical interactions in the production rules. Ill To my mother, Mary Jean Edmonds, my Grandmother, Fae Rogers and my Great Aunt, Irene Edmonds for their dedication to education throughout the generations IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my adviser, Harold Moellering, for his support and encouragement and for his patience in guiding me through this long process. I also thank the members of my dissertation committee for their guidance in making this a better document. I am very grateful for my wife Cheryl's support through out these years. I would also like to thank my many friends and colleagues through out the university, specifically those at University Technology Services, the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science and the Department of Geography. VITA September 16, 1958 .................................... Bom - Lawrence, Kansas, USA. May, 1980 ................................................... B.G.S. in Geography, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. May, 1980 ................................................... Commissioned 2nd Lieutenant, United States Marine Corps. May, 1982 ................................................... Promoted to 1st Lieutenant, United States Marine Corps. September, 1985-August, 1987 .................. Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. September, 1987 ........................................ MA., in Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. September, 1987-August, 1990 ............... Graduate Teaching Associate, Full responsibility. Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. VI August, 1990 - June, 1991 ........................ Graduate Research Associate to Dr. Moellering, Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. July, 1991 - October, 1994 ......................... Graduate Research Associate, MVS Systems Programming Group, University Technology Services, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. October, 1994 - Present .............................. Supervisor, Mapping Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. PUBLICATIONS 1988 Edmonds, A.K. and H. Moellering. An Analytical Cartographic System for Modeling Geomorphic Data. Technical Papers: 1988 ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention: Cartography. St. Louis, Missouri. Vol. 2, pp. 129-138. 1991 Edmonds, A.K. Directions for Research: User Interfaces for GIS. Position Paper: NCGIA Initiative 13 Specialist Meeting, June 23-26, 1991, Buffalo, New York. 1992 Edmonds, A.K. A Methodology for the Comparison and Specification of the Geographic Information System User Interface. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, August 3-7, 1992,Charleston, South Carolina. VII FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Analytical Cartography Minor Field: Climatology v m TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................... V VITA .................................................................................................................................VI TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................IX LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................... XI LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................XII CHAPTERS 1. INTR O D U C TIO N ..................................................................................................... 1 Structure of the Th e s is ...................................................................................... 5 2. RELEVANT LITERATURE................................................................................. 6 Cartographic M odels of Communication ....................................................6 U ser Interface Co ncepts ...................................................................................18 Models of Human Computer Interaction ....................................................23 Specification of Human Computer Interaction .........................................29 S ummary ......................................................................................................................35 3. THE RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................ 37 H um an -Computer Interaction in Cartographic System s..................38 Methods of S pecifying Cartographic Interaction ..............................41 S pecifying H um an -Computer Interaction in a S patial S etting ... 45 R esearch Ta sk s ....................................................................................................... 54 S ummary ......................................................................................................................57 IX 4. RESEARCH RESULTS.......................................................................... 59 Specification of 2-Dimensional Programs ........................................60 GIMMS................................................................................................... 60 ZSHADE................................................................................................. 76 2-D System Comparisons ......................................................................79 Specification of