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MESSAGES 1 MESSAGE FROM THE GUEST FEATURED ARTICLES EDITOR Males, Females, and Maps: Evaluating Spatial Encoding 3 Strategies Over the next year Cartographic Elisabeth S. Nelson Perspectives (CP) will have a series Adjusting and Separating Map Colors Using PhotoShoprn 19 of guest editors. We plan on Judy M. Olson having a permanent editor by the beginning of 1998, but in the CARTOGRAPHY BULLETIN BOARD 25 interim we are fortunate to have several NACIS members assuming MAP LIBRARY BULLETIN BOARD 26 the responsibilities of publishing CP. Future guest editors will REVIEWS include Michael Peterson and How to Lie With Maps 35 Gregory Chu, while James Carter reviewed by Karen M. Trifonoff and Ute Dymon will guest edit a special issue focusing on Map Use. Atlas de Suelos de la Republica Argentina 37 Jim Anderson has graciously reviewed by Nicholas Dunning accepted the Assistant Editor's job and will be responsible for all Atlas Estadistico Republica Argentina 38 production facets of CP. Melissa reviewed by Robert Sou th Lamont (Penn State) has assumed the job of gathering and assimilat­ Geoscope 40 ing all the material that is posted reviewed by Mark D. Schwartz on the map library bulletin board. Mark your calendars for our NACIS NEWS 41 next annual meeting, NACIS XVII in Lexington, Kentucky, from CARTOGRAPHIC EVENTS 43 October 1-4. We should have a great meeting, just like we did in ANNOUNCEMENTS 44 San Antonio. Over one hundred participants enjoyed the hospital­ NACIS XVII CALL FOR PAPERS 45 ity of one of the more charming and scenic Texas cities last Octo- six years to keeping our finances seemingly infinite possibilities of cartographic perspecti7.1es solvent as Treasurer. Both served high resolution dynamic map NACIS with a high level of excel­ displays that one could produce lence and were commended for using DVD. The research potential their work by the NACIS Board at in cartography using this device is the San Antonio meeting staggering. Yet, will we adequately journal of the As a member of NACIS you document our cartographic l\iorth American Cartog raphic probably noticed that your dues discoveries? Information Society for 1997 have gone up. At the Cartographic Perspectives is the Annual Business Luncheon in San ideal forum for publishing innova­ C111•..;/ / dit11r: Antonio NACIS members passed a tive research. Even though we do l>r. Keith\\!. [~ ice resolution to increase dues for all not have a permanent editor th.is DL'pt. o f Cl'ogr,1pl1\ & CL'olog\' regular members, students, and year, we still have a very accom­ Uni\'l• rsil\' of \Visl'.-Sll•\'l' ns l'oint institutions. The main reason dues plished and capable Editorial Sll'\'t•ns Poin t. \VI 5-l-lH 1 Board. Submission can easily be ( 7 1:; ) 1-lh-2()29 were increased is to pay for the f,1\: (7 15) 1-lh-.1172 cost of Cartographic Perspectives. made to the Interim Editor or Mike l'-111,1i I: k ril'l' " 'u \\' s p .l'd LI Both paper and printing costs in Peterson during this coming year. 1996 rose to the point that the old (geolib@cwis. unomaha.ed u) lb~i~/1111/ lditur: $28 membership fee wasn't even / 11111 es K A 11tlerso 11, / r. covering the cost of CP. The Keith Rice Fl~b\C l·lorid,1 St,1 ll' Lni\Prsit\' general consensus of the members Past President and Guest Editor, CP T,1l "1h,1ssel', Fl . 12106--l!i I ~ in attendance in San Antonio was (90-l ) (,-l-l-2881 that $42 was still a bargain for f,1\: (90-l) h-l-l-7160 membership in a professional abollt the cover l'-111'1 i I: j,111ders11 "·111,1 i IL'r. is L1 .1•d LI organization with a professional journal. It should be many years ISS\J I 0-ti'i -'IOl'i'i before another dues increase is ( ·.1rl< 1gr.iph i, l \•rspL'Cti\ L's needed. i-.. publislwd tri.111nualh· Potentially, one way to prevent another dues increase for quite awhile is to increase NACIS membership. If you are a professor, sign up some students. If you are ber. We also were blessed with the an entrepreneur, librarian, lab fellowship and camaraderie of technician, or government em­ faculty and students from South­ ployee, talk to your colleagues The cover was produced and designed by Steven R west Texas State University. who are not members - and sign Holloway, cartographer and Denn.is Fitzsimons, long-time them up! Membership forms can geographer at the University of NACIS member, fellow University be found in the back of CP, or just Montana i.n Missoula, Montana. He of Kansas alumnus, and outstand­ give Chris Baruth (1-800-558-8993) delights in making maps with blank places, for what we do not see and know. ing teacher of cartography was our a call and he'll send you some The series from which it is taken can be ma.in host and did a superb job. forms. found at: http://higuma.wru.umt.edu/ Conference attendees praised all Finally, it is a curious phenom­ posters/default.shtml. In addition, it aspects of the San Antonio meet­ enon that article submission to should be noted that this is a population density map using information from the ings, and one and all enjoyed the cartographic journals is down and 1990 census in six classes of density. The Saturday evening barbecue. We yet more research and experimen­ map differs from typical choropleth should have another grand meet­ tation with maps is occurring than census maps in that the mapping units ing in Kentucky! at any other time in written are independent from the enumeration units. They have applied land cover, land As former NACIS president, I history. Consider, for example, the ownership and slope criteria to create the also want to thank two officers advent of Digital Video Disc new mapping units. The result is a far who recently finished their terms (DVD). It has a storage space of more accurate indication of the disper­ in office. Henry Castner did a 8.7 gigabytes and will allow one to sion of population in the west where there are significant elevation, land marvelous three-year job as Vice­ create a true multimedia presenta­ cover, and land ownership patterns President, President, and Past­ tion with high definition sound affecting population distribution. President, while Ed Hall devoted and full-motion video. There are Number 25, 1-.11119% cartographic perspectives 3

Males, Females, and Maps: Evaluating Spatial Encoding Strategies

Cognitive research suggests that there is a difference in the spatial Elisabeth 5. Nelson abilities of males and females. Results of studies that examine way­ Department of Geography finding skills indicate that the differences found may be linked to a San Diego State University variation in the types of strategies used in completing spatial tasks. The San Diego, CA 92182 purpose of this study was to assess the influence of gender on different strategies for encoding spatial information in a map context. An experi­ ment was conducted in which subjects studied a map presented to them using one of three encoding strategies: (1) a control strategy in which they viewed the map as a static representation, (2) a landmark-based strategy in which they viewed a dynamic sequencing of the map that began with landmark locations and built over time to include all map components, and (3) a path-based strategy in which they viewed a dynamic sequencing of the map that began with path locations and built over time to include all map components. Following this study phase, subjects completed a series of map recognition tasks where they indicated whether a presented map was the same as or different from the map they had originally studied. Test maps that differed from the memorized map were modified by either replacing, displacing, or reversing the perspective of a map object. Results indicated that while encoding strategy played a significant role in determining how accu­ rately subjects could perform the recognition task, gender did not significantly influence how well any particular strategy worked for encoding map-based spatial information.

The acquisition of spatial information from a map requires the use of INTRODUCTION se\·eral intricate cognitive processes. Scientists' knowledge of these processes comes primarily from studies conducted in psychology, where researchers have accumulated over fifty years worth of studies on human spatial abilities. Out of this wealth of research, one broad and increasingly challenged generalization is the finding that males are more skilled at executing spatial tasks than females (Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974; Self, et 11 al., 1992; Halpern, 1992). Several of these studies have further suggested ••• one broad and increasingly that the differences found between males and females are linked to the challenged generalization is the types of strategics they use when completing spatial tasks. Results of these finding that males are more studies show that females tend to rely more on verbal-analytic strategies, in skilled at execu ting spatial tasks which spatial stimuli are encoded as discrete objects. Males, on the other than females. 11 hand, are more likely to focus on the geometric properties of the environ­ ment and encode all spatial stimuli as one interconnected object - a spatial­ holistic strategy (Cooper, 1976; Paivio, 1986; Galea and Kimura, 1993; Lanca and Kirby, 1995). Are these results applicable to encoding spatial information specifically from maps? Research conducted on the environmental acquisition of spatial knowledge is insightful. Results from several of these studies have pro­ duced two competing theories of spatial knowledge acquisition in the environment. Path-based learning emphasizes the importance of paths or routes in assembling the initial cognitive structure (Appleyard, 1970), while Landmark-based learning highlights discrete landmarks as the basic 4 cartograpliic perspccti"ues Numbl•r 25, Fall 1996

building blocks (Siegal and White, 1975; Colledge, 1978). Subsequent testing of these theories has shown that women tend to rely more heavily on landmark information in the spatial encoding process. Men, con­ versely, are more likely to rely on the geometric properties of the area in question {Appleyard, 1970; McGuiness and Sparks, 1983; Miller and Santoni, 1986; Galea and Kimura, 1993). To date, there is little evid~nce - cartographically or otherwise - to indicate whether such findings might also hold for spatial information acquired from a map. Information of this type, however, is essential to a cartographer' s understanding of the ''The choice of presentation cognitive processes used in acquiring and encoding map-based spatial strategy may influence how information. The wide-spread use of computers to display spatial infor­ efficiently the map user can mation has given cartography the potential to control how that informa­ process information ... " tion is presented to map users. The choice of presentation strategy may influence how efficiently the map user can process information (Thorndyke and Stasz, 1982; MacEachren, 1992) and thus needs to be studied carefully from a variety of perspectives. Just as important is an understanding of gender's influence on the effectiveness of these presenta­ tion strategies. If gender differences exist and are substantiated in a map environment, then experimental research designs in cartography will need to examine more carefully the role that gender plays as an explanatory variable (Gilmartin and Patton, 1984). With this in mind, the purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to further previous research examining the potential use of environmental encoding theories for encoding map-based spatial information, and (2) to assess what role gender may play in the effective use of such theories in a map environment.

SPATIAL ENCODING Research on spatial knowledge acquisition suggests that it is a gradual STRATEGIES process, one that begins with fragments of information about a new locality. Over time, those fragments of information are joined by newly acquired knowledge about the locality until a complete cognitive repre­ sentation is formed (MacEachren, 1992). What researchers do not agree on are the actual processes used in developing this representation. For example, what are the basic components of the spatial knowledge acquisi­ tion process and how is this process facilitated? Research addressing such questions exists primarily for spatial knowledge acquisition in the envi­ ronment. In fact, both Landmark-based Learning and Path-based Learning are spatial encoding strategies born of studies that examined spatial knowl­ edge acquisition in an environmental context. 11 Path-based Learning proposes Path-based Learning proposes that it is the paths or routes in an environ­ that it is tlze paths or routes in ment that form the primary framework for the resulting cognitive repre­ an environment that form the sentation. After the initial paths are learned, landmarks relative to the primary framework for the paths are believed to be coded and stored. Appleyard (1970) was one of the first to provide empirical evidence for this theory. He asked both resulting cognitive short-term and long-term city residents to draw sketch maps of their representation." environment. In comparing the maps of the two groups, he discovered that paths dominated the maps of short-term residents, while long-term residents produced more integrated maps with more landmark informa­ tion. Devlin (1976) obtained similar results in her study, which examined the sketch maps of Navy wives who had recently moved to a new duty station. In another study, subjects toured an unfamiliar area and were then tested on their newly acquired spatial knowledge (Garling, et al., 1981). Results showed that subjects were better at remembering a sequence of landmarks along a road that at estimating the locations of those land­ marks. Such findings led the authors to conclude that their subjects acquired a knowledge of paths before a knowledge of landmarks. Another Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspectives 5 study supporting P11t/i-/111~cd /e11mi11s tested the ability of drivers to esti­ mate straight line distances and trcwel distances for given origin-destina­ tion locations within Paris (Peruch, et al., 1989). Results indicated that all drivers estimated the tra\·el distance between two locations as consistently longer than the corresponding straight line distance. These findings were interpreted as supporti\·e of Pat/i-/111.;cd lrnmi11g. The authors concluded that the dri\·crc; in their stud\' based their estimates of travel distance primarily on knowledge acquired from route information, suggesting that route knowledge dominated the initial cognitive structure of the city. In contrast to P11th-/111scd leami11g, La11d111nrk-/1a~cd lrami11g proposes that landmarks are the basic building blocks of the cognitive representation. Knowledge of routes is belie\·ed to be developed after la ndmarks have been encoded and stored in memory. Siegal and White (1975) developed '' ... Landmark-based learninz one of the first landmark-based models of learning. Their model consisted proposes that landmarks are the of three stages: ( L) de\·elopment of landmark knowledge, (2) de\'elopment basic building blocks of the of path-based knowledge, and (3) dewlopment of integrated, configura­ cognitive representation." tional know ledge. A11clwr Poi11t Tlrcory, proposed by Colledge (1978), is another landmark-based model. He asserts that the cognitive organization of spatial information is hierarchical, vvith key landmarks anchoring regions of space and serving as endpoints for the paths in the environ­ ment. Both hans, ct al. (1981) and Okabe, et al. (1986) ha\·e conducted research that lends support to Lt111d111nrk-/1n:'cd lrnmi11g. Evans, et al. (1981) studied changes in cognitive maps that occurred \Vi th increasing en\'iron­ mental experience. They asked subjects to drav·: sketch maps of their environment after one ·week's residence and again after one year's resi­ dence. Rec;u lts of their study indicated that subjects used landmarks as initial anchor points in their cognitiw representations and filled in path structures o\·er time \vi thin this initial frame.,,vork. In a studv that exam­ ined distance and direction estimations made while tra\·ersing trails (Oka be, et al., 1986), the authors fou nd that landmarks on trails pro\·ided an anchoring effect for subjects. Locations on '""'inding trails were esti­ mated more accurately b:· subjects when landmarks were present than when thev were absent. Both the Path-lm~cd and the Ln11d111nrk-/1n~ed encoding theories result from examining how humans interacted with their em·ironment over time. Si nce these theories address the process of spatial knowledge acquisition, howc\·er, it also seems logical to assess their utility for ex­ plaining spatial knowledge acqui5ition in a map environment. YlacEachren (1992) im·estigated this possibility when he examined how a map's p resentati on strategy influenced the resulting cognitive representa­ tion of that information. He presented a map to 11111/e subjects under four different conditi ons: (1) Landmark-based Strategy, (2) Path-based Strat­ egy, (3) Region-based Stratehr:·, and(.+) Whole-Map Strategy. Because his study dealt with a t\'\'O-dimensional graphic, MacEachren hypothesized that strategies deri\·ed from em·ironmental encoding theories might not be as effecti\·c for map learning as a strategy in \·vhich indi\·idual map regions were learned incrementally. After assigning each subject to a presentation strategy group, MacEachren had them memorize a map presented to them. They then performed a series of distance and direction estimates using their resulting cogniti\·e map of the area. Study results indicated that subjects ..,,·ho used a Path-based Strategy to memorize the map completed the learning phase of the experiment more efficientl y and more accurately than subjects in other groups. However, in the task phase of the experiment, subjects in the Whole-Map group were the fastest at completing direction estimates. The Whole- Map group was also fastest at 6 cartographic perspectives Number 25, Fall 1996

completing distance estimates, but this effect was not significant. The author did not find significant differences in accuracy rates between any of the groups.

THE IMPACT OF GENDER ON The gender differences found in cognitive spatial abilities result largely SPATIAL ENCODING from psychological experiments in which researchers employed a variety of spatial tasks. Because these tasks were so varied and have produced results that often are not comparable, Caplan, et al. (1985) has suggested that a more valid measure of cognitive spatial ability would be a real world way-finding task. Appleyard's research (1970), discussed in the previous section, is one of the older studies to utilize such a strategy. In the analysis of his results, he found that females relied more heavily on landmarks than males when asked to produce sketch maps of the area in which they lived. Appleyard also noted that the maps drawn by females had more errors than those drawn by males. In a similar study, ~cGuiness and Sparks (1983) asked subjects at a college campus to draw maps of their environment. Their results indicated that females included more landmark information on their maps, while males include more path '' McGuiness and Sparks (1983) information. Furthermore, although males provided a more accurate asked subjects ... to draw maps spatial layout of the campus, the authors found that females more accu­ of their e11viro11ment. 17wir rately displayed distances between locations. results indicated that females A study by Miller and Santoni (1986) asked subjects to memorize a map and then pro\'ide written travel directions for specified origin-destination included more landmark locations. Like Appleyard (1970) and McGuiness and Sparks (1983), they i11for111atio11 on t11eir maps, found that males performed the task more accurately than females, and wl1ile males included more path that females used more landmarks in completing the task. In a more information." recent study, Galea and Kimura (1993) asked subjects to memorize a route on a novel map, then tested them on their knowledge of landmarks and geometric properties associated with that route. Results showed that females recalled significantly more landmarks than males, and that males scored significantly higher on tests of geometric properties. Furthermore, the authors reported that males initially memorized the route faster and with significantly fewer errors than females. Holding and Holding (1989) obtained similar results in their route memorization study. Despite the similarities of the above studies, results of other researchers provide an alternative \'iew of this proclaimed gender difference. One study, for example, tested the campus knowledge of freshmen at three weeks, three months, and six months of residence (Herman, et al., 1979). Their results showed that males displayed significantly more landmark knowledge than females, but route knowledge between the two groups was approximately the same. Perrig and Kintsch (1985) asked subjects to memorize bodies of text describing a town. Texts were written either as one would describe a map of the town (survey style) or as a set of directions for getting around the town (route style). Recall and recognition tasks of the memorized text showed no significant gender differences; however, the authors noted an interesting trend in the responses. Regardless of the type of text memo­ rized, females responded to inferential questions about the text more accurately when the question was framed in the same style as the text they read. Males, on the other hand, responded more accurately to such questions when the question was framed in a survey style for both types of text. The conclusion they reached was that females were more flexible than males in the type of cogniti\'e structure they formed. While females formed cognitive representations best suited to the style of the text memorized, males seemed to insist on using an image representation for both types of texts. Number 25, FJll 1q96 cartograplzic perspectiPes 7

In another study (Ward, et al., 1986), the authors asked subjects to either memorize a map and then provide directions to specified locations or to give directions to those locations while directly viewing the map. Results showed that when left to their own devices, males used more cardinal directions and mileage indicators than females; males also gave more accurate directions than females when the map had been memo­ rized. When prompted to use cardinal directions and mileages, however, Ward, et al. (1986) 11 both sexes used the concepts equally well. The authors concluded from concluded ... that gender did the findings that gender did not necessarily reflect a difference in how not necessarily reflect spatial information was constructed, but instead reflected a difference in a difference in how spatial cognitive styles when a choice was given. Even more recently, an article in information was constructed, the New York Times (May 26, 1992) reported on a psychological study in which college students repeatedly navigated mazes. Results of this study but instead reflected a difference 11 indicated that males relied more heavily on directions to navigate the in cognitive styles .. . maze, whereas females relied more heavily on landmarks. However, the article did point out that both sexes could navigate the maze equally efficiently, indicating that their cognitive structures of the mazes were similar and that differences were ones based purely on differences in cognitive styles.

This study manipulated spatial encoding strategies to determine their METHODOLOGY effect on the ability of males and females to recognize \'arious mapped objects. Ninety subjects at the University of South Carolina participated in the experiment. Subjects received either monetary compensation or extra credit for courses in participating geography and psychology classes. The Target Map. The target map used in the experiment consisted of a simple street pattern and pictorial landmarks, and was presented in black and white on a computer screen (Figure 1). The map was designed to fit onto the screen so that map features were represented clearly and legibly. Verbal labels were excluded from the map to provide as much control over experimental variables as possible. The Test Groups. Subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of the learning strategy they used when viewing the target map. Within each group approximately half the subjects were male and half were female. The learning strategies, designed to manipulate how subjects •

Figure 1. Tnrget map. 8 cartographic perspectives '.\lumber 25, f·Jll 19%

acquired spatial information from a map, were modeled after those MacEachren used in his 1992 study. The Static Map group served as the control group; subjects who studied the target map using this strategy saw it as a static representation that remained on-screen fo r three minutes (Figure 1). Subjects assigned to the Landmark-based Strategy group studied a "Tile lenrning strntegies, series of seven separate map segments designed to emulate the theory of Landmark-based Learni11g. Segment presentation was controlled by com­ designed to 111anipulnte how puter; each segment was displayed briefly before being replaced by the subjects acquired spatial next segment, and succeeding segments were built on information pre­ informntio11 from a map, were sented in the previous displays. For example, the first segment in the modeled nfter those Landmark-based cycle (displayed for three seconds) consisted of three i\1.ncEachren used in his 1992 primary landmarks (Figure 2a). Following this segment, the computer 11 displayed three more segments, where each segment consisted of one of study. the primary landmarks along with a secondary landmark (Figure 2 b-d). These segments were also displayed for three seconds each. The last three segments, presented for six seconds apiece, each consisted of a pair of primary landmarks along with secondary landmarks and connecting roads (Figure 3 a-c). The entire cycle lasted for 30 seconds, and landmarks were presented more frequently than roads in the presentation process. Subjects studied this presentation cycle six times for a total of three

a. b. •

c. d. •

Figure :? . Lmuimnrk-bnx•d lmmmg, segments 1-4. minutes, which equaled the amount of time subjects in the Static Map group spent studying the target map. Subjects assigned to the Path-based Strategy group experienced a similar process, except that the segments used in these groups emulated Path-based Learning (Figures 4 and 5). Testing Procedure. After assigning a subject to one of the test groups, the task administrator instructed the subject on the steps of the experi­ ment. Subjects then participated in a preliminary session using a practice Number 25, rall 1996 rnrtograpltic perspecti11es 9 a. map to further familiarize them­ selves with the process. The test procedure consisted of two phases: in the first phase, each subject studied a target map that was presented to them by computer. Map presentation corresponded to the learning strategy of the subject's test group. Following this ''Map presentation corre­ presentation, each subject viewed sponded to the learning strategy a series of test maps and was asked to determine whether each of the subject's test group. map was identical to or different Following this presentation, b. from the target map they had just each subject viewed a series of studied. test maps and was asked to The test maps that differed from determine whether each map the target map were modified in one of six ways. These modifica­ was identical to, or different, 11 tions can best be described as from the target map ... changes consisting of either the replacement, perspective reversal, or displacement of either a land­ mark or a road on the target map. Replacement objects were de­ signed to be thematically related to the objects they replaced (i.e., replacing a park symbol with a c. forest symbol), as well as visually similar to the original object (Figure 6). Objects on the test map that were reversed in perspective were essentially mirror-images of the original map object (Figures 7). Both landmarks and roads could exhibit this effect, although to differing degrees. To alternate the perspective of a landmark, a mirror-image of the symbol was constructed. Perspective reversals Figure 3. L1111d111ark -l>nst•d Icaming, of roads required a slightly differ­ Sl.'~lllCtl Is 5-;'. ent strategy. Because roads are connected to one another and have the attribute of length, constructing a mirror-image of a segment de­ stroyed the o\·erall network of road connections. Therefore, to achieve a re,·ersal-like effect, road width was alternated from thin to thick or thick to thin. Displaced objects on the test map were moved in relation to the same object on the target map (Figure 8). Displaced landmarks were mo\'ed so that only relations to other landmarks were violated; relations between these symbols and the road network remained intact. Con­ versely, roads were displaced so that relations to landmarks remained intact, but relations to the road network were violated. For each test map presented, subjects indicated whether that map was the same as or different from the target map they had originally studied. Subjects responded to each map by pressing the appropriate key on the computer keyboard to record their answer. The dependent variable used in this study was the percentage of correct responses. Each subject com- 10 cartograplzic perspecti-ues 'IJumlwr 25, f.1111996

a. b.

c. d.

Figure 4. Pntlz-bnsed learning, segments 1-4. a. b. c.

Fig11re 5. Pa tlz-/111oed teaming, seg111c11 ts 5-7.

pleted 48 map recognition trials; 24 maps were identical to the target map studied and 24 maps differed from the target map. Of those maps that differed, 12 were modified by changing a landmark (4 replacements, 4 reversals, 4 displacements) and 12 were modified by changing a road (4 replacements, 4 reversals, 4 displacements).

HYPOTHESIS Hypotheses were generated to test the influence of encoding strategies on the ability to detect changes in mapped objects and to assess the role that gender plays in this process. Because MacEachren (1992) found no signifi­ cant differences in accuracy between his presentation strategy groups, it was hypothesized that similar results would occur for the map task in this study. Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspectives 11

Research on gender differences in environmental spatial knowl­ edge acquisition (Appleyard, 1970; McGuiness and Sparks, 1983; Miller and Santoni, 1986) suggests that females may rely more heavily on landmarks than their male counterparts in encoding spatial knowledge. Thus, it was also hypothesized that females using the Landmark-based learning strategy would: (1) perform the recognition task more accurately than males using that strategy; and (2) specifically recognize changes in landmarks more efficiently than males using that strategy.

The data for the dependent ANALYSIS AND RESULTS \'ariable were aggregated over a ll subjects and across all variables to minimize data abnormalities. Only "Different" responses were considered in the analysis because the focus of this study was on the ability of subjects to detect modi­ fied test maps. The accuracy data were analyzed using a General Linear Model (GLM) analysis of variance (A.'.'JOV A). The main effects for the model were Learn­ ing Strategy (3 le\'els), Gender (2 levels), and Map Object (6 levels). All possible interactions were analyzed. The model was signifi­ '' ... Learning Strategy played cant [F(35, 108) = 2.74, P > F = .0001] and explained 47% of the a significant role in subject Fig11rt' 6. forget 111ap (top). tc~t map 1citl1 variance in subject accuracy rates responses." rcp/11,\·111c11t -'.l/111/10/foil (m1ddlc). a11d tc,;/ map (Table 1). Two main effects 1l'illr n>1'cr~11/ ro11dfoil (/•otto111). reached significance in the analy- sis. As Figure 9a shows, both males and females using the Path-based learning strategy were considerably less accurate in detecting modified map objects. Differences between subjects '' Subjects using the Path-based using the Static Map learning strategy and the Landmark-based learning learning strategy .. . were strategy \·Vere less striking. As expected, analysis of this variable con­ significantly less accurate than firmed that Learning Strategy played a significant role in subject re­ subjects using both the Static sponses fF (2, 141) = 4.90, P > F = .0092]. Post hoc comparisons of the means of the three test groups indicated that accuracy rates for subjects using the Map learning strategy and the Static Map learning strategy did not differ significantly from those using Landmark-based learning the Landmark-based learning strategy fT(94) = 0.70, P > T = .4845]. Sub­ strategy." jects using the Path-based learning strategy, however, were significantly less accurate than subjects using both the Static Map learning strategy [T(94) = 2.99, P > T = .0034] and the Landmark-based learning strategy [T(94) = 2.29, P > T = .0239j. 12 cartographic perspecti1.1es Number 25, Fall 1996

Males and females, regardless of the learning strategy employed, did not differ widely in the accu- .. racy of their responses to the recognition task (Figure 9b). ANOVA results verified that this main effect variable did not play a significant role in explaining the overall accuracy of subject re­ sponses [F(l,142) = 0.23, P>F = .6314]. Furthermore, there was no significant interaction of gender with Leaming strategy, as had been hypothesized, or with any • other of the independent variables. Figure 9c shows that replaced objects were easier to detect in the recognition task than reversed or displaced objects. Furthermore, 11 •• • replaced objects were subjects found displaced land­ easier to detect in the marks easier to detect than dis­ recognition task than reversed placed streets and reversed streets - 11 easier to detect than reversed or displaced objects. landmarks. ANOVA results confirmed that Map Object was a significant effect [F(S,138) = 14.34, P > F = .0001. Post hoc comparisons of means for the six different types of changes that could occur on a test map indicated the following: (1) subjects were significantly more accurate in detecting re­ versed streets than reversed landmarks [T(46) = 2.95, P>T = - .0038]; (2) subjects were signifi- cantly more accurate in detecting Figure I. Target map (top), test map with displaced landmarks than dis­ re<>ersal ;;ymbol foil (middle). and test map wit/1 placed streets [T(46) = 5.99, P>T = reversal road foil (bottom) . .0001]; (3) subjects were signifi­ cantly less accurate in detecting reversed landmarks than replaced land­ marks [T(46) = 4.68, P>T = .0001] or displaced landmarks [T(46) = 4.10, P>T = .0001); and (4) subjects were significantly less accurate in detecting displaced streets than replaced streets [T(46) = 6.10, P>T = .0001) or reversed streets [T(46) = 4.85, P>T = .0001].

DISCUSSION A number of researchers have examined the interaction of encoding strategies in an envirorunental context. Fewer, however, have attempted to apply such theories to spatial information acquired directly from a map. The results of the research described above contribute to the knowledge accumulated on spatial knowledge acquisition and gender in the map environment. In contrast to MacEachren's (1992) results, this study found that subjects who studied the target map using either the Static Map or Landmark-based learning strategies detected changes in map objects significantly more accurately than subjects who used the Path-based learning strategy to study the map (Figure 9a). Such results suggest that Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspectives 13

the Landmark-based learning strategy and Anchor Point Theory (Colledge 1978) transfer better from an environmental context to a map context than the Path-based " ... results suggest that the learning strategy, at least when the task is to recognize changes in a Landmark-based learning mapped area. Why are there strategy and Anchor Point discrepancies bet\·veen these Theory transfer better from an findings and those of environmental context to a map MacEachren's? One plausible context than the Path-based explanation is that the different 11 task requirements of the two learning strategy ... studies played a role in which types of encoding processes worked best. MacEachren' s distance and direction estimates are linear tasks and may be better matched to an encoding process that emphasizes linear compo­ nents. With the map recognition task, subjects were searching for changes to isolated objects on the map; perhaps a task such as this is better matched to an encoding process that emphasizes point locations. It is also possible that differ­ ences in the design and presenta­ tion of the experimental maps used in both studies played a role in producing these contrasting results. The number of streets and landmarks on MacEachren' s maps were unbalanced, with the maps Fix11re 8. Tnrxl'f 11111p (lo)'). test 11za11 w itl1 having more streets than land­ dis17lace111e11t sy111/1of _f(iil (111iddie), n11d lest Illa?' marks. Subjects, then, who used a il'itlt di:

Independent Variables OF FValue Gender (1,142) 0.23 .6314 Learning Strategy (2,141) 4.90 .0092 Map Object (5,138) 14.34 .0001 Leaming Strategy x Gender (2,138) 0.41 .6637 Map Object x Gender (5,132) 0.44 .8192 Learning Strategy x Map Object (10,126) 0.45 .9173 Learning Strategy x Gender x Map Object (10,108) 0.66 .7548

Table 1. General l111 c11 r model

a. study the map were initially exposed to more information than 11.'1.l in Effo-:t 100 L~,1rning Strategy subjects using the Landmark­ based learning strategy, a situation 0.9~ that was a\'oided in this study. :;. v 0.90 ~ Furthermore, all subjects in ::; u ·~ 0.85 MacEachren's study saw the map < ~ in its entirety at some point during 080 .:; the simulation process. In this 0.00 study, only subjects who studied Sta lie ( ,mdmark Pat the map using the Static Map L~.u nong Strategy learning strategy saw the map in its entirety. The Landmark-based b. and Path-based learning theories Main Effect do not include holistic encounters c:,•nder 1.00 with the environment as part of 0.95 the learning model. Thus, subjects who studied the target map using 0.90 "Gender, contrary to the - • • similar learning strategies were not hypotlresis p11 t fo rtl1, did not < 0.85 ex posed to such a display. 0.80 Gender, contrary to the hypoth­ significantly influence the .:; 0.00 eses put forth, did not significantly nccu mcy of subject responses to .\-1,1(,• remale influence the accuracy of subject the rccog11itio11 task." c... · nder responses to the recognition task (Figure 9b). Both males and c. females were equally accurate in \l,1in l.ffect recognizing changes in map 1\l.1p Ol>tt'Ct objects during the test phase of the 1.00 experiment. Furthermore, females .._!eplacemcnt 0.95 using the Landmark-based learn­ 0.90 ing strategy did not exhibit an

'J 0.85 ad,·antage in responding to the ~ :; 'J recognition task, whether the 'J 0.80 < Displacemenl modified map object was a land­ 0.75 mark or a street. While this is 0.70 certainly not an exciting conclu­ 0.00 ~-.-----.--- sion, it is worth noting because it Land marl. Street will help geographers to evaluate MapObwd the need to consider gender an explanatory variable in future

I ig11re 9. I~ es ulf,; of accumcy mle nnnly,;i,;. l:.11d1 studies. As Caplan, et al. (1985) has smpl1~ ho w ,; /l()il' ll lllllill c(fccl or i11temc1i011 pointed out, the lack of significant ctkr t il'tl~ rd oiled /(1 11cc11mn_1. differences in gender-based studies may be published less often than results that are signifi­ ca nt. Within the context of this study, then, it appears that gender differ­ ences and gender styles do not significantly influence the ability of subjects to use one spatial encoding strategy over another. Of course, the task used in this study was a simple one and indicative of only one of many that the typical map user may need to perform. Certainly, further studies should be conducted that examine a variety of common map­ based tasks in conjunction with these types of spatial encoding strategies. An unexpected, but nonetheless interesting finding in this study is the difference in difficulty that subjects encountered in detecting various object modifications. The lack of interference in detecting replaced objects is clearly explained by examining the effect of Map Object on subject Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspecfi'z1es 15 responses (Figure 9c). Subjects, regardless of the learning strategy used when studying the target map, found replaced objects easier to detect than displaced and reversed objects. Given that replaced objects were designed to be both visually and conceptually similar, the near ceiling performance of subjects in detecting these objects is striking. Furthermore, there is a huge discrepancy in the ability of subjects to detect re\·ersed landmarks over re\·ersed streets as ·well as displaced streets over displaced land­ marks. Such anomalies help explain why the variance for the overall GLM model is so low. A secondary analysis using individual trials in place of Map Object showed that much of the variance not accounted for in this analysis can be explained by differences in individual trials. Why 'vvas it so much easier for subjects to detect replaced objects? Perhaps the Landmark-based and Path-based learning strategies did not interfere as severely \'\'ith the coding of object identities as object locations and object perspectives. With these particular strategies, segmentation of " ... subjects found landmark the map during the encoding process might \'ery well introduce fuzziness into the locational coding of landmarks and streets. Even though the map displacements and street was presented in segments, however, individual map objects were not reversals easier to recognize fragmented, vvhich may have enhanced the ability to encode object than street displacement and identities. Furthermore, the poorer coding of object perspectives could landmark reversals." have resulted from a filtering process in which only the most important object characteristics "'·ere coded. These speculations, of course, do not explain why subjects found landmark displacements and street reversals easier to recognize than street displacements and landmark reversals. There are two plausible explanations for these results. First, the pictorial landmarks and street segments on the map presented considerably different types of graphic information. Symbols were easily recognizable, isolated objects; streets, on the other hand, were graphically abstract and were most likely perceived as an integrated network of segments rather than as isolated lines. If the streets vvere seen as a network, then the displacement of a street would ha\·e been less perceptible than the displacement of a symbol, especially since street displacements only violated street relationships. The differ­ ence in responses to reversal foils may lie in the way reversals were implemented for symbols and roads. For symbols, perspective reversal ·was accomplished by producing a mirror-image of the symbol; for streets, segments were re\·ersed by alternating line thickness to approximate a re\·ersal characteristic. Perhaps the alternation of line thickness was simply easier to detect than mirror-images of symbols.

In this age of computer display systems, the variety of potential presen­ CONCLUDING REMARKS tational strategies for maps compels us to evaluate their effectiveness carefully. I hree possible presentation strategies were examined in this study for their effecti\·eness in encoding and remembering a simplified map consisting of a street network and pictorial landmark symbols. Results of the study, in contrast to the work of MacEachren (1992), indi­ cate that subject performance of a simple recognition task was worst for " ... Landmark-based learning subjects who used a Path-based learning strategy to study the target map. strategy ... produced responses This suggests that this method of encoding, at least for recognition tasks emphasizing point locations, may pose disadvantages for completing the that did not differ significantly task \Nith high levels of accuracy. Subjects who studied the map using a from subjects who studied the Landmark-based learning strategy, on the other hand, produced re­ map using the Static Map sponses that did not differ significantly from subjects \.vho studied the learning strategy. '' map using the Static Map learning strategy. It might be hypothesized, then, that Ln11d111nrk-bnsed Len ming is a viable map encoding alternative given this comparability in levels of accuracy for task responses. Of 16 cartographic perspecti1H!S Numhl'r 2..'l, F.111 1996

course, additional research is needed before such a hypothesis could be fully accepted. For instance, it would be particularly interesting to assess the applicability of these encoding processes for a \'ariety of map reading tasks, as well as for encoding a variety of map types. The study did not find any gender-based differences in the ability to use these encoding strategies to learn map-based spatial information. This lack of significant difference should be viewed as a positive finding for the discipline of cartography. An established difference in the cognitive ability of males and females to complete map-based tasks would certainly make the job of producing effective maps for the general population much more difficult. More gender-based studies should be conducted in cartography, however, before such findings are considered a foregone conclusion. Map use requires a variety of spatial abilities, and cartographers have not yet conducted a sufficient number of studies that establish what role gender plays in these activities as a whole. The significant influence of Map Object on subject responses creates several new questions for cartographers in the realm of spatia.l cognition. Maps consist of multiple graphic elements; the suggestion that their individual characteristics may be processed differently indicates a need to assess how the map reader interacts with each of these element types. Research that investigates the mental processing of map elements, both individually and as a complete spatial unit, may shed more light on this finding. The cognitive processes essential to acquiring, storing and using map information are still not clearly understood. As computer technology continues to evolve, cartographers will need to gain a more comprehen­ sive understanding of these cognitive processes if we hope to make a successful transition into the digital environment.

ACK OWLEDGYIENTS I am indebted to the following organizations for their monetary support: the National Science Foundation, Grant SBR-9500196; Sigma Xi's Grants­ in-Aid of Research; and the University of South Carolina, Educational Foundation Student Research Fund. I am also grateful for the support and advice I received from Dr. Patricia Gilmartin, Dr. Robert Lloyd, Dr. Theodore Steinke, and Dr. Robin Morris.

REFERENCES Appleyard, D. 1970. Styles and methods of structuring a city. Environment and Behavior. 2: 100-16.

Caplan, P.J., G.M. MacPherson, and P. Tobin. 1985. Do sex-related differ­ ences in spatial abilities exist? American Psychologist. 40: 786-799.

Cooper, L.A. 1976. Individual differences in visual comparison processes. Perception and Psychophysics. 19: 433-444.

Devlin, Ann S. 1976. The "sma.11 town" cognitive map: adjusting to a new environment. Environmental Knowing: Theories, Research, and Methods, edited by Gary T. Moore and Reginald G. Colledge, 58-66. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross. Number 25, Fall 1996 cartograplzic perspectives 17

Evans, G.W., D.G. Marrero, and P.A. Butler. 1981. Environmental learning and cogniti\'e mapping. Em·iro11111e11t nnd Behavior. 13(1): 83-104.

Galea, L.A., and D. Kimura.1993. Sex differences in route learning. journal uf Perso11nlity n11d /11dit1id11nl D~ffere11ces. 14(1): 53-65.

Garling, T., E. Lindberg, and T. Nilsson. 1981. Memory for the spatial layout of the everyday physical environment: factors affecting rate of acquisition. ]011rnnl of Environmental Psyclrology. 68: 177-86.

Gilmartin, P.P., and J.C. Patton. 1984. Comparing the sexes on spatial abilities: Map-use skills. Annals of the Association of American Ceograplrers. 74: 605-619.

Colledge, R.G., 1978. Learning about urban em·ironments. In Timing Space and Spacing Time, edited by T. Carlstein, D. Parkes, and \I. Thrift, ml. 1, 76-98. London: Edward Arnold.

Halpern, D.F., 1992. Differences in cognitive abilities. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Herman, J.F., R.V. Kail, and A.W. Siegel. 1979. Cognitive maps of a college campus: a nevv look at freshman orientation. B11//eti11 of tire Psycl10nomic Society. 13(3): 183-186.

Holding, C.S., and D.H. Holding. 1989. Acquisition of route knowledge by males and females. The joumal of General Psychology. 116: 29-41.

Lanca, Margaret, and John R. Kirby. 1995. The benefits of \'erbal and spatial tasks in contour map learning. Cartographic Perspectives. 21:3-15. Maccoby, E.E., C.V. Jacklin. 197-1. The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni\·ersity Press.

MacEachren, A.M. 1992. Application of em·ironmental learning theory to spatial knowledge acquisition from maps. Annals of tire Association of A111erirn11 Geographers . 82:(2): 2-15-74.

McGuiness, D., and J. Sparks. 1983. Cognitive style and cognitive maps: sex differences in representations of a fami liar terrain. journal of Mental Imagery. 7(2): 91-100.

Miller L. K., and Y. Santoni. 1986. Sex differences in spatial abilities: strategic and experiential correlates. Acta Psyc/10/ogica. 62: 225-235.

Okabe, A., K. Aoki, and W. Hamamoto. 1986. Distance and direction judgment in a large-scale natural environment: effects of a slope and winding Trail. Em•iro11111e11t and Behavior. 18(6): 755-772.

Pai\'iO, A., 1986. Mental representations: n dun/ coding approach. ew York: Oxford Uni\'ersity Press.

Perrig, W., and W. Kintsch. 1985. Propositional and situational representa­ tions of text, ]011 mnl of Memory nnd Language. 24: 503-518. 18 cartographic perspectives Numbl·r 25, L111 tlJ96

Peruch, T., M.D. Giraudo, and T. Garling. 1989. Distance cognition by taxi drivers and the general public. /011ma/ of Environmental Psychology. 9(3): 233-39.

Self, Carole M., Gopal Sucharita, Reginald G. Colledge, and Sarah Fenstermaker. 1992. Gender-related differences in spatial abilities. Progress in Human Geogrnpl1y. 16(3): 315-342.

Siegal, A.W., and S.H. White. 1975. The development of spatial representa­ tions of large scale environments. In Advances in Child Development and Behavior, edited by H.W. Reese, 10-55. New York: Academic Press.

Thorndyke, P.W., and B. Hayes-Roth. 1982. Differences in spatial know­ ledge acquired from maps and navigation. Cognitive Psychology. 14: 560-89.

Thorndyke, P.W., and C. Stasz. 1980. Individual differences in procedures for knowledge acquisition from maps. Cognitive Psychology. 14: 560-589.

Ward, S.L., N. Newcombe, and W.F. Overton. 1986. Turn left at the church, or three miles north: a study of direction giving and sex differ­ ences. E11viro11111e11t and Behavior. 18(2): 192-213. Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspectives 19

Adjusting and Separating Map Colors Using Photo ShopT:vi

As more and more maps are being prepared for display on CRTs, our Judy M. Olson need for a method to convert them into printable or slide form is Department of Geog rnplly increasing. A screen capture of the image can be manipulated in Micliigan State University PhotoShop to select appropriate colors. A finishing program such as East Lansing, Michigan 48823 Free Hand can be used for adding high-quality lettering, placing appropriately on the page, and creating color separations or a slide file. Different applications require creativity in solving specific problems, but the method is versatile and easy to apply.

ou ha,·e a map displayed on a CRT. You need a high-quality copy of THE PROBLEM Y the map for com·entional process-color printing or for making a slide, but a) the program that produces the display does not produce color separations, or b) the color capabilities of the sofh\•are prevent you from using the colors you need, or c) you are displaying a (copyright­ free) GIF image from the World Wide Web and you need to crop and annotate. With the increased use of GIS software and the Web, you may be increasingly finding yourself with images that need transformation. How do you convert the diverse images we can produce on CRTs into high-quality printable form or into slides? And how do you transform the colors into selections of ""hich you can be proud instead of apolo­ getic? The logical choice of software seems to be PhotoShop, but what does one do with it to get the well-colored image in the appropriate format? l recently had just such a problem. CRT maps had been used in a testing project (Olson and Brewer, 1997) and had been produced on a computer system no longer available. Fortunately, the programs had been written in QuickBASIC, a copy of which was still available, and no map had more than about ten colors on it. Not so fortunately, we had been using a smart terminal that had its own subroutines to produce eight-bit color and 1,ve had carefully selected and tweaked the colors to adhere to certain schemes and constraints. The nine standard colors a\·ailable in Quick BASIC did not even resemble the logical series we had used in the testing project. The problem was to produce a set of color separations for publication that would simulate reasonably well the colors used in the testing project.

Here is a method that works to convert CRT-displayed maps into A SOLUTION printable or slide form. Readers are spared the many blind alleys taken along the way in developing this sequence.

1) Use a printed color chart to choose the CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) percentage combinations that will be needed to produce the desired colors. CRT colors cannot be reproduced exactly, and colors that look right on the CRT do not necessarily look right 20 cartographic perspectives Number 25, Fall 19%

when printed. There is no substitute for using a good printed color chart.

2) You will not normally need this step, but in my case I had to revise the QuickBASIC programs to omit calls to subroutines that were specific to the original output terminal. I assigned an arbitrary color to each different 11 There is no substitute for color on each map. In cases where the number of colors using a good printed color exceeded 8, I reused colors, making sure that the lines chart." separating units were unique (i.e., I did not reuse the line color for anything else). All lettering (which was fortu­ nately sparse) was omitted by commenting out the relevant lines in the QuickBASIC program.

3) Display the map on a CRT and screen capture it using a shareware program such as Graphix or, if it is displayed in a Windows environment, press Print Screen. I used Graphix to capture each map as either a GIF or PCX file; either format worked well. (I could not use the "Screen Display" option in Quick BASIC to display the map for capture but had to display using the Run command. This meant I captured any messages on the screen as well as the map, but I scaled the image so the messages fell outside the map area.)

4) Open the GIF or PCX capture file in PhotoShop (I used PhotoShop 3.0 residing on a Power Macintosh 8100/100 with 96 Mb of RAM and 650 Mb hard disk). Use the eraser to clean up any unwanted messages or extraneous marginal marks if any.

5) Use the Rectangular Marquee from the Toolbox to 11 Display the map on a CRT and window the exact area of the graphic that you wish to screen capture it using a retain. (My background color was black and I wanted the rectangular area of each of 15 maps to be exactly the shareware program such as same size on the final product, which meant this step was Graphix or, if it is displayed in crucial.) Double-click on the Rectangular Marquee to a Windows environment, press bring up the dialogue box in which you can set the style Print Screen." to Constrained Aspect Ratio and specify a width and height. (In my case, I used 2.6 by 1.75, as the final image was be that size in inches. It is only the ratio that is important here, however. For slides, use 3 by 2 as the aspect ratio.) Use the tool with the Option key pressed for extending from the center of selection. Noting your choice of center on a given try, adjust and retry. If more background area is needed to get the proper window, increase the Canvas Size (Image menu). When the Marquee window is satisfactory, pull down the Edit menu and select Crop.

6) If you need to add new colors (such as I did when the number exceeded 8), click (once) on the Foreground Color square to open the Color Picker dialogue box. Specify a new (arbitrary at this point) color. Selecting a color that is simply very different from the rest can make this step easier. After closing the Color Picker, double- Number 25, Fall 19% cartogmplzic perspectives 21

click on the Paint Bucket and be sure the Anti-alias feature is deselected (to prevent a blurry map). Click the Paint Bucket in each area to be filled with the new color.

7) Sa\'e the file so you do not ha\·e to deal with the un­ wanted lettering, the cropping, or the duplicated colors again.

8) By default, the file opened in "Indexed Color" Mode. It is not possible to accomplish the remaining modifications using that mode. Bring down the Mode menu and select 11 Use the Eyedropper tool to CMYK. Save the file in PhotoShop format with a modi­ sample the selected color. The fied file name so as to preserve the GIF or PCX file as a backup. color then appears as the cu r­ rent Foreground Color in the 9) In CMYK Mode, change the colors as follows: Toolbox."

a) Double-click the Magic Wand to bring up its dialogue box. Make sure the Anti-alias box is deselected and the tolerance is zero. b) Select a legend box or map unit that is the color you wish to change. c) In the Select menu, select Similar to pick up all other areas of the same color. d) Use the Eyedropper tool to sa1T1p le the selected color. The color then appears as the current Foreground Color in the Toolbox. "Press Option and Delete to e) Single click on the Foreground Color in the lower change the colors in all the part of the Toolbox to open the Color-Picker selected areas to the new color. 11 dialogue box. Type in the CvfYK values desired and press Return (or click OK). f) At this stage, the new color is in the Foreground color box only. Press Option and Delete to change the colors in all the selected areas to the new color. g) Repeat steps b through/for each of the other colors needing adjustment. h) Save the file again (still in PhotoShop format) so you have all the changes included. This will serve as a backup file. i) Use Save As in the File menu and choose the TIFF format and a modified filename. Upon 11 Uncompressed files are ex­ clicking Save, the TIFF dialogue box opens; select tremely large (mine were 14-20 LZW compression. Uncompressed files are times the compressed size), and extremely large (mine were 14-20 times the compressed size), and the compressed Yersions the compressed versions work work \veil. well."

10) Use Free Hand (I used version 5.0, on the same Mac) or similar graphics package as the finishing software. In FreeHand, select Place from the File menu and select the TIFF image you saved. Click in some convenient (arbi­ trary) point on the page for placement. Choosing the Object Inspector (first icon in the Inspector window) you can specify the x,y location of the lower left corner and the size desired (2.6 x 1.75 inches in my case), and press 22 rnrtograpllic pcrspecti7.1es l\:umhl·r 25, r.ill 1996

Return. Alternatively, you can use the scaling tool and then drag the image to the desired location.

11) Add lettering in a higher layer using the convenient type features in FreeHand or similar software.

12) Be sure to save the file at this stage (FreeHand format), so you have a complete copy of your work.

13) The next step depends on whether your map will be "Replacing the originals pre­ printed or made into a slide. vents old versions from becom­ ing confused with new ones, it a) If the map is to be printed, produce a color proof and examine the colors carefully. saves disk space, and (very b) If the map is to be made into a slide and the film important) the FreeHand file recorder is not directly accessible, be sure you you created will automatically have the appropriate printer driver on your use the new version.'' machine for whatever film recorder is available. Use it to save the FreeHand file in the new format. In our case, we use the printer driver that produces Binary LasergraphicsTMLanguage (extension .BLL). The file can then be taken to the film recorder.

14) Make revisions if needed. Use the PhotoShop format files to do so. Save not only the revised PhotoShop file but also the TIFF file with the same names you used before. Replacing the originals prevents old versions from becoming confused with new ones, it saves disk space, and (very important) the FreeHand file you created will automatically use the new version.

PITFALLS In PhotoShop one has to be cautious about duplicate colors. If, for ex­ ample, the second box in the legend is 100% cyan and one wishes the color in the first box to be 100% cyan, the second legend color must be changed first. Otherwise, both the first and second colors become equal and all of them are selected upon trying to isolate only one of them. Due to the conversion from vector to bitmap format when a screen capture is made, lines are not consistent in width. Most of ours were one pixel but some were two. I used the pen tool in PhotoShop to correct

c M y K B&W background: 0 0 0 100 0 No harvest: 0 10 30 0 10 0.1-49: 0 40 60 0 20 50-99: 0 65 85 10 35 100-399: 0 80 95 40 50 400-999: 0 100 100 50 70

Table 1. Number 25, Fall 1996 cartogmplzic perspectives 23 some of them, but the \'ariation was not particularly bothersome in the case of these maps because the final size of each map was small. The illustrations I was producing had several maps (7 or 8) on each final page. The FreeHand file plus all the associated TIFF files for each page fit onto one 1..14 \1b diskette. Had we not used the LZW compres­ sion, file size of some individual TIFFs, much less the whole set, would ha\·e been too large for a single diskette. Although readers are generally spared the blind alleys here, there is one that is so tempting that I must warn you against it. vVhen you are in Index Color mode in PhotoShop, you can open up the Color Table and change seYeral colors at once before closing it. It lures one into thinking this is an easier means of color adjustment, but it is fraught with problems. ''Although readers are generally The \.vorst is that the color designations change automatically (without spared the blind alleys here, warning to you; you ha\·e to reopen the color table and read the numbers there is one that is so tempting to see that it did not accept what you typed in). Although the automati­ cally-modified color may look fine on the screen, the resulting color proofs that I must warn you against can be a huge disappointment. The use of the Color Table process in it. II Index Color mode turns out to be wasted time. To try the steps outlined above to modify a map in PhotoShop, we offer a sample file that can be downloaded from the internet: pilot.msu.edu/ user/ olsonj/ nwestmap.gif. The colors in the original file are arbitrary. There is no need for adding colors (Step 6 above), but you may want to try that with just one map unit and then undo the Paint Bucket fill. FreeHand or similar softv

Timber Harvest Pacific Northwest 1981 Harvest by County (Million Board Feet) 400-999 100·399 50-99 0.1-49 No Harvest

Fis1ire I. A r ri11tcd 111111 • /'l'•'!'•lri•d ll' lllS: tile 1111•fhod,; 1>11tli11t'd. would be used for a color \·ersion; the B&W values produced the black­ and-white version shown in Figure 1. As it becomes more and more important to transform maps from one format to another, we need to know the combinations of commands that allow us to reach our goals. It was a significant investment of time and effort in manual reading, trial and error, and asking questions of others who use PhotoShop before I succeeded in understanding how simple a 24 rnrtogmphic perspectives \lumber 25, Fall 19%

process can be employed to convert CRT maps into printable form or into a form suitable for good slides. Perhaps the summary of steps involved will save time on the part of others attempting similar conversions. Perhaps, too, the maps we see in print and projected on screens during professional presentations will meet higher quality standards than the compromises tu which we have had to become accustomed of late.

REFERENCES Kimerling, A. Jon, and P. L. Jackson. 1985. Atlas of the Pacific Northwes t, ih ed. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.

Olson, Judy M. and Cynthia A. Brewer. 1997. An Evaluation of Color Selections to Accommodate Users with Color-Vision Impairments," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 87(1), pp. 103-134.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank Cindy Brewer (Penn State); Mike Lipsey and Dick Groop (Michigan State); Jim Moore (Northern Illinois); Josh Hane, Rich Worthington, and Dan Mal1er (University of Wisconsin); a PhotoShop consultant; and all others who at some time in this process helped get me over one hurdle or another.

Adobe PhotoShop is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. FreeHand is a product of Macromedia Corporation. Macintosh is a registered trademark of Apple Systems Incorporated. Graphix is shareware from Andromeda Software. Microsoft QuickBASIC is a product of Microsoft Corporation. Lasergraphicsn 1 is a trademark of Lasergraphics, Inc. Number 2S, Fall 1996 cartographic perspecti"ves 25

SC Maps Portfolio has been de\·el­ of similar programs in other re­ cartography bulletin board oped that contains classroom sets gions of the country. of laminated maps and photogra­ All Southeastern states were in­ phy, wipe off pens, and a teaching vited to send a team of developers manual outlining a \·ariety of co­ to the workshop. At least one team operative learning activities. member was to have had experi­ THE SE MAPS PROJECT The purpose of the SE :\1aps ence working with cartographic project is for students to make con­ products and at least one team by fa111 es R. A11derso11, fr. , Director nections between: member was to represent the Florida Resvu recs & state's Department of Education. Em.•irv11111e11tal A11alysis Center ·Geologic events that have re­ Participants were given informa­ Florida State U11irwsity sulted in the state's five landform tion on the development of the regions. South Carolina materials and crite­ On July 15 through July 26, a ·Drainage system, wetlands, and ria for the selection of study sites \'\·orkshop was held at Clemson landform regions that have had an in their states. Each state team will University to discuss the develop­ impact on the state's historical be made up of a coordinator, de­ ment of middle school instruc­ events and cultural diversity. \·elopment team to write the cur­ tional materials and related carto­ · Economic trends and regional riculum materials, and resource graphic products to investigate the differences that ha\·e resulted in persons. interrelationships among geology, the diversity of the state's indus­ During the coming year, each land use, history, cultural di\·er­ tries, agriculture, and tourism. state will develop materials for sity, and environmental concerns. · Historical events, regional cus­ sites selected in their states. During Participants came from several toms, and cultural diversity inter­ the summer of 1997, a follow-up southeastern states and included related through storytelling. workshop will be held to compare teachers, university faculty, and ·Mathematical applications using local products and finalize the SE state agency personnel. Funding state statistical data, map reading Maps package. During the fall of for the workshop and the develop­ skills, probability, and ordered 1997 the materials will be field ment of curriculum materials is be­ pairs. tested in selected schools. ing funded by a l'\ational Science ·Environmental concerns and the For additional information, Foundation Grant awarded to recognition that it is their responsi­ please contact: John Wagner, Clemson University. bility as citizens to appreciate, use Ph.D., Department of Geological The SE (South.East) Maps w isely, and preserve the state's Sciences, Clemson University, Box project is an outgrovdh of a re­ unique natural resources. 341908, Clemson, SC 29634-1908. source package developed in E-Mail: SCMAPS­ South Carolina and titled SC SC Maps is a collaborative effort [email protected]. Maps. The original South Carolina initiated by Peggy Cain with the materials use infrared aerial photo­ State Department of Education, graphs, Landsat satellite images, James (Chip) B. Berry, III, South state base maps, topographic Carolina Department of Natural THE NEW NATIONAL CENTER maps, and soils maps as resources Resources, Land Resources Di\·i­ FOR HEALTH STATISTICS to help study the state's human sion, and John Wagner, Clemson ATLAS OF UNITED ST ATES and geological history. University, Earth Sciences Depart­ MORTALITY In South Carolina, ten study ment. sites were selected from five land­ Using the South Carolina Linda W. Pickle, Michael Mungiole, form regions with physical fea­ project as a model, SE Maps will Gretchen /ones, Andrew A. White tures clearly \·isible from high produce a regional curriculum resolution aerial infrared photo­ package. The regional package by ja111es R. Anderson, fr. , Director graphs and satellite images. Using could then serve as a template for Florida Resources & £11viromne11tal these images and related map individual states to build upon A1ialysis Cen ter products, middle school students while developing their own local Florida State University learned to interrelate the state's study sites to produce a custom­ geological formation, environmen­ ized state version of the instruc­ Thematic maps published in ear­ tal concerns, historical events, tional materials. The SE regional lier atlases have helped epidemi­ mathematics skills, and cultural package can also sen·e as a model ologists to identify cancer hot spots de\·elopment through a \·ariety of for future curriculum development in the U.S. by providing a visual­ activities including storytelling. A ization of the geographic patterns 26 cartographic perspectives of mortality not apparent from size and relative fragility of maps, tabular statistics. Field studies de­ map library bulletin board the G&M Division is the only divi­ signed to test hypotheses gener­ sion doing in-house scanning. The ated by these earlier atlases led to scanned images are being stored such notable findings as the asso­ on tape at the Division and will be ciations between snuff dipping Co111piled by Melissa La111011t made available via the Internet in and oral cancer, and shipyard as­ Pe1111sylva11ia State Unit•ersity the future. The Information Tech­ bestos exposure and Jung cancer. nology Service of the Library of Jn light of the demonstrated CARTOGRAPHIC USERS Congress will handle the Internet utility of the cancer atlases, the Na­ ADVISORY COUNCIL display and transfer of the map tional Center for Health Statistics MINUTES images. The images are not geo­ (NCHS) is preparing an atlas for referenced. Staff of the Center con­ the leading causes of death in the 17111rsday May 9, 1996 sider gee-referencing an intellec­ C.S. for the period 1988-1992. New Library o_f Congress tual process, one which users will features of this atlas include geo­ Geograpliy and Map Ditiisio11 want to complete for themselves. graphic units based on health care The Center also has tvvo color patterns, innovative statistical Gary Fitzpatrick, Geographic ink jet plotters for output. James modeling of rates, and the use of Information Systems Specialist, Dyson, Automation Operations cognitive experiments to guide the started the day by taking the Coordinator, demonstrated the design of maps and page layout. It Council on a tour through the scanner and plotter for the Coun­ aJso discusses design issues impor­ Center for Geographic l1~for11111tionn. cil. The scanned and printed maps tant for mapping death rates using The G&M Division recognized that prm·ide a high quality, inexpen­ examples from the atlas. industry partners would be sive surrogate for reference. Al­ In 1995 the NCHS commis­ needed to help incorporate emerg­ though the scanner can handle up sioned Deasy GeoGraphics, Penn ing technologies into existing to 600 dpi, the lesser resolution is State University, directed by David services. The Madison Council, a more than adequate to display de­ DiBiase, to assist in the production Library of Congress friends group, tails, and the files are significantly of its Atlas of United States Mortal­ offered a $30,000 grant to create smaller and therefore easier to ity. The Atlas will consist of 72, the Center. In January of 1995 nine transfer and store. At the moment t\No-page, four color, choropleth GIS industry leaders attended the the Center is unable to offer pa­ maps, along with graphs, text, and first organ.izationaJ meeting. They trons the abili ty to manipulate the other maps. Color schemes vvere decided that membership in the digital image. They hope to move developed for NCHS by Dr. Center would require a five in that direction in the future. Cynthia Brewer, along with a reli­ thousand dollar annual contribu­ The G&M Division will indicate ability hatching scheme designed tion and appropriate donations of the availability of the digital image by Dr. Alan MacEachren. Deasy software, hardware and support. in the MARC record. For those GeoGraphics' participation in the The Center no\.v has twelve scanned images without records, project included con\'erting digitaJ members and seven associate they will create smaller "reason­ map files produced by :'\!CHS, into members. able" level records. The NOL PostScript documents compatible The G&M Division also re­ project plans caJl for 5 million with high-resolution digital ceived funding through the Na­ items at the Library of Congress to imagesetting, thus ensuring an ac­ tional Digital Library Program be scarmed. Those 5 million items curate representation of the work (NOL), designed to presen·e "core are expected to require 32 done b\' Ors. Bre·wer and historic Americana." The G&M terabytes of storage, of those 24 MacEachren. The atlas should be Oi\'ision has hired four employees terabytes will come from the G&M available by early 1997. for the Center for Geographic In­ Division aJone. formation and has identified sev­ A third aspect of the digital ini­ Material contributed by Li11da W. eral collections to scan fo r preser­ tiative at the G&M Division offers Pickle (NCHS) and Wi//ia111 Va11curn vation including: panoramic public access term.inaJs for elec­ (Penn State U11it•ersity). 0 views, land ownership maps, rail­ tronic mapping. Three X-Window road maps, fire insurance maps, workstations located in the Read­ civil and revolutionary '"''ar maps ing Room, run a variety of map­ and generaJ US maps. The staff of ping software. The Division hopes the Center are scanning the maps to offer terminals and services to at 300 dpi using a color flatbed the CongressionaJ Research Ser­ Tangent scanner. Because of the vice in the future. Mr. Fitzpatrick Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspcctii1es 27 emphasized that corporate part­ In addition, the Division is concen­ year with the U.S. Congressional nerships and donations have al­ trating on collecting materials that mandate that GPO identify mea­ lm,ved the G&M Division to move document mapmaking, especially sures necessary for a successful into digital technologies much American maps and mapmakers. transition to a more electronic Fed­ more quickly. Incorporating all the Barbara Storey, Head, Catalog­ eral Depository Library Program. new computing power into the Li­ ing Unit, noted that arrearages This transition was announced and brary and de\'eloping new lines of have been reduced, particularly discussed at the Depository Li­ communication have been chal­ the atlas backlog. Two staff have brary Council meetings in Mem­ lenging. been added to the Cataloging Unit. phis last October. Comments were Ralph Ehrenberg, Chief of the Presently 13 staff catalog maps, 3 solicited from the Depository Li­ Geography and Map Division of catalog atlases and 1 staff person brary community before a mid De­ the Library of Congress noted that concentrates on digital materials. cember draft plan was due back to the past few years have seen a The Cataloging Unit will also up­ Congress. A draft transition plan number of new de\'elopments for date records for scanned images. was published in Administrative the Di,·ision. The Philip Lee Further, the Unit is working .,,,·ith Notes on December 29, 1995 and Phillips Society will work with the Department of State and the discussed again at the American map societies on a state and re­ Defense :\1apping Agency to create Library Association (ALA) Mid­ gional le\'el. The Society has 150 MARC level cataloging for their winter meetings in San Antonio in members at the present. agencies' holdings. OMA already January 1996. Comments have Mr. Ehrenberg noted that the does some in-house cataloging. been solicited on each of many >Jational Digital Library Program Gary Fitzpatrick added that he Task Force Reports since then. for Cartographic Information has is a member of the Coordinating The draft transition plan has secured four full time positions for Committee of the Federal Geo­ now become the Federal Deposi­ scanning historic maps. They plan graphic Data Committee, and that tory Library Program: Information to scan 50 to 60 thousand maps by Mr. Ehrenberg is on the Steering Dissemination and Access Strate­ the turn of the century. .'vt:r. Committee. Mr. Fitzpatrick noted gic Plan, FY 1996-FY 2001. Mr Ehrenberg also highlighted the that maps and other material dis­ Baldwin is currently working on Center for Geographic Information played at the Environmental Sys­ the final version of this plan. Cur­ and the public GIS facility. The Li­ tems Research Institute annual rently the report includes no spe­ brary of Congress Summer map conferences are now located at LC. cific references to cartographic in­ project \viii also be held this year. Mr. Fitzpatrick and Mr. Flatness formation. He invited and encour­ Jim Flatness, Head, Acquisi­ emphasized that they will need to aged CUAC members to send tions Unit, emphasized that LC is coordinate to work toward new comments to him before May 24, still acquiring maps and atlases on approaches to acquiring digital 1996, so that he can include this in­ a world-wide basis. Approxi­ data. The GIS industry has ex­ formation in the final plan. mately 120,000 items were retained pressed concern about archiving, a The current strategic plan gives last year including those ex­ need that may be filled by recent us a longer time frame, until 2001, changed \Vith other nations . .'vt:r. developments at the G&M Divi­ to move to an all electronic deposi­ Flatness mentioned that transfers sion. tory program. It will incorporate from the Department of State and some of the same values in the the Defense Mapping Agency were Friday May 10, 1996 program that we have had all high in the past year. Border U.S. Govem111ent Printing Office along. It will place more emphasis changes necessitated new mapping on coordination among various and the agencies removed previ­ The Friday, May 10, 1996 meeting players to assure long term access ous editions. LC retained about 30 of the Cartographic Users Advisory and archiving, i.e. the libraries, to -10 percent of the transferred Co1111cil opened at the Government GPO, and the National Archives maps. He also emphasized that not Printing Office at 9 am. Gil and Records Administration all federal agencies are complying Baldwin, Chief, Library Division, (NARA). GPO's electronic storage ·with automatic distribution poli­ US Government Printing Office facility is in \'ery early planning cies. Like\o\'ise, not all commercial (GPO) welcomed the Council and stages. Some other agencies have products are deposited. The Ac­ made some general announce­ approached GPO and expressed an quisitions unit monitors both situ­ ments. He introduced GPO staff interest in playing a part in this. ations. The Unit purchased new members attending the CUAC There are changing expectations maps of Russia. In addition, the meeting as guests. Mr. Baldwin of libraries in the FDLP. The dead­ Madison Council has obtained sev­ chronicled for the Council the se­ line for new service level require­ eral historic maps in the past year. quence of events beginning last ments, i.e., Internet access is Octo- 28 cartographic perspectives ber 1, 1996. CUAC will provide "more electronic federal depositon; li­ when it comes to controlling/cata­ Y!r. Baldwin with special equip­ brary program." loging electronic information sites. ment requirements for carto­ Increasingly, GPO is seeing Agency pamphlets that are used graphic data and mapping soft­ more information being issued heavily by library patrons are usu­ ware. CUAC's concern about train­ electronically by governmental ally the first to be posted on an ing needs were discussed, and Y!r. agencies. Agencies are expecting Agency's web site and not printed. Baldwin asked that we provide cost savings by issuing many small Agencies often do not focus on him with language to that effect in documents and pamplJets on CD­ their primary audience for this in­ our minimum equipment require­ ROM, but publication by CD-ROM formation. Information files can be ments document that we submit to has led to cataloging problems. huge, requiring mainframe com­ him. Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles puters. The impact on libraries and The concept of' 111ost appropriate (DOQ) and Digital Raster Graphics users of such products as DOQs, format' as discussed in the Strategic (DRG) are corning out quickly. DRGs, and Magellan data is rarely Plan '"''as discussed. Mr. Baldwin Originally they were to be pro­ factored in. Ms. Haun-Mohamed is asked CUAC to submit our recom­ duced on a 1 degree by 1 degree also concerned about the public/ mendations. But he pointed out quadrants. In response to GPO and private cooperative efforts in dis­ that GPO has no ability to influ­ library input, these are now issued seminating government informa­ ence agencies and the format of the by state. This is an example of how tion. A title, for example, the Bu­ products they pro,·ide. CUAC an agency has altered its publica­ reau of the Census' Current popu­ should talk directly with the agen­ tion plans to aid in public accessi­ lation Report on Hispanic Popula­ cies about specific products. Con­ bility. tion, has always been available to cern O\'er National Archives and Fugitive documents are still a depository libraries from the Records Administration (NARA) problem for GPO, OMA' s Digital agency through GPO. The agency archiving cartographic data was Chart of the World is a prime ex­ collected the data and promised discussed. It has been announced ample. In addition, documents, GPO copies, then said no copies at the recent Federal Depository once firmly within the depository would be available because it was Conference that NARA would program are now disappearing. available on the Census' web site. archive data that could be con­ National Oceanographic and At­ Ultimately a private group, the As­ verted to ASCII format and that mospheric Administration's sociation of Hispanic Publications, has documentation. Since this (NOAA) Tide Tables are now with some help from Philip Mor­ v\'Ould not be appropriate for a available on CD-ROM for $90.00. ris, Inc., took the Census data, large quantity of cartographic data Agencies are not required to dis­ added 11 \'alue" by reformatting the there is concern that it would not tribute materials that fall into the data and published it under the be archi\'ed. category of "internal use". The Air­ title Hispanic-Latinos: Diverse People The digital version of the soil port Obstruction Charts have been in a Multicultural Socieh;. This title maps have been deposited at eliminated from the Depository has been copyrighted and is avail­ Cornell. These were not in the de­ Program fo r that reason. able for sale. This has been hap­ pository program. Mr. Baldwin In the transition to a more elec­ pening more and more. pointed out that this information tronic depository program GPO John Stevenson asked Ms. would have been useful back at wants to reduce/ eliminate dupli­ Haun-Mohamed about world the time they were working on the cation of formats. If the primary maps from DMA not coming to Task Reports. Denise Stephens will dissemination of a particular piece GPO for cataloging, but simply investigate further. Mr. Baldwin of government information has distributing the World maps to de­ concluded his remarks by encour­ been determined by the issuing pository libraries selecting these aging CUAC input into the final agency to be the World Wide Web, maps. Ms. Haun-Mohamed said Strategic Plan. GPO will not distribute a fiche or that GPO now has copies to cata­ Ms. Robin Haun-Mohamed, paper edition. Rather GPO will try log. Denise Stephens asked about a Chief Depository Administration to point to the web site from its new edition of Landview software. Branch, GPO announced that the own homepage. Agencies them­ Robin will check to see if a new cartographic products now distrib­ selves have shown that they are version is available. Melissa uted by Defense Mapping Agency not always seriously concerned Lamont asked Robin for more in­ (DMA} and C'S Geological Survey with the archiving/ preservation of formation about a GPO/private (USGS) to Depository Libraries information once it has been su­ consortium to take on the problem will continue. However, there have perseded or revised, nor do they and responsibility of long-term been problems in having agencies think it is GPO' s concern. GPO' s storage and public access to carto­ respond to the GPO study on a authority is also being questioned graphic materials. Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspectives 29

OMA Representati\'e, Jeanie The re,·ised Digital Chart of the World Wide Web: http:// Thackery, Chief, OMA Libraries World is called Vector Smart Map www.dma.gov. The Council can noted that OMA is undergoing re­ (VMAP) lc\·el 0. It will be available disseminate this information to organization. The ne\'\' Customer at the end of September It has not reach a wider audience. Ser\' ice Team (led by Lt. Cmdr. been determined yet if it 'vvill be Dianne Edson) is probably the part of the Depository Library Ser. 1eml products listed in the new most appropriate current contact Program. It will be available for OMA neil'Sletter, NAVIGATOR, for CUAC. While no final decision public sale through the US Geo­ lint>e 11ot bee11 seen by most cnrto­ has been reached, OMA is plan­ logical Sun-ey at a cost of about gmpliic i11for111ntion users. Wllnt is ning to be merged into a new 5140 (final price will be set in July/ their nrniln/1ility to the public? agency, NIMA (National Imaging August). and Mapping Agency). Executi\'e The l\:A VIGATOR listed many authori?ation is pending. On a I Ins OMA dePeloped nn outlook for OMA products. We will review the positi,·e note, the reorganization tl1ef11t11re o_f paper p11blicntio11s? (Will list for releasibility and method of has put all OMA libraries under a the 11n11ticnl charts, for exn111ple, distribution and provide a consoli­ single head (\1s. Thackery). A ne\Y cv11 ti1111e to lie distri/111ted in pnper?) dated response at a later date. mo\'e to encourage the participa­ tion of MLS librarians is hoped to OMA is migrating toward produc­ As i11for111ntio11 mnnngers, we are enhance DMA's mostly cartogra­ ing a database of global geospatial co11ccmed nbou t the impnct of prolifer­ pher-base libraries. 170 staff are information and sen·ices (GGl&S), ati11g electro11ic publicntions on emplo~·ed. D\ltA now has a WWW which will ultimately be queried ge11eml nccess. As n distril111tio11 presence (http:/ / \\'\·\'W.dma.go,·/) for specific information by each nge11cy, /ins OMA for111ulnted a vision and plans to use it to broaden its user. Eventually, a customer will of this issue? accessibilit\'. get the information they want and As a producer of information, print out the map or chart them­ As a Combat Support Agency, OMA is capable of emergency re­ seh·es at whate,·er scale and size DMA's primary mission is to sponse acti\'ities. An example is they want. In the meantime, paper provide GGI&S to Department of the rapid de,·eloprnent and distri­ products will not go a\'\'ay for Defense activities. Any time the bution of the special Bosnia map. awhile. public can "bonus off" products The map was key in supporting we make for the military, we are deployment of military personnel IVi th respect to e/ectro11ic products, directed to make those products to the area. Ms. Thackery quickly l10u• lt'ill 111etndat11 n11d otl1er useful available. This is subject to classifi­ •vorked to find answers to the que­ text uni il~for111ntio11 be stored/disse111i- cation and release issues. Public ries made by ClJAC regarding the 1111ted? sales of our products are handled, a\'ailability of the DOV (Digital by signed Memoranda of Under­ Chart of the World) and other Vector format digital products standing, by the National Ocean products. The following memo be­ include a "layer" or CO\'erage that Ser\'ice for aeronautical and gins to answer some of the contains the metadata. The user nautical products and by uses for Council's questions concerning can query a point or feature and topographic products. We are OMA production and distribution the metadata will appear in a currently working on agreements practices. window. Raster format digital with each of these agencies to products will have metadata handle the public sale of digital Dntc: 10 May 1996 appear in a pull-down menu on products once they become Fro111: LCDR Dinnne Edson, USN request. available in large quantities. Please Ot'. fense Mapping Agmcy address any questions you may Federal Agmcies C11sto111er flow cn11 the Co1111cil help to promote ha,·e concerning these matters to Support Team nccess to liot/1 pnper nnd electronic LCDR Dianne Edson, USN, OMA/ S11/1icct: Response to CUAC Q11es­ OMA products? OGCF, at (703) 2755749 or ,·ia tio11s email at [email protected]. The OMA Customer Help Desk Regarding DCW, it has been re­ Wltnt is the stn t11s of the rei.•ised can be reached at 1-800--155-0899. named Vector Smart Map Digital Chart of tl1e IVorld ? IVill it be This number represents a single (VMAP), Le\'el 0. It's depository distri/111 fed as pnrt of the Ot!pository point of contact for the general status is undetermined at this time. Librnry Program? ~f not, lwu• 111ight it public to ask questions about It will, however, be sold at $140.00 be ol1tnined? OMA products and services. OMA by uses and release is expected in also has a Home Page on the September 1996. 30 ca rtograplzic perspectives

The JOG Ooint Operational gils/ gils.htm), Australia (http:// The FGDC is also looking for Graphics) remains in limbo. This kaos.erin.gov.au/ general/ gils/ additional nodes on the Clearing­ title is jointly produced ...vith the erin_gils.htrnl), the United King­ house. The Clearinghouse function cooperation of foreign govern­ dom and Japan adopting GllS of the FGDC provides a distrib­ ments (scale 1:250,000). Efforts to along with u.S. federal and state uted network of geospatial data determine its status will be made. agencies complying at some level. producers, managers, and users Efforts will also be made to deter­ GILS is available from the GPO linked electronically. For more in­ mine the status of the 1:250,000- Access Home Page or directly a t formation and software see the scale PAIGH map series (Pan (http:// wv.r•v .access.gpo.gov / FGDC website. American Institute for Geography su_docs/ gils/ gils.html). Hedy Rossemeisl is the Na­ and History). Mr. Bi11y Tolar, Federal Geo­ tional Mapping Division's n ew Awareness of the NAVIGA­ graphic Data Committee noted Senior Program Advisor for Data TOR, the new OMA newsletter is that two of the major activities of and Information Delivery, replac­ not wide among federal informa­ the FGDC in implementing the ing Gary North, who has retired. tion distributors. Its listing of sev­ National Spatial Data Infrastruc­ She presented an overview of eral generall~· unknown OMA elec­ ture, which is intended to bring CSGS' s web pages (USGS esti­ tronic titles has generated ques­ spatial data producers and users mates that there are 100,000 agency tions about a\'ailability for general together, are the creation of stan­ pages up), indicating that uses is public distribution. This list also dards and a spatial data clearing­ treating the web as "virtual store­ includes the former DCW (now house. For our discussion Mr. front" or sales points for informa­ Vector Smart '.'vfap, or v:\1.AP). We Tolar concentrated on the FGDC tion. She mentioned that National ha,·e been promised follow up on Metadata Standard, which docu­ Water Data Conditions, previously our request for information about ments spatial data sets. published in an abridged format these items. A simple definition of metadata on a monthly basis, is now avail­ Eliot J. Christian, Chief, Data is that information you want to able complete on the web as is the and Information Management, know about someone else's data. Geographic Names Information Information Systems Division, Metadata is the information that System (GNIS). She was unaware US Geological Survey discussed makes data useful to others. It de­ about how this information is be­ the history and structure of the scribes the content, quality, condi­ ing archived. Gm·ernment Information Locator tion and other characteristics of The U.S. Biological Survey has Service (G ILS). GILS is an Internet data. Uses of metadata include or­ been absorbed into uses, and con­ locator and a standard for search­ ganizing and maintaining data­ stitutes a Biological Division able records. GILS records identify bases, providing information to within the Survey. It was sug­ public information resources data catalogs and clearinghouses, gested that Depository Libraries within the Federal Government, and providing information to aid should be included as a link on describes the information available data transfer. What it does not do web pages that describe access to in these resources, and assists in is provide a means to organize in­ uses products, along with sales obtaining the information. They formation in a computer system, information. USGS is discussing serve as a label to point to the loca­ prescribe the method of transfer, print-on-demand capabilities with tion of information on the Internet. or dictate how the data are pre­ 3M; it is hoped that this discussion Record production is decen tralized sented to the user. will result in low cost efficient at the product development level The FGDC has developed Con­ printing in large format from digi­ with a fair amount of openness tent Standards for Digital tal products. When asked what that does not constrain the way the Geospatial Metadata Workbook. "low-cost" meant, Ms. Rossmeisl information is managed or pre­ Mr. Tolar suggests that the Work­ replied "under 55,000" for a plot­ sented and does not constrain how book version of the standard is ter. The indexes and map inven­ the locator record is structured. perhaps easiest to use and to com­ tory \·Vil! be onJine soon. The search protocol is key to al­ prehend. The standards have been When asked whether, with all lowing queries for the \'arious data in use for 2 years and are up for re­ this digital emphasis, there was products across agencies and net­ view. Mr. Tolar would like to get any focus on paper, '.'vfs. Rossmeisl '"''orks and obtaining reliable re­ input from the library community. replied that uses was still plan­ sults. The flexibility of the GILS The standards as well as Mr. ning to support the paper prod­ standard has precipitated its adop­ Tolar's presentation are available ucts. She said that 7.5-minute topo­ tion on the international level with at the following (URL = http:// graphic series quadrangles would Canada ((http:/ I www.fgdc.gov). continue, and that DRGs will NOT www.access.gpo.go\' / su_docs/ be the only way libraries will re- Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspectives 31 ceive data. DRGs are considered to cerns should be directed to the Bu­ eliminate duplicate responses. be a one-shot deal USGS has made reau of the Census as soon as pos­ Completed paper forms will be no plans fo r updating them. All of sible. handled once, scanned, shredded, them ·will be a\·ailable on the For Census 2000, the Bureau of and destroyed, and images will be Internet within a vear. The CD­ the Census proposes to: stored. Forms will be collected in ROM will also be a,·ailable for dis­ ·Make e\'ery effort-from simpler, localities until 90% have re­ tribution. It is recognized that cur­ user-friendly forms to the design sponded and an additional 9% will rent DRGs are fine for backdrops, of field operations-to count be extrapolated from follow up but not necessarih· the best resolu­ e\·ery household. sun·ey results. Postcards will be tion for print-on-demand or GIS ·Implement an open process that sent to all addresses notifying the manipulation. di\'erse groups and interests can residents of the form to come. Fol­ The G/o/111/ Land l11fornrntio11 Sy~­ understand and s upport. lowing the form, another postcard te111 (GUS) includes access to in­ · Eliminate the "differential v>i ll be sent as a reminder. If there dexing of Landsat data, including undercount" of racial and ethnic is no response, a second form may online ordering capabilities. The groups. be sent and the resident reminded question of quad name changes ·Produce a "one-number census" by telephone. The idea is to greatly that are reflected on indexes but that is right the first time and reduce the need for enumerators in for which no map has yet been that unites us as a Nation rather the field. produced was raised but not an­ than di,·iding us as litigants. The Census has sought input sv1·ered. The status of Professional Among the strategies to achie\'e from data users, who have Paper 1200 and the currency of these goals: strongly urged the Bureau to make G IS updating were also raised as · Build partnerships historical data accessible online for topics, but not answered. Jim · Keep it simple comparison purposes. The Bureau O'Donnell \·viii continue to work · Cse technology intelligently ackno..,vledges that many users on both questions. · Use statistical methods want to compare data from several It \·vas proposed that CUAC Data collected in Census 2000 decennial censuses (e.g., 1980- take a position on paper and digi­ will be designed to display with 2000) and to this, access to at least tal accessibilit\'. CUAC discussed the appropriate map so that users twenty years of historical data will dual format distribution for the will be able to easily locate Census be required. The Bureau will sepa­ near future. Mam· libraries cannot geographical units. Census 2000 rate its collection and tabulation afford the computer and printing could be the last attempt to count functions. This separation is in­ equipment necessary to handle e\·ery person in the country as part tended to facilitate cost-efficient large data sets such as the DRGs. of a snapshot. Population counts data collection and to make com­ Paper distribution through the may become obsolete. The Ameri­ parable tabulations possible. OLP and web access to digital for­ can Community Survey, beginning The Census is employing tech­ mats ma\· circum,·ent the strict in­ in 1999, '"'ill replace the long form nology to improve its work. Data­ terpretation of dual distribution. questions of the decennial census base models, e.g., TIGER/line files, USGS plans to make all of its data by using sample data. Redistrict­ will g radually improved through a\·ailable for free in the Spatial ing by 2010 might be compiled by use of Global Positioning System Data Transfer Standard (SOTS), the Bureau based on the admin.is­ (GPS) technology. Not every ad­ and to charge for data in other for­ trati\'e records of a variety of agen- dress will be plotted using GPS for mats (such as ARC/INFO). Digital cies. Census 2000 as there is no budget Ele\'ation Models are on track tu The Censu::. will compare the to upgrade the TIGER. TIGER/line be a\·ailable/ distributed in this 120,000,000 addresses in its master files will be updated as the collat­ \Yay. A request was made that file with local go\'ernments' lists eral effect of other data collection Alaska and Antarctica indexes be before the counts are made. About efforts. The Bureau is working to updated. Currently there is no in­ 39,000 local jurisdictions were sent design second and third genera­ dex to Alaska 7.5' quads. requests to update their data. For tion database models and sees TI­ Joel Morrison, Chief, Geogra­ Census 2000, the Bu reau will ini­ GER as a 1980s database built on phy Division, U.S. Bureau of the tiate a new strategy: instead of 1970s concepts. The Census sees Census, addressed issues dealing controlling the number of forms to promise in its prototype ORACLE \'\'ith the mo,·e to increased use of pre\'ent duplicate counting, the relational database, which might electronic formats and the elimina­ countrv will be blanketed with be easy to use with GlS programs tion of most published reports. forms, e.g., forms mailed to resi­ such as Arclnfo. It is also working Planning is well under way for dences and distributed in malls. to make its own internal database Census 2000, so questions or con- Statistical methods will be used to object oriented while protecting s11ectives

confidential information with a senter of the day. He was accom­ They will be reproduced and sold firewall. panied by Sharon Kemp, Chief of by the national Geophysical Data Yfany familiar printed reports the Inventory Management Center. will be eliminated in favor of low G roup, which is responsible for New Items in the Depository cost or free customized reports. providing NOS products to GPO Library Program: Updates may be entered as other for distribution to depository li­ • Atlanta Olympics Helicopter data is gathered as a collateral ef­ braries. Mr. Anderson described Route Chart (Item 0192-A-14). fect. It has been announced that the organization of the l\ational After the Olympics, a new Census 2000 will onlv be available Ocean Survey (!\OS) and possible edition will be produced without electronically, but it is possible that future changes. These may include the Olympics information. there may be a few printed reports. moving aeronautical charting to ·Dallas-Fort Worth Helicopter Data will be made available the Federal Aviation Administra­ Route Chart (Item 0192-A-14). through the Data Access and Dis­ tion (FAA) and combining the Planned for October 1996. semination System (DADS). Mr. Coast Survey and the l\ational ·Aeronautical Chart User's Guide Morrison indicated that one con­ Geodetic Survey as a quasi-gm·­ (Item 0193-B). Shipped about a cept in development would allow ernmental corporation. If aeronau­ year ago. users to draw a polygon and to get tical charting is not moved to the ·NOS Catalogs of OMA Nautical demographics for the area de­ FAA, it would be added to the cor­ Products (Item 0378-E-11). 9 scribed. poration. Noting the size and com­ volumes of OMA Nautical Census 2000 will allow separate plexity of the National Oceano­ Products available for public sale tabulations. For example, Indian graphic and Atmospheric Admin­ from !\OS. nations whose territory crosses istration (. OAA) and the number · OS Catalog of OMA Aeronauti­ state lines \'\'ill receive tabulation of products released by various cal Products (Item 0378-E-08) for their entire area and will not sections of the agency, Mr. Ander­ DMA Aeronautical products ha,·e to add ,·alues for the various son suggested that CUAC develop available for public sale from states as in the past. Census 2000 additional contacts within the NOS. will be distributed in pre-defined NOAA. Changes to the items in the products, simple user-defined Carol Beaver, Director of the Of­ Depository Librarv Program: products, and complex user-de­ fice of Aeronautical Charting and · IFR/VFR Low Altitude Planning fined products. Census plans to Cartographic, has retired. Terry Chart (Item 0192-A-08). Replaces make available a retail products Faydon, Captain in the NOAA IFR/VFR Wall Planning Chart CD-ROM containing 1990 Census Corps is acting Director. The fol­ and the Flight Case Planning data and software for under 5100 lowing items have been discontin­ Chart. to encourage users to learn simple ued from the Depository Library · U.S. Terminal Procedures Publi­ mapping techniques. Later, these Program: Airport Obstruction cations. Effective with the April users might download data from Charts and Obstruction Data 25, 1996 edition, this will be the Internet. Sheets. (Item 0192-A-02) These published in both loose-leaf and Other points mentioned by Mr. charts that were produced for the glue bound editions. The Deposi­ Morrison include the use of the FAA and NOS received a waiver tory Libraries will receive the Internet for a variety of tasks, in­ to discontinue them from the De­ glue bound edition. cluding promotion, market re­ pository Library Program as a cost search, custom product generation, saving measure. The two day Cartographic Users and onli.ne ordering (among oth­ Tide and Tidal Current Tables Advisory Council meeting went ers). Geography will be the inte­ (Items 0190-91, 0196-99). These beyond the discussions with repre­ grating factor, and confidential have been cut due to a halt in sentatives of map producing agen­ personal data will be protected. funding. NOS is producing a $90 cies. In the course of the meeting, The Bureau of the Census is con­ CD-ROM with the data in post­ CUAC members prepared guide­ cerned with data integrity, script format. This has been pur­ lines for the increased hardware metadata, documentation, and chased by two commercial firms and software requirements neces­ standards. The Bureau is respon­ who are publishing books to re­ sary to utilize some of the spatial sible for gathering data used by place the NOS publications. NOS data now being distributed other federal agencies, and has an is also providing 3 day tide infor­ through the Federal Depository Li­ interest in cost recovery. mation on the World Wide Web. brary Program. CUAC members Fred Anderson, Chief of the Bathymetric Map Products were concerned that the newly an­ Distribution Division of National (Item 0191-B-17). These were dis­ nounced guidelines for public ac­ Ocean Su rvey was the last pre- continued due to lack of funding. cess work stations in Federal De- Number 25, Fall 1996 cartogrnpliic perspectives 33

pository Libraries ""ere unrealistic environmental consultants, has In the future, the ~ap Collec­ for the demands of electronic spa­ made increasing use of the collec­ tion hopes to expand its geo­ tial data. CUAC's recommenda­ tion over the past few years. graphic coverage for these re­ tions, compiled by members Current regulations place re­ sources as the need arises. We also Donna Koepp and ~elissa sponsibility for en\'ironmental \'io­ hope to ·work with this constitu­ Lamont, were sent to Gil Bald\'\.'in, lations with the property owner of ency to obtain new reproduction Chief, Library Dh·ision, U.S. Go,·­ record. Because of this designated equipment which in turn will en­ ernment Printing Office (GPO) and responsibility, current and poten­ able us to serve them e\'en better. haw since been published in the tial property owners must demon­ The collection is open 9:00 A. M.- Administrati\'e >Jotes, the Federal strate that they ha\'e performed 5:00 P. M., Monday through Fri­ Depository Library Program's "due diligence" in investigating day. O newsletter, as "Spatial Data past use of their property for po­ Supplement to Recommended tential em·ironmental hazards (the Minimum Specifications for Public vast majority of these in\'estiga­ Access \'\lork Stations in Federal tions invoh·e commercial prop­ ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY Depository Libraries." (Adminis­ erty). Because most commercial MAP COLLECTION trati,·e otes, \'.17-#08-06/15/96, property transactions invoh·e a p.1-1-15. :l lending institution, they are often by Vnnette Schwartz the agent for the investigation. Milner Library Banks typically contract the site llli11ois State University analvsis to a local environmental (309) 438-3486 FREE LIBRARY of consulting firm. PHILADELPHIA MAP The ~ap Collection, o\·er the When vou live in a town called COLLECTION past few years, has made a deliber­ l'\ormal, people just cannot resist ate effort to provide a wide variety making jokes or asking silly ques­ 11~1 Richard Bonrd111n11 of cartographic resources for those tions. Is Normal a real place? Are Free Libmry i~( P!tiladc/p!tin firms performing the site surveys. the people there really normal? Is Mnp::. Li/lmrin11 Much of the material used has anything there abnormal? Must be (215) 68b-3J9;- been acquired O\'er the years while a dull place - everything is nor­ additional resources ha\•e been mal! One thing in Normal, how­ purchased to further expand our ever, that is definitely not normal TI1e Map Collection of the Free Li­ holdings in this area. At this point is the Illinois State University Map brary of Philadelphia houses the in time, the Free Library has be­ Collection. most comprehensi\'e collection of come known as the cartographic Illinois State University is a maps and geographically related resource location for em·ironmen­ campus of about 19,300 students; reference sources in the Philadel­ ta1 consultants performing site sur­ approximately 85% are under­ phia area. Within the collection can \'eys in the Philadelphia metropoli­ graduates and 15% are graduate be found O\·er 130,000 current and tan area. students. The university is served historical maps co,·ering every A typical historical site sur\'ey by one main library; the current li­ area of the world, hundreds of ref­ may involve a ,·ariety of materials. brary facility was built in 1976. erence sources in the fields of car­ Sanborn Fire Insurance maps are Milner Library's public service ar­ tography, cartobibliography, geog­ almost always consulted (both cur­ eas include the General Reference raphy, hi <> tory, place names and rent and older editions). E\·en ear­ and Documents division along map librarianship, and a collection lier city, county and regional real with four subject divisions, Hu­ of city plans worldwide. estate atlases may also be manities, Sciences, Social Sciences, Because the !\.lap Collection is searched. Historical industrial site and Education. contained within a large public li­ plans and land use maps ha\'e also The :V1ap Collection is housed in brar~ · , our patrons constitute a di­ pro\'en to be very useful. Contem­ the Social Sciences division on the verse group of users. 0\'er the porary and back-date aerial photo­ fourth floor of the library. Refer­ course of a year, the collection is graphs have become an integral ence service for the collection is used by students (mostly under­ part of site investigations and our provided at the Social Science ref­ graduate and graduate), architects, co\·erage is expanding as the need erence desk, adjacent to the collec­ city planners, urban historians, ge­ grows. To round out the site analy­ tion. Additional maps in micro­ nealogists, hikers, tra,·elers, busi­ sis, flood, vvetlands, geology and form and on compact disk are held nesses of ,·arious t~ · pes , lavvyers hydrology maps are often viev.·ed. in the government documents col­ and others. One particular group, lection on the second floor of 34 cartographic perspectives

Milner Library. The collection pro­ from the 1940's, 50's and 60's, with were combined in order to better vides support for a variety of aca­ later photos available for the local serve the Library's customers. Ref­ demic programs, including under­ area. Aerial photos from some erence service for cartographic ma­ graduate majors in geography and counties in Kentucky, Ohio and terials is now provided at both the geology and a specialized master's Pennsylvania are also available. Main and Science-Engineering ref­ degree program in geohydrology. State and city maps comprise an­ erence desks. All staff who work In addition the collection serves lo­ other area of the Map Collection. on these desks have been trained cal and regional business users, as Road maps are held for each state to provide basic reference service well as the research and travel in­ in the U.S. and the Canadian prov­ for cartographic materials. In­ terests of students and members of inces. City maps are collected for depth reference assistance is still the community. most major cities in the U.S. and handled by subject specialists. Milner' s Map Collection is a around the world; maps of smaller About one year ago, the Map very large paper collection, con­ ci ties, primarily in Illinois, are also Collection and Media Center areas taining about -100,000 items. The available. were remodelled. The entire area coll ection \\'as developed over a Although located in Normal, was opened up and a combined period of some 25 years by Will­ the Map Collection at Illinois State Maps, Media, and Reserve Book iam W. (Bill) Easton, who was the University is far from normal in Room circulation desk and secu­ first map librarian at Milner. Until size or content. It is rather a rity gate were installed. The staff his retirement in 1989, Bill was of­ unique and rich source of many in this area, called Short Term Cir­ ten a colorful figure at meetings of different types of cartographic ma­ culation, can assist customers in map librarians. terials for students, faculty and the finding an item if they know the U.S. and Canadian topographic public at large. ::J call number, title or author. If they maps are the main strength of the need additional assistance, they collection. Topographic sheets are need to go to either the Main or collected for every state, with the Science-Engineering reference major emphasis being on Illirois UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA desk. In addition, my office is still and the Midwest. The Map Collec­ LIBRARY in the Map Collection and custom­ tion is also a depository for Cana­ ers can stop by for consultation. dian maps, and a sizable part of by Christine Kollen Last month we began our Geo­ the collection is Canadian topo­ University of Arizona Library graphic Information Systems (GIS) graphic sheets. Due to Bill Easton's (520) 621-2597 service. We have one computer in interest in and travels to Australia, Main reference dedicated to GIS. the collection also contains many There have been numerous This computer has ESRI's ArcView Australian topographic maps. changes at the University of Arizona software loaded and provides ac­ Another area of strength is at­ Library the past three years. In Oc­ cess to the TIGER files and Census lases. In addition to general world tober 1993, the Library officially data. We've created several pre­ atlases, major atlases are held for moved to a new organizational designed maps that show African­ many individual countries. Se­ structure which was the result of a American, Hispanic, and Asian­ lected historical atlases are in­ 19 month review of its structure. American populations in Tucson cluded as well as specialized local This review was precipitated by and Arizona and also Education area and county atlases. A CD­ several factors including continual and Income for Tucson and Ari­ ROM workstation with electronic state budget problems and serials zona. These pre-designed maps are atlases is also available. Plat books inflation, implementation of the available to anyone walking up to for each of the 102 counties in Illi­ Library's integrated information the computer. Each pre-designed nois are held in a special area of system, changing information map has an icon associated with it the Map Collection. Paper copies technology, and the recent arrival so a person can click on an icon of plat books are held from the late of Carla Stoffle, Dean of Libraries. and bring up a map for manipula­ 1950' s to the present. Earlier edi­ One of the assumptions influenc­ tion and printing. At the computer, tions of county atlases and plat ing the re-design was that the Li­ we've provided basic information books are held on microfilm with brary would be structured to allow on GIS, Arc View, and our GIS ser­ county histories from the 1880' s greater flexibility in staffing. There vice and instructions on how to through the early 1900's. were insufficient staff to work on manipulate and print the pre-de­ The Map Collection also in­ the front lines and this was critical signed maps. If customers are in­ cludes many aerial photos, prima­ in the shift to a customer foc us. As terested in a different geographic rily for counties in central Illinois. a result, several service points area or different social or economic Most Illinois aerial photos date (both reference and circulation) data, then they need to make an Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspectives 35 appointment with one of the \'iewer to the desired location. Yet, chapters dealing with mistakes Library's GIS specialists. Soon >ve this information can easilv be ma­ that can occur on maps, both inten­ will be pro\·iding access to spatial nipulated and twisted to fit the tional and unintentional. Chapter data sets in Arc/Info format that ends of the map maker at the ex­ Four, 'Blunders that Mislead', rein­ h,1\·e been produced on campus in pense of the map user. forces the idea that generalization the College of Agriculture. These The naivete map reader, how­ and selection cause maps to tell data sets 1,,,·ill be accessed through e\'er, can be educated and enter­ lies. Therefore the caveat 111np u~er the campus network and viewed at tained by reading :\1ark bt?imrc should preface many maps. the GIS computer using ArcView. :\1onmonier's second edition of Specific chapters on the use of In addition, there 1,.,·i ll be another How to Lie With Mnps, which famil­ maps in advertising, planning, GIS computer installed in the Sci­ iarizes map users with the prob­ politics and the military contain in­ ence-Engineering reference area lems and pitfalls that can occur formation on potential mapping that will ha\·e Arc\'iev• software when creating or using a map. It is problems that can arise in each loaded and pro\·ide access to sci­ not a \'Olume to instruct in carto­ area. These chapters will be of in­ ence related spatial data. :J graphic methods, but rather one to terest to specialists in each field raise the reader's awareness of the and gi\·e historical perspecti\'e to cartographic process. It is an en­ the de\·elopment of mapping. gaging \'olume written in a casual There are also suggestions for how style for the general public. The one might influence local govern­ second edition has thirteen chap­ ment officials through communica­ reviews ters including brief introductory ti\·ely effecti\·e maps. For example, and epilogue chapters, an appen­ Chapter 6, 'De\·elopment Maps (or dix on latitude and longitude, a list How to Seduce the Town Board)' of references and an index. One proYides an instance of how a BOOK REVIEW change from the first edition is an property owner could use maps to expanded chapter on color with a demonstrate how a new plarmed How to Lie With Maps, 2nd ed. series of new color plates. Other tax assessment is too high. 1\lar1' l\ lonmonier, Lni\·ersity of additions include a forward by Chapter 9, ' Large-ScaJe Yfap­ Chicago Press, 1996, 'iii and 207 Harm DeBlij, a chapter on map­ ping, Culture, and the >Jational In­ pp., references, appendix, index. ping bureaucracy focusing on the terest', is new to the second edi­ $36.00 hardback (ISBN 0-226- United States Geological Survey tion. It introduces the reader to 53-120-0); Sl-l.95 paper. (JSB. 0- and a chapter on the use of maps mapping in bureaucracies, specifi­ 226-53-121-9) in multimedia presentations. cally the United States Geological The informal vet informational Sun'ey. The Sur\'ey originated in l~l'l •ieu·cd /1_11 K11re11 .\II. T r!fo11off style of the brief introductory 1879 as part of a project to map Dcp11rt111c11t l~f Gcograpl1y n11d Enrt/1 chapter sets the tone for the vol­ public lands west of the lOOth me­ Scie11ce ume and elaborates on the central ridian. This mapping sur\'ey 1,-vas B/00111~/111rg U11h·er~it_11 theme: that a ll maps must tell little mainly performed by those trained B/00111.;/l11rg, PA 7 ;-s15 \·vhite lies because they are scale in mapping at military academies, models of a three-dimensional ob­ and thus the definitions of features Spatial information abounds in ject on a two-dimensional surface. included on the maps reflect this today's world. We are bombarded This challenges any preconcei\'ed connecti on. For example, the au­ with maps in all settings; in school, ideas the map reader may ha\'e thor notes that including green tint at work at home and at play. E\-. about the authenticity of most on topographic maps was origi­ er~ thing from political uphea\'als maps and encourages the reader to nally for military purposes. For in­ to weather phenomena such as de\'elop a new perspective on stance, the definition of a wood­ hurricanes and tornadoes ca ll for maps. The next two chapters on land was defined as," an area of map~ to e'plain, clarify and illus­ map elements and generalization normally dry land containing tree trate the e\·ent. Personal comput­ bring the reader up to speed on cover or brush that is potential tree ers come with atlases as part of the many of the basic principles of car­ cover ... fthat is] dense enough to software bundle and desktop map­ tography: map projections, sym­ provide cover for troops." Other ping is commonplace in business bolization, \'isual variables, gener­ issues addressed in this chapter in­ and industrv. Tourist centers have alization of point, line and area clude the problems associated ·with touch screen multimedia presenta­ symbols and data classification. the de\'elopment of standards and tions with regional and local direc­ The core of the \'Olume, how­ specifications for a map series tional maps designed to guide the ever, lies in the foll owing five (such as 7.5 minute quadrangles), 36 cartographic perspectives de\'eloping a set of uniform map maps on Plate 6 and an illustration to be somewhat uneven. For ex­ symbols for a specific scale, includ­ showing simultaneous contrast on ample, Chapter Six, 'Development ing politically correct names, and Plate Ten. Maps', gives a clear, concise sum­ designing appropriate fonts and Another new chapter, 'Multime­ mary paragraph, but in Chapter symbols. Comparison of symbols dia, Experential Maps, and Four, 'Blunders that Mislead' there used in the Cnited States and other Graphic Scripts' is timely, given is only a ending discussion of a fig­ countries is also addressed. the recent proliferation of interac­ ure. Second, some re-organization The discussion of classification tive computer presentations. might improve the content struc­ begun in Chapter Three is contin­ Through an example of a hypo­ ture. For instance, the two and ued in Chapter Ten, 'Data Maps: thetical statistical business map­ one-half page appendix on latitude Making :-.Jonsense of the Census.' ping program the reader is guided and longitude is short enough to This chapter gi,·es clear examples through a series of choices in order be included in Chapter Two with of hov,· data classification and areal to obtain a finished map product. little disruption to the flow of aggregation can affect geographic Options under the map user's con­ thoughts in that chapter. Chapter pattern. Classification of trol are the choice of variable, geo­ Ten also might be better placed fol­ choropleth maps \•Vith equal inter­ graphic area, time period, and dis­ lowing the chapter on generaliza­ vals, quantiles and natural breaks play options including number of tion as it expands on classification is logically discussed and clearly classes and colors. Control of the ideas introduced in Chapter Three. illustrated. The use of a number map is thus shared by the Third, some of the figures, particu­ line to im·estigate the nature of the mapmaker and map user, with the larly in Chapter 9, have been re­ distribution is one technique or mapmaker setting the limits or duced to a point where their effec­ method of examining the data that choices the map user is given. The tiveness is diminished. A series of might not occur to novice map us­ author encourages the map user to four topographic maps in Figure ers. The reader is urged to be be aware of a program's limita­ 9.7 designed to illustrate an inter­ aware that any map is the result of tions in handling map data, to ask esting anecdote on the appearance a series of choices regarding classi­ questions, be curious, and try a va­ and disappearance of a railroad fication, aggregation and symbol­ riety of options to get at the under­ through four different editions of ization. Therefore, any map is just lying meaning of the data. the same quadrangle, are illegible. one of many maps that could have A major strength of As it stands now, the black contour been made. Changing the choices Monmonier's book are the excel­ lines dominate the maps and iden­ will change the look and message lent examples in the planning, ad­ tification of cultural features, such of the finished product. vertising, political and military as the railroad in question, are im­ Color plates have been added to chapters. In particular, the adver­ possible to distinguish. This story the expanded chapter entitled tising chapter has a light tone with would benefit from clearer illustra­ 'Color: Attraction and Distraction.' clear examples and perhaps some tion, either through enlargement Information on additive and sub­ new ideas for those working in this or the addition of color. Fourth, the tracti\·e prin1aries and differences field. The attempt to appeal to a addition of the color plates is gen­ between emitted and reflected broad base of professionals and erally effective, but unfortunately, light expand the reader's under­ people with varying interests and the printing process has generated standing of how color works. Plate backgrounds should be ap­ a purple color instead of blue. The Se\'en contains a color version of a plauded. The use of the color text refers to a sequence of blues map included in the political pro­ plates in the second edition greatly and the plate clearly shows a series paganda chapter (Chapter 7). By enhances the color chapter, at the of purple colors. The double ended showing the location of a proposed cost of slightly increasing its price. hue plan is to show red at one end incinerator with concentric circles Another welcome change from the and blue at the other and instead it of red shading from dark to light, first edition is an expanded bibli­ is red and purple. The problem is the reader is pro,·ided with a \'ivid ography that breaks down sources one of minor inconsistency be­ image of the incinerator's impact for each chapter. The list includes tween the text and the plates and on the surrounding area. Compari­ many volumes readily accessible should be corrected for future son of the color map with the same in larger public libraries and jour­ printing runs. Finally, one missing map in black and white provides a nals available in most university item that would be useful is a glos­ clear example of the effective use libraries. The index is very useful sary. Many words are italicized of color. Equally impressive are and complete. when first used in the text, but the contrasting hues to show quali­ There are only a few minor edi­ these should be placed in a glos­ tative differences on Plate Four, torial problems within the volume. sary, for the benefit of the carto­ the color sequences for choropleth First, the chapter summaries tend graphic novice. All of these prob- Number 25, Fall 1996 cartograplzic perspectives 37

!ems are all minor and will not dis­ System Requirements: CD-ROM the soil units. Information is also tract the average reader nor dimin­ drive, IBM DOS format, Windows given for the drainage, hydric ish the books effecti\'eness. 3.0, PC 386, 4 MB RAM. characteristics, fluvial erosivity, In his introductory chapter eolian erosivity, slope, salinity, Monmonier includes a statement Reviewed by: Nicholas Dunning, sodicity, and superficial and of purpose: "This book's principal Department of Geography, University subhorizon textures of the prin­ goal is to dispel this cartographic of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221- ciple components of the soil mystique and promote a more in­ 0131 groups. formed use of maps based upon an In addition to the cartographic understanding and appreciation of soil data and associated soil data their flexibility as a medium of The CD-ROM Soils Atlas of Argen­ base, the atlas contains a wealth of communication." The author has tina is the result of a cooperative related data. Supplemental physi­ more than succeeded in achieving effort between a government of­ cal geographic information in­ this goal. How To Lie With Maps, fice, the National Institute of Agri­ cludes topography (300 meter con­ despite its somewhat cynical tone, cultural Technology (I TA), and a tours), hydrography (principle wa­ is a positive contribution to carto­ private company, Aeroterra S.A. ter courses), subterranean ground­ graphic literature. It can be used as This effort was led by Carlos \·vater basins, and various types of a review volume for cartography Scoppa and Gustavo Macarini of climatic data (Koeppen climate students, who tend to enjoy the re­ INTA, and Carlos Viola and Omar types, mean annual temperature, laxed, conversational style. The Baleani of Aeroterra S.A. The CD­ minimum and maximum average discussion of visual variables in ROM atlas was produced by digi­ temperature, mean annual precipi­ Chapter Three, for example, is a tizing and updating information tation, a\'erage mean humidity, clear and concise summary that from the book form of the Atlas de and average atmospheric pres­ provides a good review. This will Suelos de la Republica Argentina sure). These data are in both carto­ hopefully encourage students to be published by NTA in 1985. This graphic and tabular form. In a a;vare of map blunders and to be task involved digitizing 1:500,000 separate subdirectory national cov­ more critical in their interpretation and 1:1,000,000 scale soils data and erage of LA!\'DSA T 5 imagery is and evaluation of maps. It should adjusting the information to the included. LANDSAT TM images also be a required volume for plan­ Gauss Kruger Coordinate System, are also contained in this sub­ ners, business professionals, ad­ Zone 3. However, a tremendous directory, but only of selected ar­ \'ertisers and others creating maps amount of useful ancillary data eas. Addi tonally, the atlas incorpo­ for the general public. was also been added to the CD­ rates cartographic and tabular data :vionmonier is to be applauded ROM atlas that significantly in­ on political diYisions, population once again for raising the carto­ creases its utility. centers, highways, railways, and graphic consciousness of the gen­ The digitized soil maps have airports. eral public. DeBlij's closing com­ been subdivided by provinces and Supporting textual information ments in the forward concisely can be called up either at the na­ is supplied in a separate sub­ sum up the book: "This fascinating tional or provincial scale. The asso­ directory. The text includes infor­ \'Olume deals with such serious is­ ciated soils database contains 31 mation on the creation and use of sues in a lively, often humorous, information fields. These fields in­ the a tlas, data sources, and de­ always engrossing way. Read it, clude Soils Cartographic Units and scriptive and analytical data on and the maps you view henceforth the Orders, Suborders, and prin­ Argentine soils. will have new meaning." 0 ciple components of Groups which The principal utility of the atlas comprise these units. These catego­ is its flexibilty in data manipula­ ries correspond to the USDA Com­ tion and combination. For ex­ prehensive Soil Taxonomic System ample, one can easily overlay a na­ ATLAS/SOFlW ARE REVIEW which is now being adopted in Ar­ tional or provincial soil map with gentina and worldwide. A corre­ isoline data on topography, tem­ Atlas de Suelos de la Republica sponding image file (in a separate perature, or precipitation to Argentina. Aeroterra S.A. Buenos subdirectory) contains photo­ quickly portray the effects of these Aires: Fundaci6n ArgenlNTA, graphs of both contextual land­ variables on the spatial variability Instituto T\acional de Tecnologfa scapes and soil profiles for most of of soil development. A user can Agropecuaria, 1995. Atlas can be the soil orders. Other information then easily call up images of the purchased from WBA Trading fields include principle, secondary, landscapes and profiles associated Limited, Inc., P.O. Box 2501, and tertiary limitations of the soil with these soils and corresponding Kensington, MD 20981 -2501 (5200). units, and a productivity index of textual information. 38 cartographic perspectives

The atlas includes a spanish lan­ ATLAS/SOFTWARE REVIEW overview of national characteris­ guage \·ersion of ArcVie'"' 1.0 tics. There are eleven maps in this which allows any user simple ac­ Atlas Estadistico Republica section, and appropriately the first cess. However, users with Argentina. Instituto Nacional De map is a political map of Argen­ ArcView 2.0 or higher can directly Estadistica Y Census. Buenos tina by province. This is followed import the CD-ROM data. This re­ Aires: Aeroterra S.A., 1995. 300 by several physical maps: mor­ \·iewer easily perused the atlas us­ pp., 141 maps, $250 (both the book phology, vegetation, climate, mean ing ArcView 2.1 which offers sig­ and CD-ROM). The book can only temperature, and major river sys­ nificant improvements in effi­ be purchased with the CD-ROM, tems. The later part of this intro­ ciency over the included 1.0 ver­ but the CD-ROM can be purchased ductory section is devoted to trans­ sion. separately (5200). Atlas can be portation-netvvorks: airports, the The principal limitation of this purchased from WBA Trading railroad system, pipelines, and ma­ atlas is one of scale. Data are de­ Limited, Inc., P.O. Box 2501, jor highways. ri\·ed from sources at 1:500,000 or Kensington, MD 20981-2501, fax Part Two of the Atlas presents a 1:1,000,000 scales and in many (301) 984-9323, email series of maps (62) on demo­ cases have been generalized even ([email protected]) graphic and social statistics. This further during digitization. Users section is introduced by several are limited to rather coarse por­ System Requirements: PC 386 or pages of text that primarily dis­ trayals of data at either a national higher, Windows 3.0 or 3.11, 4MB cusses population growth and his­ or provincial level. Therefore one RAM (8MB recommended), 12MB toric trends including immigra­ cannot examine such critical rela­ disk space to install software tion. National census population tionships as soils and land use ex­ (additional 250MB disk space for data 1895-1991 are presented in a cept in a highly limited and rudi­ database if desired, or may be table as well as a graph depicting mentary fashion. accessed from CD-ROM), color population growth by region. Most The atlas is also not without monitor, CD-ROM drive. The CD of the maps provide a detailed some data problems. For example, ROM includes Arcview 1.0 (in spatial presentation of demo­ in some cases where multiple im­ Spanish) to allow simple user graphic data and social indices. ages of certain soils are indicated access; users with ArcView 2.0 or Each map is accompanied by a in the index and text only a single higher can directly import the CD­ preceding page of text which high­ image can be called up under vari­ ROM data. lights and summarizes the ous headings. mapped data. There are eleven On the whole, this atlas offers a Reviewed by thematic sections in this part of the comprehensive overview of the Robert So11t/1 Atlas. The first set of maps is de­ distribution of soils in Argentina. Department of Geography voted to a variety of population The inclusion of both soils and a University of Cincinnati themes (14 maps) as exemplified wide variety of other data, and the by population density, percent ur­ relati\·e ease with which these data ban population, and birth & death can be combined increase the util­ The Statistical Atlas of Argentina is a rates. This set is followed in order ity of the atlas as a research and compendium of data presented in by thematic maps on households teaching tool. This atlas should be a colorful series of thematically ar­ (percent households headed by of interest to anyone with an inter­ ranged maps. The Atlas is orga­ women, for example), education, est in the influence of important nized in three parts: (1) an intro­ health, employment, housing (per­ soil forming factors on the spatial ductory series of maps devoted to cent housing connected to public variation of soil development or national characteristics, (2) a more water supply), social issues (per­ the influence of soils on human detailed presentation of demo­ cent population sixty years and spatial patterns. The atlas should graphic and social indices, and (3) older recei,·ing pensions), leisure also be of interest to scholars and economic data. All of the maps in activities (density of video stores students of Argentina and Latin the Atlas (141 maps) are national and libraries by province), and America in general. 0 outline maps printed page size tourism-principal tourist destina­ (approximately 8 1/2" X 12"), and tions. with the exception of the introduc­ The third and largest section of tory series, are accompanied by a the Atlas consists of 68 maps de­ preceding page of explanatory voted to economic topics. The sec­ text. tion is prefaced with several pages The introductory section of the of statistical tables and text on na­ Statistical Atlas of Argentina is an tional economic indices pertaining Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspectil,es 39 to gross internal product (PBI), the maps is quite pleasing. set of maps on general features fol­ public sector expenditures, and Detail in a map depends upon lowed by 130 thematic maps imports-exports. The first set of scale, however, and for many of grouped into nineteen topical ar­ thematic maps consists of mapped the thematic maps in the Atlas this eas. This Atlas contains maps on agricultural data and comprises presents a problem. All of the everything from literacy rates to the most comprehensive series of maps use the same outline of Ar­ sunflowers. While detail may be maps in the Atlas devoted to one gentina, but much of the data is lacking for many subject areas, the topic (30 maps). V\lith few excep­ mapped by province as opposed to breadth of mapped information is tions most of the agricultural maps more detailed administrative or impressive. Many thematic maps, are choropleth maps with super­ geographic units (depart­ however, included were probably imposed proportional circles ments),undoubtedly a result of selected because of data availabil­ which accentuates spatial patterns. data availability. Of the 141 maps ity rather than relevancy of the This series is introduced with sev­ in the Atlas, ninety-two(62 per­ subject. Nevertheless, the Atlas eral maps on the agricultural sec­ cent) are national maps by prov­ will be a useful reference for a di­ tor-number of operating farms, to­ ince, but only the most generalized verse readership seeking informa­ tal acreage planted, total pasture information can be gleaned from tion on a variety of topics. The land-followed with maps of spe­ mapped data at this scale. Most of highlight of this statistical Atlas is cific agricultural products- wheat, the maps at a more detailed unit the series of maps on Argentine corn, sunflowers, cattle as well as scale are on two topics: population agriculture, impressive not only other agriculture topics (number of (10 maps) and agriculture (23 for the breadth of coverage but tractors, for example). maps). Thus, this series presents also scale of presentation. Following agriculture are maps not only the most information, but on mineral production and indus­ is also the most comprehensive in Editor's Note: William (Bill) try. Argentina is generally consid­ terms of number of maps devoted Brooner, of WBA Trading Limited, ered one of the "newlv" industrial­ to one topic. Particularly notewor­ requested that additional informa­ ized nations and the importance of thy are maps on population d en­ tion about the Atlas Es tadistico Re­ this theme is reflected in the num­ sity by department with a detailed publica Argentina be provided for bers of maps (22 maps on indus­ inset of the federal capitol (Buenos readers interested in the CD. The try). Mineral production includes Aires, p. 23), and a series of color­ following is the excerpt that Mr. maps on metal and nonmetal pro­ ful crop maps: wheat production Brooner provided: duction by value, and semipre­ on the Pampas and soybeans along The Atlas Estadistico Republirn cious stones. Maps on the second­ the Parana (pp. 173-177). Argentina is the first publication by ary sector include oil and gas pro­ Additional information is pro­ the lnstituto Nacional de duction and reserves, manufactur­ vided on the agricultural maps by Estadistica y Censos (INDEC) ing and manufactured products the interesting use of proportional which presents their statistical data (wood, paper, publishing,). The re­ circles and dots superimposed base with its corresponding geo­ maining maps in this series com­ upon the choropleth pattern. For graphic reference for each prov­ prise an eclectic group of economic example, a choropleth map of ince and Department of Argentina. themes: energy, commerce and ser­ sheep production depicts average The Atlas Estadistico includes a ,·ices, communications, public fi­ number of herds for sheep by de­ printed publication(reviewed by nance, and exports by province (in partment, and superimposed on Professor South), digital data on percent). each department is a proportional the CD-ROM, and ArcView 1.0 The St11ti:-otirnl Atlas uf Argentina circle depicting number of sheep which permits use of the database provides an overview of consider­ (p. 187). It would be helpful, how­ to analyze and generate additional able statistical data mapped at a ever, if the Atlas contained an in­ regional thematic maps. The CD­ national scale. Particularly useful dex map of departments by name. ROM contains not only the geo­ as a general reference is the intro­ It should be noted that all maps graphic view presented in the pub­ ductory series: political, physical, have the primary source of data lication, but also all of the carto­ and transportation maps. The At­ noted, thus for any serious re­ graphic and tabular data necessary las is \'\'ell organized by subject searcher, the search for more de­ to generate new maps according to area and related themes are color tailed information has been greatly user-defined criteria through referenced. With the exception of facilitated. ArcView 1.0 (included on th CD­ the introductory series nearly all The Statistical Atlas of Argen tina ROM) or any upgraded versions of the maps are choropleth maps, and provides a wealth of geographic ArcView. It also contains a data the selection of color to denote information on Argentina. The At­ manager for exporting information spatial intensity of activity in all las comprises a particularly useful 40 cartographic perspectives and analyzing tabular statistical SOFTWARE REVIEW already converted to Windows 95). data. I tried running it from an icon in The CD-ROM contains three Geo scope Windows for Workgroups version graphical interfaces which fac ili­ Version tested: 1.0, USS150. From 3.11 and kept getting general tate use of the data base: display LMSOFf, 1280 Bernard St. W., protection faults. maps at departmental, provincial Suite 401, Outremont, Quebec H2V or national le\'els; consult tabular 1 V9, Canada. Phone: (514) 948- Software Support: The software information in customiLed EXCEL 1000. Fax: (514) 948-0511. e­ and a 12 minute video which tables; and view detailed commen­ mail:[email protected] describes it can be obtained from: taries on any of the displayed in­ Maxine Leverett, Educational fo rmation. Revier.ved by Mark D. Schwartz Technology Rep., Addison-Wesley [nstallation and operating in­ Department of Geography Publishers, P.O. Box 580, 26 Prince structions for the CD-ROM are University of Wisconsi11-Milwnr1kee Andrew Place, Don Mills, Ontario presented in the Atlas. The CD­ M3C 2T8, Canada. Phone: (416) ROM contains all of the mapped System Requirements: The program 447-5101. Fax: (416) 447-7755. E­ data, at departmental and provin­ will run on a PC with a 286 or mail: [email protected] (There may cial le\'els which have been aggre­ better processor (640KB or more be other sources for obtaining the gated to national level in the pub­ RAM for minimal operation, 1.4 software as well, but this reviewer lished Atlas, along with the statis­ MB RAM or more for optimal is not aware of them.) tical (attribute) data in customized operation), VGA graphics adapter, EXCEL tables. The CD-ROM also 40 Mb hard disk (7-8.2 MB free), contains eight Landsat TM and Microsoft-compatible mouse, and Geoscope defines itself as an lnter­ . OAA sateliite images which are CD-R0.\1 drive (ISO 9660). The actirie Global Change Encyclopedia, not published in the printed edi­ e\·aluation was done on a Gateway since it allows the user interactive tion. Pentium 133-MHZ system, with 32 access to \·arious images, text, With the digital data users can MB of memory, and a Matrox tabular data, and diagrams. The realize the flexibility and ease of MCA Millennium video card with program starts on the premise that creating new thematic maps, from 2MBWRAM. you are arriving back at planet department to national le\'el Earth from an extended stellar through overlaying, combining, System Considerations: It is impor­ voyage, and dock ·with the orbiting and analyzing any of the tant to underscore that this pro­ Earth Observation Station. After georefcrenced social, demo­ gram was written for the DOS entering the station, you take your graphic, economic, or other data environment. I found it rather seat in front of the control panel contained in the Atlas Estadistico quaint to be back working with a which allows you access and view using ArcView. In addition, the program that was designed for data about Earth and analyze its georeferenced data in the Atlas DOS (i.e. works with less than features. This control panel con­ Estadistico may be registered and 2MB RAM), yet also interesting to cept is important, as the icon of a combined 1Nith any of the disco\·er it also uses a CD-ROM chair is displayed on most screens, georcferenced data contained on drive. Although these minimum allowing a quick return to the the Atlas de Suelos de la Republica standards may allow it to run on main menu. All of the data files Argentina. older pc's, the DOS environment used by the program are on one of Readers seeking more informa­ does impose considerable restric­ the two included CD-ROMs (one tion on this CD can check ESRI's tions on access speed. For example, for global data and the other for re­ home page under products and so­ it took se\'eral minutes to load an gional data). Data files must be lutions: http:/ /www.esri.com/ image file from the regional data mo\'ed from the CD-ROMs to the base/ data/ catalog/wba/ CD-ROM. Once I got used to these hard disk before they can be used. wba_des.html :J serious limitations, I found that the The usage of temporary hard disk program had a lot to offer. Pro­ space is termed the Workspace and gram flow control is almost is an integral component to data exclusively point and click, and the accessibility. The program offers a graphics are surprisingly good for File Management Module to su­ this constrained situation. Never­ pervise this process. theless, I do not recommend Four other modules control the running this program under any various program options: version of Windows, but in DOS 1. Explore- This module facili­ alone (a big problem if you have tates viewing the impressive col- Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspectives 41 lection of images, tabular data, and slide presentations addressing re­ Secretary: Craig Remington other information contained in the mote sensing, ice caps, Department of Geography program CD-ROM library. Data Bangladesh, and several others. University of Alabama are a\'ailable as long-term aver­ These could potentially be quite Box 870322 ages, and in many cases a\·erage useful in introductory geography Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 monthly ,·alues as well. At the glo­ courses, or as part of self-paced (205) 348-1536 bal scale, for example, one can ac­ student exercises. FAX: (205)348-2278 cess a\'erage temperature, precipi­ In summary, I found Geoscope to Term expires: October 97 tation and ozone images, ocean be an impressi,·e program, consid­ plankton, e(e,·ation and soils data, ering the constrained operating Treasurer: Sona Andrews wa,·e heights and sea surface tem­ system for which it was designed. Univ. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee peratures, economic, population, The concept and design of the pro­ P.O. Box 413 land use, and agricultural data, gram are sound and useful in ei­ Milwaukee, Wl 53201 and numerous others. Regional ther the educational or home com­ (414) 229-6057 data include mam· of the same puting em·ironment. I would not FAX: (414) 229-2481 kinds of information for whole have hesitated to recommend it email: [email protected] continents, or selected aspects for five years ago (had I encountered Term expires: October 98 small areas, such as •.veather se­ it then), but today I am reluctant. quence animations, and Landsat Certainly, there are a great many Past-President: Keith Rice multi-spectral scanner (MSS) and older computers worldwide that Department of Geography Thematic Mapper (T:vt) images in could put this program to good Uni\'ersity of Wisc.-Stevens Point ,·arious bands. use. Unfortunately, I suspect that Ste\'ens Point, WI 54481 2. Edit-Here are all the fea­ in the current college computing (715) 3464154 tures of a basic image display and em·ironment it would not be a FAX: (715) 346-3624 manipulation system. Images can prudent purchase. The vendor, email: [email protected] be displayed and zoomed, and however, informed me that a Win­ Term expires: October 97 their display palettes manipulated. dows version of this innovative Point, line, and polygon digitizing system may be a\·ailable next year. NACIS EXECUTIVE OFFICERS is possible, and map features (leg­ My recommendation is to wait and end, scale, etc.) can be added. see if Geoscope for Windows be­ Christopher Baruth From my pcrspecti\'e, this area comes a reality, and then give it se­ ACS Collection contained one of the most disap­ riousconsideration. :J P.O. Box 399 pointing aspects of the program. Milwaukee, WI 53201 After doing all the ·work to create (800) 558-8993 an interesting visual display of in­ NACISnews FAX: (414) 229-3624 formation, it can onl\' be saved as a email: [email protected] file for dis play in DOS graphics mode, or as a screen dump to the NACIS OFFICERS Sona Andrews printer. I found myself wishing I University of Wisc.-Milwaukee could export these images in JPEG President: Ylichael Peterson P.O. Box 413 or GIF format, or allowing import Department of Geog/Geology Milwaukee, WI 53201 into other programs. Cniversity of Nebraska-Omaha (414) 229-6057 3. Anah·ze-This module pro­ Omaha, KE 68182 FAX: (414) 229-2481 ,·ides the basic features of a image (402) 554-4805 email: [email protected] processor that you \VOuld find in a FAX: (402) 554-3518 remote sensing program (histo­ email: [email protected] Susan Peschel grams, mask, resize, o\·erlay, im­ Term expires: October 97 ACS Collection, P.O. Box 399 age algebra, mosaic, etc.). Again, Milwaukee, WI 53201 the inability to export processed Vice President: Patricia Gilmartin (800) 558-8993 products outside the program Department of Geography FAX: (41-1) 229-3624 seems a serious limitation. Universitv of South Carolina email: [email protected] 4. Scenario-Series of slides are Columbia, SC 29208 co1111ectl'Ci in a tree structure, allow­ (803) 777-2989 ing one to step through a process FAX: (803) 777-4972 in a ,·isually interesting and infor­ email: [email protected] mative way. For example, there are Term expires: October 97 42 cartographic perspectil1es

NACIS BOARD OF DIRECTORS Joseph Stoll tions indicated that attendance Dept. of Geography & Planning would be close to the norm. James Anderson, Jr. University of Akron FREAC 361, BEL 306 Carroll Hall President's Report Florida State Uni\·ersity Akron, OH 44325-5005 Keith discussed the recommenda­ Tallahassee, FL 32306 (330) 972-7621 tions of the Dues Subcommittee (904) 644-5447 email: [email protected] and will call for a vote to raise FAX: (904) 644-7360 Term expires: October '98 dues to 542.00 annually at the email: [email protected] Business Meeting. A general dis­ Term expires: October '97 Kathryn Thorne cussion concerning the finances of Dept. of Geography & Geology The Society ensued, concluding C\·nthia Brewer Belknap Hall with the need to maintain a vigi­ Department of Geography Mansfield University lant watch upon our resources. 302 Walker Building Mansfield, PA 16901 Pennsylvania State UniYersity (717) 662-4612 NACIS Web Site University Park, PA 16802-5011 FAX: (717) 662-4364 Mike addressed the limited infor­ (814) 865-5072 email: [email protected] mation available at the site and so­ FAX: (814) 863-7943 Term expires: October 98 licited ideas from The Board for email: [email protected] improving and expanding the con­ Term expires: October 97 tent. Suggestions included ex­ NACIS Board Meeting amples of map products, papers Barbara Buttenfield October 2, 1996 presented at the conference, past Department of Geography San Antonio, Texas articles from Cartographic Perspec­ CB-360 tives, and employment opportuni­ University of Colorado The following members of the ties. Mike will canvas the mem­ Boulder, CO 80309 Board were present: Officers Keith bers attending the meeting for fur­ (303) 492-3618 Rice, Mike Peterson and Craig ther input. He also reviewed a few email: [email protected] Remington; Board Members Pat minor adjustments in the program Term expires: October 97 Gilmartin, Jeremy Crampton, Jim and thanked Sona for her help in Anderson, Cynthia Brewer, Glenn printing this material. Jeremy Crampton Pawelski, Barbara Buttenfield and Department of Geography Carolyn Weiss; Executive Director Treasurer's Report George Mason University Chris Baruth. The meeting began Owing to the absence of Ed Hall, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444 at 3:10 with approval of the Min­ the Treasurer's Report turned to a (703) 993-1217 utes of the April 2, 1996 conference discussion of ways to expand the email: [email protected] call. membership of The Society. It was Term expires: October 97 noted that an increase in dues Election Results should not be a substitute for the Valerie Krejcie Chris announced the election of continued attention this matter de­ 4020 W. Kirk Pat Gilmartin as Vice President, serves. Skokie, IL 60076 Sona Andrews as Treasurer, and (847) 677-1881 new Board Members Joe Stoll, Future Meetings email: [email protected] Kathy Thome, Valerie Krejcie, and Suggestions for the 1998 meeting Term expires: October 98 Tom Patterson. site included Williamsburg, Kan­ sas City, Madison and Fort Collins. Thomas Patterson San Antonio These sites will be further investi­ 306 Foxridge Dr., SW The Board expressed their appre­ gated and discussed at the Winter Leesburg, VA 22075 ciation to Dennis Fitzsimons and Board Meeting. (304) 535-6020 his students for the work done on FAX: (304) 535-6144 local arrangements. Dennis re­ Cartographic Perspectives [email protected] viewed the schedule and logistics The search for Sona's successor re­ Term expires: October 98 of events taking place in San mains unfulfilled and as a result Marcos. Chris reported that the C.P. will have guest editors for the necessary mailings and hotel ar­ upcoming year. The manuscript rangements for the meeting went flow to the journal has improved smoothly and that pre-registra- and much of the content for edi- Number 25, Fall 1996 cartographic perspecfil'l'S 43 tions during this period of transi­ NACIS Board Meeting A motion was made to set up a tion is complete. Jim Anderson October 4, 1996 winter meeting of the Board in will handle the production from San Antonio, Texas Chicago. Passed. Valerie will in­ Tallahassee. All necessary busi­ ,·estigate accommodations conve­ ness being discussed, the meeting The following members of the nient to OiHare. was adjourned at 5:20 p.m. Board were present: Officers Mike Peterson, Pat Gilmartin, Sona Pat asked that a more detailed ac­ S11 l1111 iltt'd, Andrews, and Craig Remington; counting of our expenses be gener­ Crnig Re111i11gto11 Past President Keith Rice; Board ated bv our new Treasurer. Sona NACIS Si:cretary Members Jim Anderson, Jeremy agreed and suggested that work Crampton, Glenn Pawelski, on a strategy to recruit more mem­ Cynthia Brewer, Joe Stoll, Kathy bers is key to maintaining the vi­ NACIS Business Meeting Thorne, Valerie Krejcie, Tom tality of the Society. After agree­ October 3, 1996 Patterson, and Barbara Buttenfield; ment on the success of the San An­ San Antonio, Texas Executive Director Chris Baruth. tonio gathering, the meeting was The meeting was called to order at adjourned at 5:25 p.m. Beginning at 1:00 p.m., Keith Rice 3:35 p.m. thanked Dennis Fitzsimons and his Submitted, students for their efforts as well as After introductions, .'vfike asked Crnig Re111i11gto11 Sona Andrews, Chris Baruth and for comments on the program and NACJS Secretary Mike Peterson for their work on some suggestions were offered to the program. Chris spoke of facilitate next years meeting. Dick Keith's leadership as President and Galbreath from Lexington was in­ thanked those lea,·ing the Board troduced and presented a report for their service. The results of the on hotel accommodations. The cartographic events election were announced and new Radisson Hotel downtown was the office holders in attendance were preferred location. Dates are lim­ recognized . Keith asked the mem­ ited to either the first or the last bers for nominations for positions week in October. The Executi,·e May 13-17, 1997 coming open next year. .'vfike rec­ Officers will notify the Board of G PS/GIS '97, "Map ping to ogniLed the meeting participants the confirmed dates. The Board re­ Manage" from Austria and welcomed them ,·iewed deadlines and responsibili­ Annapolis, MD and Chesapeake to Deep in the Heart of Texas. ties for the Lexington program and Bay Keith discussed the need to raise meeting. Contact: GPS/GIS '97, 8120 the annual dues and recei,·ed sug­ Woodmont Ave., Suite 300, gestions from the membership Discussion once again turned to Bethesda, MD 20814. Voice 301- concerning the costs and content of site selection of a 1998 meeting 664-8000. Fax 301-657-2468. Cartvgmphic Pcrspccfi7.'es. site. Kansas City, Williamsburg, Fort Coll ins, Madison and Chicago June 22-28, 1997 Following this discussion a motion were considered for further study. 18th International Cartographic \-vas offered and seconded to raise There was some concern that we Conference the dues to $42.00 annually effec­ were behind schedule on this pro­ Stockholm, Sweden tive January 1, 1997. The motion cess. For more information call: 46 (26) carried, 8.f to 1. The Guest Editors 153 000, or Fax 46 (26) 653 160. for C.P. were announced. Keith A motion was made to have the thanked the conference partici­ Office of the Executive Director July 20-24, 1997 pants and \·Ve adjourned to a walk­ generate a membership directory URISA 97 ing tour of the Alamo City at 1:33 once every two years. Passed . Metro Toronto Convention Centre, p.m. Toronto, Canada The Editorial Board for Carto­ Contact: Peter Croswell, Executive S11/1111ittcd, graphic Perspecti,·es met in order Consultant, Plan Graphics, Inc., Craig I

August 14-18, 1997 pathway for learning GIS, while Free Hand 5.0 or 7.0 for Windows 1997 Canadian Cartographic letting them pick the topics of ex­ 95 or Windows NT. With the raster Association Conference and ploration from a rich suite of pre­ support of FreeHand 5.0/7.0 and a Annual Meeting pared choices. registration filter within St. John's, Newfoundland The first version of ArcVoyager MAPublisher, users can also im­ Contact: CCA/ ACC 1997; c/ o has been completed by ESRI, and port geo-referenced JPEG and TIFF Geography Department, Memorial is now available for free public files. Macintosh users can use this University of Newfoundland, St. download (the full downloads are suite of filters for Adobe Illustrator John's Newfoundland, AlB 3X9, or large). You can read more about (5.0 or later). Files can be imported contact Gary McManus for more ArcVoyager, download a small from PC, Mac, or UNIX. Output is information. Voice 709-737-8996, self-running presentation (for Win­ immediate to all Postscript print­ Fax 709-737-4000. dows or Mac) about it, or down­ ing devices and to all digital pub­ load the entire package, from this lishing file formats. October 1-4, 1997 address, http://wV\rw/esri.com/ MAPublisher 2.0 for Freehand NACIS XVII base/ rnarkets/k-12/ \'Oyager.html. (Windows 95) and MAPublisher Lexington, Kentucky for Adobe Illustrator (MAC) is Contact: Chris Baruth, AGS MAPublisher $125.00. For additional information Collection, P.O. Box 399, Milwau­ contact A venza Software Market­ kee, WI 53201_ Voice 800-558-8993, \,f APublisher by A venza Software ing at (800) 884-2555 or http:// Fax 414-229--1380, .Marketing, Inc. is a suite of filters www .avenza.com. [email protected]. that bridges Geographic Informa­ tion System (GIS) technology to GLOBE VERSION 0.1 October 26-30, 1997 high-end graphics/high resolution GIS(LIS 1997 printing and electronic publishing The National Geophysical Data Cincinnati Convention Center, technology making cartographic Center (NGDC) is pleased to an­ Cincinnati, Ohio quality map production faster, nounce the first release of data American Congress on Surveymg easier and better. Avenza supports from the Global Land One-Kilome­ and Mapping, 301-493-0200, Fax the fact that performing GIS ter Base Elevation (GLOBE) 301-493-8245. graphics tasks is best done in the Project. This project is an interna­ right environment-a powerful tional effort to develop a global graphics program like digital elevation model (DEM) on Macromedia FreeHand or Adobe a nominal 1-kilometer grid_ The Illustrator. MAPublisher takes you goal is to represent the Earth's en­ announcements into this environment effortlessly, tire land surface. Project scientists and with the right GIS data man­ will compile available DEMs at a agement tools to facilitate the map gridding of 1-km or smaller; the re­ production process. Using this fast, maining areas will be covered by ARC VOYAGER intuitive system, your map can the best available data. transcend the ordinary and be­ GLOBE Version 0.1 covers ap­ ArcVoyager is a package of care­ come a work of art. proximately 60% of the Earth's fully selected data, ArcView MAPublisher incorporates GIS land surface, using a 30 arc-second projects, and a comprehensive help object management tools such as latitude-longitude grid (somewhat file, all tied together, and designed selection criteria, attribute han­ finer than one kilometer spacing to work with ArcView 2.1. There dling, and selection and query on the ground). These data were are parallel versions for Windows logic operators, all within a high­ developed cooperatively between or Macintosh, and ArcView 3 ver­ end graphics software environ­ the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency sions of Arc Voyager are now being ment. MAPublisher v2.0 allows us­ (OMA) and NGOC for the GLOBE developed. After downloading ers to import vector data (shapes, Project. and installing ArcVoyager, schools boundaries, routes, elevations, etc.) You may obtain current GLOBE and libraries should be able to use from Maplnfo mid/ rnif files, release information by accessing ArcVoyager immediately; users ARC/INFO generate files, http:/ /www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Select should be able to build custom ArcView shape files, DXF files, "Solid Earth Geophysical Data" world, US, and state maps with and USGS Digital Line Graph and then "Topography." GLOBE little" outside guidance" needed. (DLG) files with all attributes in­ Version 0.1 (product number 1090- The" 4-tiered" approach is de­ tact for further customization and G27-000) is available from NGOC signed to give users a defined analysis within Macromedia for $275. \lumber 25, Fall 1996 cartogmpllic perspectipes 45

CALL FOR PARTICIPATION XVII Annual Meeting of the NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETY Lexington, Kentucky October 1 - 4, 1997

The NACIS Program Committee invites your participation in this meeting by:

giving a paper organizing a session developing a panel discussion conducting a workshop preparing a poster or exhibit

Posters, paper sessions, workshops, and panel discussions are now being organized on a variety of topics, including cartographic animation, multimedia presentations, cartographic design, map librarianship, free-lance cartography, and cartographic activities on the Internet. Start planning your participation now.

Persons interested in participating should develop a proposal or abstract which includes the author's name, professional address, telephone number, e-mail address, and a description not to exceed 250 words. Student participation is encouraged. Proposals should be sent to:

Pat Gilmartin Department of Geography University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 Phone: (803) 777-2989 FAX: (803) 777-4972 email: [email protected]

PROPOSALS and ABSTRACTS SHOULD BE RECEIVED BY APRIL 30, 1997 Participants will be notified by July 1, 1997 of the acceptance of their abstracts or proposals.

Lexington is located in the heart of Kentucky's bluegrass country, a region known for its bourbon whiskey, burley tobacco, Thoroughbred horses, and, of course, bluegrass - both the music and the plant. Also the site of the University of Kentucky's main campus, Lexington is easily accessible by interstate highway and commercial airlines. We look forward to seeing you at the upcoming conference - our 17th and sure to be as interesting, informative, and as much fun as NACIS meetings always are. 46 cartographic perspt•ctizics "lumber .25, f·Jll 19%

EX CHA "GE PUB LI CATIO S Cartographica. A quarterly journal Geoti111es. Monthly publication of the endorsed by the Canadian Carto­ American Geological Institute. Offers graphic Association/ Association news, feature articles, and regular C1irft> ~ rn11/1ic Perspecl ii.'c:; gratefully Canadienne de Cartographie that departments including notices of new acknowledges the publications listed features articles, reviews, and mono­ software, maps and books of interest below, \\ ith which we enjoy exchange graphs. Michael Coulson, Editor. to the geologic community. Articles agreements. We continue to seek ISSN 0317-7173. Contact: University of frequently address mapping issues. agreements with other publications. Toronto Press Journals Department, ISSN 0016-8556. Contact: Geotimes, 5201 Dufferin Street, Downsview, 4220 King Street, Alexandria, VA Ontario, M3H 5T8 Canada; (416) 667- 22302-1507. ACMLA Bulletin. Published 7781. triannu,1lly by the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives. GIS World. Published monthly, this Offers article, reviews, and news on Cartographic Journal. Biannual news magazine of Geographic cartography and map library related Journal of the British Cartographic Information Systems technology offers issues. Contact: Colleen Beard, Brock Society. Includes research articles, news, features, and coverage of events Uni\'ersity :Vlap Library, St. Catherines, 'shorter' articles, official records of the pertinent to GIS. Contact: John Ontario L2S 3Al Canada. Society, book reviews, and a list of Huges, Managing Editor, GIS World, recent cartographic literature. Contact: Inc., 155 East Boardwalk Drive, Suite Hon. Secretary, Charles Beattie, 13 250, Fort Collins, CO 80525; (303) 223- ACSM Bulletin. Published six times a Sheldrake Gardens, Hardie, 4848; fax: (303) 223-5700. year by the American Congress on Lymington, Hants, 504 10FJ, England. Sun·eying and Ylapping. Offers feature articles, regular commentaries, lllformatio11 Bulletin. Triannual letters, and news on legislation, people, Cartograp l1 y. Biannual Journal of the publication of the Western Association products, and publications. Contact: Australian Institute of Cartographers. of Map Libraries. Contains features, ~lembership Director, 5-n O Gros,·enor Each issue contains two parts: the atlas and book reviews, WAML Lane, Bethesda, MD 20814; (301) 493· Journal proper and the Bulletin. The business, and news. Contact: Mary l. 0200. Journal contains original research Larsgaard, Executive Editor, Map and papers, papers describing applied Imagery Laboratory, UC-Santa cartographic projects, reviews of Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA. 93106; Baseline. Published six times a ,·ear bv current cartographic literature, and (803) 893-4049; fax: (805) 893-8799, the Map and Geography Round.Table: abstracts from related publications. 4676, 8620; e-mail: mary@v,•ash. American library Association. ISS~ 0069-0803. Contact: John Payne, uscdic.ucsb.edu. Contact: Editor l'\ancy J. Butkovich, Circulation ~anager, GPO Box 1292, Phvsical Sciences Librarv, 230 Da,·ev Canberra, A.CT. 2601 , Australia. Laboratorv, Penn State Universitv, ' Mapline. A quarterly newsletter University Park, PA 16802; (814.) S65- published by the Hermon Dunlap 3716; e-mail:[email protected] Cartography Specialty Group News­ Smith Center for the History of letter. Triannual publication of the Cartography at the Newberry Library. Cartography Specialty Group of the This newsletter contains notes, B111/eti11 of the Society of Cartogra­ Association of American Geographers. announcements, recent publications, phers. Published twice a \'ear, the Features news, announcements, and calendar, and short essays on topics of 8 11/lct111 features articles o~ techniques comics. Contact: Ann Goulette, interest to the history of cartography. and ideas applicable to the Carto· Editor, Intergraph Corporation, 2051 ISSN 0196-0881. Contact: James R. graphic Drawing Office. Contact: Mercator Drive, Reston, VA 22091- Akerman, Editor, Mapline, The Pamela Spoerry, Department of 3414; (703) 264-7141; e-mail: Newberry Library, 60 West Walton Geography, Uni,·ersity of Cambridge, [email protected]. Street, Chicago, IL 60610. Dowing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, England. Cartomania. The quarterly newsletter Perspective. This newsletter of the of the Association of Map Memorabilia National Council for Geographic Carto11cl1e. A quarterly publication Collectors. Offers a unique mix of Education (NCGE) is published five offering news and announcements to feature articles, news, puzzles, and times a year in October, December, members of the Canadian Carto· announcements of interest to February, April and June. News items graphic Association. Contact: Cana­ cartophiles. ISSN 0894-2595. Contact: related to . CGE activities and dian Cartographic Association, c/ o Siegfried Feller, Publisher/ Editor, 8 geographic education are featured. Weldon Hiebert, Geography Depart­ Amherst Road, Pelham, MA 01002; Contact: NCGE, Leonard 16A, Indiana ment, University of Winnipeg, (413) 253-3115. University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, ~1anitoba , R3B 2E9, Canada; (20-1) 786- PA 15703; bitnet: clmccard@iup. 9483; fa, (204) 786-1824; e-mail: [email protected]. Number 25, fall 1996 rnrtogrnpllic perspecth1es 47

FEATURED PAPERS ebraska - Omaha, Omaha, Each issue of Cartographic Perspec­ Nebraska 68182. Manuscripts are C 11rtogra11/iic J>ers11ectiPes tives includes featured papers, re\'iewed by a minimum of h-vo EDITORIAL BOARD which are refereed articles report­ referees. The recommendations of ing original work of interest to the reviewers and the Chair of the ( ·1i.1ir NACIS's diverse membership. CP tditorial Board are sent to the Pr. iV1it1111d /'. J>ctcN•ll Papers ranging from theoretical to Editor of CP. The Editor will Lnin•rsit\· of Nl'h.1sk.1 - Omaha applied topics are welcome. contact all authors to notify them if Prospective authors are encour­ their paper has been accepted for aged to submit manuscripts to the publication and if revisions are :\!Ir. /i1111\11da;;1J11 Editor or to the Chairperson of the necessary prior to publication. The Flnrid.1 St,1k Lnin·rsit\ NACIS Editorial Board. Papers following technical guidelines may also be solicited by the Editor should be followed for all accepted Or. C.1111tilit1 Hn'lccr from presenters at the annual manuscripts (these guidelines also l\·nn-;\ 1\-,mi.1 Statt• Lnin•rsitv meeting and from other sources. apply to book, map, and sofh.Yare Ideas for special issues on a single reviews). :v1s. /1111 Ct'.1111c topic are also encouraged. Papers Ylaterial should be submitted in Lnin·rsit\ of ( ;l'orgi,1. should be prepared exclusively for digital form on 3.5" diskettes. publication in CP, with no major Please send a paper copy along M". :vtdi.""11 1.111110111 portion previously published with the disk. Text documents l't•nn-;\· h"mi.1 St.lit• L nin•rsi t,. elsewhere. All contributions will processed with Macintosh soft­ be reviewed by the Editorial ware such as Wri teNoc.v, Dr. C/111rl1·" l~11dcr Board, whose members will advise WordPerfect, MS Word, and Unin•rsit\· of Wiscllnsin- the Editor as to whether a manu­ MacWri te are preferred, as well as 1\i\ l'f F.1lb script is appropriate for publica­ documents generated on IBM PCs tion. Final publication decisions and compatibles using WordPerfect Pr. Kcit/1 IV. [\ice rest with the Editor, who reserves or MS Word. ASCII text files are Unin•rsitv oi \Visconsin - the right to make editorial changes also acceptable. Stt>\'t•ns l'oint to ensure clarity and consistency of PostScript graphics generated 1 style. with Adobe Illustrator or Aldus .1\ 1111(1/ [~_111k111t111 FreeHand for the Macintosh or L nin•rsit\· of North C1rolin.i - REVIEWS Corel Draw for DOS computers are ( ;rt'l'll"horo Book revie\'\'S, map re\·iews, and preferred, but generic PICT or :'vb. C11n•l_1111 I Vci ."~ mapping software reviews are TIFF format graphics files are St,1tisti<·'- C,111,1d.i welcome. The Editor will solicit usually compatible as well. re\'iews for artifacts received from Manually produced graphics publishers. Prospective reviewers should be no larger than 11by17 are also invited to contact the inches, designed for scanning at Editor directly. 600 dpi resolution (avoid fine­ grained tint screens). Continuous­ COLOPHON TECHNICAL GUIDELINES tone photographs will also be This document was desktop-published FOR SUBMISSION at the Florida Resources and En\"iron­ scanned. mental Analvsis Center, Florida State Literature cited should conform to Materials should be sent to: University, ~sing Apple Macintosh the Chicago Manual of Style, 14th Dr. Sona Karentz Andrews, computers. Word processing was ed ., University of Chicago Press, Editor- Cartographic Perspectives, accomplished primarily with Microsoft Chapter 16, style "B." Examples of Department of Geography, 3210 N. l'Vord 6.0 ; page layout with PageMaker the correct citation form appear in 6.0. Graphics not rendered with Aldus Maryland A\·enue, University of FreeHand, Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw, the feature articles of this issue. Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwau­ or A TLA S ..GIS were scanned from Authors of Featured Papers should kee, WI 53211; (414) 229-4872, paper originals using a desktop submit four printed copies of their fax: (414) 229-3981; e-mail: sona@ scanner. The PageMaker document manuscript for re\·iew directly to csd.uwm.edu. was output at 2400 dpi. The bulletin Dr. Michael Peterson, Chair of the was printed by offset lithography on Warren Patina 70# text stock. Text CP Editorial Board, Department of type is set in Palatino, a face designed Geography, Uni\'ersity of by Herman Zapf. 48 cartograplzic perspecti"ves :\umber 25, Fall 1996 NACIS membership form

North American Cartographic Information Society Sociedad de Informacion Cartografica Norte Americana

Name/ Nombre:

Address/ Direcci6n:

Organization/ Afiliaci6n profesional:

Your position/Posici6n:

Cartographic interests/lntereses cartograficos:

Professional memberships/Socio de organizaci6n:

Membership Fees for the Calendar Year*/ Valor de n6mina de socios para el aiio: Individual/ Regular: $42.00 U.S./ E.U. Students/ Estudiantes: $20.00 U.S./E.U. Institutional/ Miembros institucionales: $72.00 U.S./E.U.

Make all checks payable to/ Manden sus cheques a: NACIS AGS Collection P.O. Box 399 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201

*Membership fees include subscription to Cartographic Perspectives . The North American Cartographic Information Society (NACIS) was founded in 1980 in response to the need for a multidisciplinary organization to facilitate communication in the map information commu­ nity. Principal objectives of NACIS are:

§ to promote communication, coordination, and cooperation among the producers, disseminators, curators, and users of cartographic information;

§ to support and coordinate activities with other professional organizations and institutions involved with cartographic information;

§ to improve the use of cartographic materials through education and to promote graphicacy;

§ to promote and coordinate the acquisition, preservation, and automated retrieval of all types of cartographic material;

§ to influence government policy on cartographic information.

NACIS is a professional society open to specialists from private, academic, and government organizations throughout North America. The society provides an opportunity for Map Makers, Map Keepers, Map Users, Map Educators, and Map Distributors to exchange ideas, coordinate activities, and improve map materials and map use. Cartographic Perspectives, the organization's Bulletin, provides a mechanism to facilitate timely dissemination of cartographic information to this diverse constituency. It includes solicited feature articles, synopses of articles appearing in obscure or non-cartographic publications, software reviews, news features, reports (conferences, map exhibits, new map series, government policy, new degree programs, etc.), and listings of published maps and atlases, new computer software, and software reviews.

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