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Cartograplzic Perspectives 1:1, March 1989 Was Passed and Signed by the Cartography Is the Science and Your Reply to Mr 4 cartograplzic perspectives 1:1, March 1989 was passed and signed by the Cartography is the science and your reply to Mr. Grigar of Texas. President. This Act requires the technology of analyzing and That leads into the third item. In Director of the Office of Charting interpreting geographic relation­ that letter you list the prices for and Geodetic Services, NOAA, in ships, and communicating the single copies of Which Map Is Best? consultation with the Director of results by means of maps. and Choosing a World Map. But the U.S. Geological Survey that reminded me of a fact less (USGS), to submit to the Congress A definition suitable for the ICA well-known, namely that Choosing a plan for preparing maps of the Dictionary: a World Map is available at a dis­ shoreline of the Great Lakes. count when 10 or more copies are The plan will define the respon­ Cartography is the science and ordered, made possible by gener­ sibilities of NOAA and USGS, set technology of analyzing, inter­ ous grants from several carto­ up a mapping schedule, with high­ preting and communicating graphic/ geographic organizations. risk areas (erosion or flooding) spatial relationships normally by The prices are as follows: given first priority, a completion means of maps." date, and recommended funding. Copies Cost The committee set up by NOAA (BCS Newsletter Number 1, 1989) and USGS expects to complete 10-19 $2.00 their report to Congress during Editors note: One wonders why the 20-29 $1.50 the next year. For further infor­ BCS is willing to admit to the general 30-39 $1.25 mation, contact: Mr. Dennis public -- but not to "practicing 40-49 $1.10 Carroll at (301) 443-8742. cartographers" or the ICA -- that 50+ $1.00 (C&GS Update, Winter 1989) cartography is as much an art as a science or a set of technologies. Plus $2.00 shipping and handling for all orders. This was done with TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF the hope that schools might find it CARTOGRAPHY LETTER TO THE EDITOR a useful resource. The International Cartographic January 4, 1989 Association (ICA) is soliciting Professor Ruth A. Rowles, Editor Very best regards, views on a redefinition of "ca~tog­ Cartographic Information Arthur H. Robinson raphy" for its forthcoming Dic­ tionary of Cartographic Terms. Dear Ruth: The British Cartographic Society NEW VISUALIZATION CENTER offers the following: I have just read with interest, The State of California has given and much profit, the issue No. 31, the San Diego Supercomputer " .. .in defining cartography we are December, 1988. It is an informa­ Center $6 million to develop a speaking to more than just ICA tive and useful publication. There scientific visualization facility that but to many other interested are three items on which I wish to the state hopes will help attract parties. In the light of the recent comment. high-technology business. BCS Council policy to broaden the First, Alan MacEachren' s piece Scientific visualization uses appeal of cartography to both on "Renewed Interest in Map Pro­ graphics to express information -­ prospective members and the jections" is very well done, and I particularly complex dynamic general public as a whole we have hope he is right. One small item: systems with complicated time included two further definitions, he stated that the Robinson scales, flow patterns, and spatial one for professional cartographers projection was patented in 1963. relationships -- with which scien­ and the other for the public at Devised then, yes; but patented, tists often work. It requires sophis­ large. no. Van der Grinten's projection ticated software and powerful "A definition for use in commu­ was patented in ca. 1903, but computers to manipulate the data, nication with the general public sometime later I believe the Patent and specialists who understand and prospective members not yet Office declined to accept patent how to represent numeric data engaged in cartography: applications for projections. Also using form, line, and color. map projections cannot be copy­ The supercomputer center, lo­ Cartography is the art, science righted, but of course, maps can. cated at the University of Califor­ and technology of making maps. In any case, the Robinson projec­ nia at San Diego, is supported by tion has been in the public domain the National Science Foundation. A definition for practicing cartog­ ever since it was devised. (Chronicle of Higher Education, raphers: Second, I compliment you on 2/15/89) 1:1, March 1989 cartographic perspectives 5 featured article The Aeronautical Charting Division (ACD), National Ocean Service Automated (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) produces the Radar Video Maps (RVM's) used by air traffic controllers Radar Video Map to monitor and control the Nation's airspace. These complex maps depict the local Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airspace Production definition and show airways, intersections, holding patterns, selected navigational aids, special-use airspace boundaries, and other radar at NOS display elements critical to the traffic controller's radar scope displays. Previously produced by tedious manual methods, the ACD's Aero­ Ronald M. Bolton nautical Chart Automated Production (ACAP) system now provides the tools for automated production of this integral part of the FAA air and traffic control system. Russell A. Hoover rior to 1967, Radar Video Maps (RVM's) were constructed individ­ INTRODUCTION AND P ually by cartographers at FAA Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC's) and towers. The cartographers prepared inked compilations BACKGROUND (drawings) on various media, using several different projections and scales. These compilations were taken to local contractors for reduction and processing into negatives which were then trimmed to the required sizes and placed between two pieces of glass or plastic. The composite plates were then oriented to the traffic controller's radar scope. There were many problems with these early plates. Some scales and projections used were not suitable for the map areas covered. The com­ pilations were prepared on paper rather than dimensionally stable mylar. The symbology varied and line weights were not uniform. Overlapping areas did not match and frequently revisions were not received when needed. As a result of these and other problems, the FAA, realizing the need for establishing a program for Radar Video Maps, assigned the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (U.S.C&GS, the predecessor of NOAA) the task of Radar Video Map production in 1967. The current Radar Video Map final product is in the form of a negative map image (Fiure 1) depicted on either 2.3 or 3.0 inch square plastic plates, depending upon the type of Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) Ronald M. Bolton is Chief of the equipment. As many as five slides can be mounted in the ASR equipment Aeronautical Chart Branch, and at one time, and projected on the video screen through multichannel dis­ Russell A. Hoover is Staff play. The plates cover 10 to 60 nautical miles in range and are depicted Cartographer with the Aeronautical at scales from 1:100,000 to 1:400,000. The choice of data to be depicted on Charting Division, National Ocean each map is left to the discretion of the FAA requesting facility. These Service, NOAA, 6010 Executive data might consist of obstructions, landmark features, control zones, vec­ Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852 toring altitudes, geographic boundaries, or any other features that the traffic controller feels might assist in the traffic control for that particular ARTCC. Currently, 95 percent of all compilation is being performed using the MANUAL automated procedures. Special or unusual requests are still being handled by manual operating procedures. Under the manual operating PROCEDURES procedures, the production process is initiated when a request Form 7910-1 for a new RVM is submitted by the FAA. This request specifies the type of video display, plate size, quantity, map range, radar site co­ ordinates, and data to be depicted on the map. All requested data are verified and obtained either directly from support units within the Aeronautical Chart Branch (ACB), or through terminal queries of the 6 cartograpltic perspectives 1:1, March 1989 Figure 1: Radar Video Map and legend detail. flllt:~"1. AVIATIOH ADMINl!TllATION ANTENNA SITE SACRAMENTO TRACON. CA 39 "07'48 J • 121"27'35.8 ' l 7" F ASR-5 60 NM VIDEO MAP MVA-EMERGENCY I "; 4.8 NAUTICAL MILES 9C"1.E: I :350,000 •M- - '"ll .. , P'H~AIHP ., '"'' "141f'°"At O< f.a.,_ ' · .. ,,. • Af I ... Dl•ICf oON Ut l"t f t:DllUW. 4\'l._.tO,. AOM••&tlUlhOfl 1';P-oK- n 1 1:1, March 1989 cartographic perspectives 7 ACAP aeronautical database. Once all the necessary data have been defined and collected, they are manually key-entered through remote terminals to create Map Definition Language (MDL) sets for creating rough computer generated pen plots of the map. A typical RVM plate may require one hundred to two hundred manual data entries. Some The main problem requests may take up to one thousand data entries. Cultural features such as rivers, shorelines, or major roads must be drawn manually. was developing Two compilation plots are produced on dimensionally stable mylar. a database The first plot depicts only data requested by the FAA facility, the second plot contains all data generated to produce the final map such as projec­ tion, extra obstructions, and other miscellaneous data. After the compila­ tion plots are reviewed, they are sent to the NOS Reproduction Branch where they are transferred to scribing material which is engraved with lines of between .012 to .018 inches in width. A contact-type paper proof of the final engraved artwork is sent to the RVM Unit for review where it is checked for accuracy.
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