DOCSLIB.ORG

Opportunities for Empirical Research on Interactive Maps and Visualizations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Opportunities for Empirical Research on Interactive Maps and Visualizations Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 User studies in cartography: opportunities for empirical research on interactive maps and visualizations Roth, Robert E ; Cöltekin, Arzu ; Delazari, Luciene ; Filho, Homero Fonseca ; Griffin, Amy ; Hall, Andreas ; Korpi, Jari ; Lokka, Ismini-Eleni ; Mendonça, André ; Ooms, Kristien ; van Elzakker, Corné PJM Abstract: The possibility of digital interactivity requires us to reenvision the map reader as the map user, and to address the perceptual, cognitive, cultural, and practical considerations that influence the user’s experience with interactive maps and visualizations. In this article, we present an agenda for empirical research on this user and the interactive designs he or she employs. The research agenda is a result of a multi-stage discussion among international scholars facilitated by the International Car- tographic Association that included an early round of position papers and two subsequent workshops to narrow into pressing themes and important research opportunities. The focus of our discussion is epistemological and reflects the wide interdisciplinary influences on user studies in cartography. The opportunities are presented as imperatives that cross basic research and user-centered design studies, and identify practical impediments to empirical research, emerging interdisciplinary recommendations to improve user studies, and key research needs specific to the study of interactive maps and visualizations. La possibilité de l’interactivité numérique nous pousse à revoir le lecteur de cartes comme un utilisateur de cartes et à traiter les considérations perceptuelles, cognitives, culturelles et pratiques qui influencent l’expérience d’un utilisateur de cartes et de visualisations interactives. Dans cet article nous présen- tons un agenda de recherche empirique sur cet utilisateur et sur les conceptions interactives qu’il ou elle réalise. L’agenda de recherche proposé est le résultat d’une discussion en plusieurs étapes menée par des spécialistes internationaux, facilitée par l’association cartographique internationale selon un processus comprenant un premier ensemble de papiers de positions, suivi de deux ateliers dont les objectifs étaient de se concentrer autour de thèmes prioritaires et d’opportunités de recherche majeures. L’objet de la discussion était épistémologique et reflète les larges influences interdisciplinaires des études portant sur les utilisateurs en cartographie. Les opportunités sont présentées comme des impératifs qui associent les recherches fondamentales aux études de conception centrées utilisateurs. Elles permettent d’identifier les obstacles pratiques aux recherches empiriques, les recommandations interdisciplinaires émergeantes pour améliorer les études des utilisateurs et les besoins de recherche prioritaires spécifiques à l’étude des cartes et visualisations interactives. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2017.1288534 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-144646 Journal Article Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. Originally published at: Roth, Robert E; Cöltekin, Arzu; Delazari, Luciene; Filho, Homero Fonseca; Griffin, Amy; Hall, Andreas; Korpi, Jari; Lokka, Ismini-Eleni; Mendonça, André; Ooms, Kristien; van Elzakker, Corné P J M (2017). User studies in cartography: opportunities for empirical research on interactive maps and visualizations. International Journal of Cartography, 3(sup1):61-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2017.1288534 2 International Journal of Cartography ISSN: 2372-9333 (Print) 2372-9341 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tica20 User studies in cartography: opportunities for empirical research on interactive maps and visualizations Robert E. Roth, Arzu Çöltekin, Luciene Delazari, Homero Fonseca Filho, Amy Griffin, Andreas Hall, Jari Korpi, Ismini Lokka, André Mendonça, Kristien Ooms & Corné P.J.M. van Elzakker To cite this article: Robert E. Roth, Arzu Çöltekin, Luciene Delazari, Homero Fonseca Filho, Amy Griffin, Andreas Hall, Jari Korpi, Ismini Lokka, André Mendonça, Kristien Ooms & Corné P.J.M. van Elzakker (2017) User studies in cartography: opportunities for empirical research on interactive maps and visualizations, International Journal of Cartography, 3:sup1, 61-89, DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2017.1288534 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2017.1288534 © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa Published online: 24 May 2017. UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Submit your article to this journal Article views: 247 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 4 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tica20 Download by: [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] Date: 10 January 2018, At: 13:22 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARTOGRAPHY, 2017 VOL. 3, NO. S1, 61–89 https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2017.1288534 User studies in cartography: opportunities for empirical research on interactive maps and visualizations Robert E. Roth a, Arzu Çöltekin b, Luciene Delazaric, Homero Fonseca Filho d, Amy Griffin e, Andreas Hall f, Jari Korpif, Ismini Lokkab, André Mendonça g, Kristien Ooms h and Corné P.J.M. van Elzakkeri aUW Cartography Lab, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; bGeographic Information Visualization and Analysis (GIVA) Unit, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; cDepartment of Geomatics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; dGeospatial Computing Lab, Environmental Management Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; eSchool of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia; fDepartment of Real Estate, Planning and Geoinformatics, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland; gSchool of Technology, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Brazil; hDepartment of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; iGeo-information Processing, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The possibility of digital interactivity requires us to reenvision the map Received 7 June 2016 reader as the map user, and to address the perceptual, cognitive, Accepted 26 January 2017 cultural, and practical considerations that influence the user’s KEYWORDS experience with interactive maps and visualizations. In this article, we Empirical cartography; present an agenda for empirical research on this user and the interactive maps; controlled interactive designs he or she employs. The research agenda is a experiments; design studies; result of a multi-stage discussion among international scholars usability evaluation; user facilitated by the International Cartographic Association that included experience design an early round of position papers and two subsequent workshops to narrow into pressing themes and important research opportunities. The focus of our discussion is epistemological and reflects the wide interdisciplinary influences on user studies in cartography. The opportunities are presented as imperatives that cross basic research and user-centered design studies, and identify practical impediments to empirical research, emerging interdisciplinary recommendations to improve user studies, and key research needs specific to the study of interactive maps and visualizations. RÉSUMÉ La possibilité de l’interactivité numérique nous pousse à revoir le lecteur de cartes comme un utilisateur de cartes et à traiter les considérations perceptuelles, cognitives, culturelles et pratiques qui influencent l’expérience d’un utilisateur de cartes et de visualisations interactives. Dans cet article nous présentons un Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 13:22 10 January 2018 agenda de recherche empirique sur cet utilisateur et sur les conceptions interactives qu’il ou elle réalise. L’agenda de recherche proposé est le résultat d’une discussion en plusieurs étapes menée par des spécialistes internationaux, facilitée par l’association cartographique internationale selon un processus CONTACT Robert E. Roth [email protected] © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. 62 R.E. ROTH ET AL. comprenant un premier ensemble de papiers de positions, suivi de deux ateliers dont les objectifs étaient de se concentrer autour de thèmes prioritaires et d’opportunités de recherche majeures. L’objet de la discussion était épistémologique et reflète les larges influences interdisciplinaires des études portant sur les utilisateurs en cartographie. Les opportunités sont présentées comme des impératifs qui associent les recherches fondamentales aux études de conception centrées utilisateurs. Elles permettent d’identifier les obstacles pratiques aux recherches empiriques, les recommandations interdisciplinaires émergeantes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comparison of Two Navigational Aids for Hypertext Mark Alan Satterfield Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1992 A comparison of two navigational aids for hypertext Mark Alan Satterfield Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Business and Corporate Communications Commons, and the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Satterfield, Mark Alan, "A comparison of two navigational aids for hypertext" (1992). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 14376. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/14376 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Comparison of two navigational aids for h3q5ertext by Mark Alan Satterfield A Thesis Submitted to the Gradxiate Facultyin Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department: English Major; English (Business and Technical Communication) Signatureshave been redactedforprivacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1992 Copyright © Mark Alan Satterfield, 1992. All rights reserved. u TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AN INTRODUCTION TO USER DISORIENTATION AND NAVIGATION IN HYPERTEXT 1 Navigation Aids 3 Backtrack 3 History 4 Bookmarks 4 Guided tours 5 Indexes 6 Browsers 6 Graphic browsers 7 Table-of-contents browsers 8 Theory of Navigation 8 Schemas ^ 9 Cognitive maps 9 Schemas and maps in text navigation 10 Context 11 Schemas, cognitive maps, and context 12 Metaphors for navigation ' 13 Studies of Navigation Effectiveness 15 Paper vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Maps and Their Place in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome
    bibliography Adam, J.-P. 1994. Roman Building: Materials ———. 2005. Les routes de la navigation antique: and Techniques. Translated by A. Mathews. Itinéraires en Méditerranée. Paris: Errance. London: Batsford. ———. 2007. “Diocletian’s Prices Edict: The Aillagon, J.-J., ed. 2008. Rome and the Barbar- Prices of Seaborne Transport and the Average ians: The Birth of a New World. Milan: Skira. Duration of Maritime Travel.” Journal of Ro- Alföldy, G. 2000. Provincia Hispania Superior. man Archaeology 20:321– 36. Schriften der Philosophisch- historischen ———. 2007– 8. “Texte et carte de Marcus Klasse der Heidelberger Akademie der Agrippa: Historiographie et données tex- Wissenschaften 19. Heidelberg: Winter. tuelles.” Geographia Antiqua 16– 17:73– 126. al- Jadir, W. 1987. “Une bibliothèque et ses Arnaud- Lindet, M.-P., ed. and trans. 1993. Aide- tablettes.” Archèologia (Dijon) 224:18– 27. mémoire (Liber memorialis). By L. Ampelius. al- Karaji. 1940. Inbat al- miyah al- khafi yya. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. Hyderabad: Da’irat al- ma’arif al- ’uthmaniya. ———, ed. and trans. 1994. Abrégé des hauts faits Reprinted in F. Sezgin et al., eds., Water- du peuple romain. By Festus. Paris: Les Belles Lifting Devices in the Islamic World: Texts Lettres. and Studies, 302– 98 (Frankfurt: Institute Ashby, T. 1935. The Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. for the History of Arabic- Islamic Science, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001). Ashmore, W., and A. B. Knapp, eds. 1999. Andreu, G., and C. Barbotin, eds. 2002. Les Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Per- artistes de Pharaon: Deir el- Médineh et la spectives. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. Vallée des Rois. Turnhout: Brepols. Baines, J. 1987. Fecundity Figures.
    [Show full text]
  • How Spatial Is Hyperspace? Interacting with Hypertext Documents: Cognitive Processes and Concepts
    CYBERPSYCHOLOGY & BEHAVIOR Volume 4, Number 1, 2001 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. How Spatial Is Hyperspace? Interacting with Hypertext Documents: Cognitive Processes and Concepts PATRICIA M. BOECHLER ABSTRACT The World Wide Web provides us with a widely accessible technology, fast access to massive amounts of information and services, and the opportunity for personal interaction with nu- merous individuals simultaneously. Underlying and influencing all of these activities is our basic conceptualization of this new environment; an environment we can view as having a cognitive component (hyperspace) and a social component (cyberspace). This review argues that cognitive psychologists have a key role to play in the identification and analysis of how the processes of the mind interact with the Web. The body of literature on cognitive processes provides us with knowledge about spatial perceptions, strategies for navigation in space, memory functions and limitations, and the formation of mental representations of environ- ments. Researchers of human cognition can offer established methodologies and conceptual frameworks toward investigation of the cognitions involved in the use of electronic envi- ronments like the Web. INTRODUCTION only a new cognitive environment (“hyper- space”) where information is perceived, stored, OR CENTURIES, TEXT-BASED LITERATURE has manipulated, and retrieved in new ways, but Fbeen the primary mode for disseminating also a new social environment (“cyberspace”), and receiving information. The cognitive where one individual’s cognitions about this processes involved in reading and writing new environment interact with those of other books have been studied extensively for people who share it. Unlike physical space, the decades as they have played a crucial role in World Wide Web is not constrained by dis- the development of humankind.
    [Show full text]
  • Visualization Complex Cognitive Networks
    2012 3rd International Conference on e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning IPEDR vol.27 (2012) © (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore Visualization Complex Cognitive Networks + MENG Shimin 1 1 DNAgent Lab @Youlinkme.net Co., Ltd. Wuyishan, Fujian China Abstract. Cognitive flow is the important applications of information flow, workflow, social flow after, but need to break through the difficulties in cognitive mapping and materialized. Use visualization techniques to build a simulation platform to realize cognitive schema, cognitive map, flow and other visual cognitive projection, make the invisible visible understanding, building cognitive materialized, visualization mode. Base visualize digital network technology innovation Visualization Complex Cognitive Networks (VCCN) platform, achieve "symbol, mathematical, process" visual computing architecture, and the formation of cognitive visual paradigm. Base VCCN research in human-computer system needs to establish the cognitive interface to build field of cognitive, modulation of cognitive coupled states, through the acquisition of Cognitive Symbol Sequence(CSS), and cognitive activity is mapped to VCCN. It is framed for cognitive nodes, relation, chain, flow, maps, schema, and achieved cognitive object editing, storage, switching, routing, navigation, evaluation, and cognitive flow coupling, excitation, propagation, and be the cognitive visual, functional simulation, power system studies provide new ideas, new paradigm of brain information. VCCN similar negatives shot to the brain cognitive activity with CSS, for the reconstruction of cognitive activity to provide a method. Keywords: complex networks, cognitive visualization, cognitive schema, cognitive map, cognitive symbol sequence, cognitive coupling. 1. Cognitive Flow The brain is a material, energy and information dissipation structure, brain research is to use instruments to stimulation, probe, scan of the brain material, energy, information process, and shooting, collecting data, use the data to understand brain.
    [Show full text]
  • Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Engineering and Technology Management: What Works in Practice?
    Portland State University PDXScholar Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Engineering and Technology Management Publications and Presentations 7-2006 Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Engineering and Technology Management: What Works in Practice? Antonie J. Jetter Portland State University, [email protected] Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/etm_fac Part of the Engineering Commons Citation Details Jetter, A.J., "Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Engineering and Technology Management: What Works in Practice?," Technology Management for the Global Future, 2006. PICMET 2006 , vol.2, no., pp.498,512, 8-13 July 2006 doi: 10.1109/PICMET.2006.296648 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PICMET 2006 Proceedings, 9-13 July, Istanbul, Turkey (c) 2006 PICMET Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Engineering and Technology Management: What Works in Practice? Antonie J. Jetter Department ofEngineering and Technology Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA Abstract--Due to a lack of available data, many early section V (Analysis of means to fulfill information needs), VI planning decisions in Engineering and Technology Management (Knowledge Capture), VII (Conceptual and detailed design of have to be based on experts' opinions and their qualitative FCM models), and VIII (Test and Validation). Section IX statements about evolving technologies, markets and general discusses the findings and concludes the paper. business environments. Several authors have suggested the use of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) to analytically support these decisions with simulation models that can cope with qualitative II.
    [Show full text]
  • Lin, Hua Navigation Maps in a Computer-Networked Hypertext
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 403 882 IR 018 239 AUTHOR Chou, Chien; Lin, Hua TITLE Navigation Maps in a Computer-Networked Hypertext Learning System. PUB DATE Feb 97 NOTE 24p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (Albuquerque, NM, February 12-16, 1997). Figures have some Chinese text and may not reproduce clearly. PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143) Speeches /Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Cognitive Mapping; *Cognitive Style; College Students; Computer Networks; Computer Uses in Education; *Concept Mapping; Courseware; Foreign Countries; Geographic Concepts; Higher Education; *Hypermedia; *Information Retrieval; Knowledge Representation; Multimedia Instruction; *Navigation (Information Systems); Online Searching; *Search Strategies IDENTIFIERS Browsing; Computer Integrated Instruction; Taiwan ABSTRACT A study of first-year college students (n=121) in Taiwan investigated the effects of navigation maps and learner cognitive styles on performance in searches for information, estimation of course scope, and the development of cognitive maps within a hypertext learning course. Students were tested to determine level of perceptual field dependence and assigned to one of five groups: no map, global map, local map, local tracking map, and all maps. Students searched particular sections, and browsed through the course "Introduction to Computer Networks" delivered by the Cooperative Remotely Accessible Learning (CORAL) system, a courseware browser. Navigation map type has significant effects on students' search steps, search efficiency, and development of cognitive maps. Subjects in the global map and all-map groups took fewer steps and had higher search efficiency than subjects in the other groups. Map type also contributed to a significant difference in cognitive map development scores, with all-map and global map groups scoring higher than other map groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Design Principles of the Hippocampal Cognitive Map
    Design Principles of the Hippocampal Cognitive Map Kimberly L. Stachenfeld1, Matthew M. Botvinick1, and Samuel J. Gershman2 1Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University 2Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Hippocampal place fields have been shown to reflect behaviorally relevant aspects of space. For instance, place fields tend to be skewed along commonly traveled directions, they cluster around rewarded locations, and they are constrained by the geometric structure of the environment. We hypothesize a set of design principles for the hippocampal cognitive map that explain how place fields represent space in a way that facilitates navigation and reinforcement learning. In particular, we suggest that place fields encode not just information about the current location, but also predictions about future locations under the current transition distribu- tion. Under this model, a variety of place field phenomena arise naturally from the structure of rewards, barriers, and directional biases as reflected in the tran- sition policy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this representation of space can support efficient reinforcement learning. We also propose that grid cells compute the eigendecomposition of place fields in part because is useful for segmenting an enclosure along natural boundaries. When applied recursively, this segmentation can be used to discover a hierarchical decomposition of space. Thus, grid cells might be involved in computing subgoals for hierarchical reinforcement learning. 1 Introduction A cognitive map, as originally conceived by Tolman [46], is a geometric representation of the en- vironment that can support sophisticated navigational behavior. Tolman was led to this hypothesis by the observation that rats can acquire knowledge about the spatial structure of a maze even in the absence of direct reinforcement (latent learning; [46]).
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Cognitive Map System Based on Generative Deep Neural Networks
    Artificial Cognitive Map System based on Generative Deep Neural Networks Hiroki Kojima1 and Takashi Ikegami1 1University of Tokyo fkojima, [email protected] Abstract and motor information and found that the map of the envi- Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/isal/proceedings-pdf/isal/33/24/1929823/isal_a_00462.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 ronment was self-organized at the higher layer. We present a novel artificial cognitive map system using the A cognitive map has been attributed to place cells and grid generative deep neural networks called Variational Autoen- cells in hippocampus (O’Keefe and Dostrovsky, 1971; Haft- coder / Generative Adversarial Network (VAE/GAN), which encodes input images into the latent space and the structure ing et al., 2005). Recently, the cognitive map system has of the latent space is self-organized through the learning. Our been proposed to deal with not only the spatial information results show that the distance of the predicted image is re- but other information such as sounds, shapes, or social rela- flected in the distance of the corresponding latent vector after tionships (Behrens et al., 2018), which implied the existence training, which indicates that the latent space is organized to of the more general principles for the organization of cogni- reflect the proximity structure of the dataset. This system is also able to internally generate temporal sequences analogous tive maps based on the proximity of the input features. The to hippocampal replay/pre-play, and we found that these se- other characteristic of the place cells is that they are capa- quences are not just the exact replay of the past experience, ble of internally generate temporal sequences, known as re- and this could be the origin of creating novel sequences from play/preplay (O’keefe and Nadel, 1978; Buzsaki´ et al., 1983; the past experiences.
    [Show full text]
  • The Determinants of Valuable Inventions Karin
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Beukel, Karin Doctoral Thesis The Determinants for Creating Valuable Inventions PhD Series, No. 43.2013 Provided in Cooperation with: Copenhagen Business School (CBS) Suggested Citation: Beukel, Karin (2013) : The Determinants for Creating Valuable Inventions, PhD Series, No. 43.2013, ISBN 9788792977991, Copenhagen Business School (CBS), Frederiksberg, http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8828 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/208877 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Spatial Stability and Cue Type on Spatial Learning
    The effects of spatial stability and cue type on spatial learning: Implications for theories of parallel memory systems Matthew G. Buckley1,2, Joe M. Austen1, Liam Myles1, Shamus Smith3, Niklas Ihssen1, Adina R. Lew4, & Anthony McGregor1 1. Department of Psychology, Durham University, UK 2. School of Psychology, Aston University, UK 3. School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Newcastle, Australia 4. Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, UK Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Anthony McGregor, Department of Psychology, Durham University, UK, DH1 3LE, or Matthew Buckley, School of Psychology, Aston University, UK, B4 7ET Email: [email protected] or [email protected] 1Abstract 2 Some theories of spatial learning predict that associative rules apply 3under only limited circumstances. For example, learning based on a 4boundary has been claimed to be immune to cue competition effects 5because boundary information is the basis for the formation of a cognitive 6map, whilst landmark learning does not involve cognitive mapping. This is 7referred to as the cue type hypothesis. However, it has also been claimed 8that cue stability is a prerequisite for the formation of a cognitive map, 9meaning that whichever cue type was perceived as stable would enter a 10cognitive map and thus be immune to cue competition, while unstable 11cues will be subject to cue competition, regardless of cue type. In 12experiments 1 and 2 we manipulated the stability of boundary and 13landmark cues when learning the location of two hidden goals. One goal 14location was constant with respect to the boundary, and the other 15constant with respect to the landmark cues.
    [Show full text]
  • Memory and Space: Towards an Understanding of the Cognitive Map
    13904 • The Journal of Neuroscience, October 14, 2015 • 35(41):13904–13911 Mini-Symposium Memory and Space: Towards an Understanding of the Cognitive Map Daniela Schiller,1 Howard Eichenbaum,2 Elizabeth A. Buffalo,3 Lila Davachi,4 David J. Foster,5 Stefan Leutgeb,6 and Charan Ranganath7 1Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, 2Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98195, 4Departments of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, 5Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, 6Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and 7Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616 Morethan50yearsofresearchhaveledtothegeneralagreementthatthehippocampuscontributestomemory,buttherehasbeenamajor schism among theories of hippocampal function over this time. Some researchers argue that the hippocampus plays a broad role in episodic and declarative memory, whereas others argue for a specific role in the creation of spatial cognitive maps and navigation. Although both views have merit, neither provides a complete account of hippocampal function.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Representations and the Encoding Process By
    A Cognitive Map Experiment: Mental Representations and the Encoding Process By: Elisabeth S. Nelson Nelson, Elisabeth S. (1996) A Cognitive Map Experiment: Mental Representations and the Encoding Process. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 23(4): 229-248. Made available courtesy of American Congress on Surveying and Mapping: http://www.acsm.net/ ***Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document.*** Abstract: Researchers have long debated the mental representation of knowledge. The theories initially spawned by this debate were propositional theory, imagery theory, and dual-coding theory. Related research further suggests that knowledge encoding processes such as landmark-based and path-based learning may also affect these representations. Such theories form a basis from which cartographers can begin to explore the mental representations of spatial knowledge. The purpose of this study was to assess the mental organization of spatial information and to examine the effect of varying the encoding process. An experiment was conducted in which subjects studied a map presented to them using one of three encoding processes and one of two grid conditions. Subjects then examined a series of test maps and determined whether each map was the same as or different from the original studied map. Test maps that differed from the original map studied were modified by either replacing, displacing, or reversing the perspective of a map object, Results of the study indicated that the type of encoding process, type of map modification, and type of spatial object manipulated all significantly affected the accuracy with which subjects completed the tasks.
    [Show full text]