Sub-Area Analysis and Development Delta Sub-Area SA – 10C
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CAMBODIA NATIONAL MEKONG COMMITTEE Basin Development Plan Programme Sub-Area Analysis and Development Delta Sub-Area SA – 10C December 2004 Phnom Penh, Cambodia Cambodia National Mekong Committee Sub-Area Analysis and Development Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................VI ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................. VII FOREWORD ..............................................................................................................................................IX PART I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Background........................................................................................................1 1.2. Process of Sub-Area Study and Analysis ..........................................................2 1.3. Development of Scenarios and Strategies .........................................................2 1.4. Importance of the Report...................................................................................3 CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF THE DELTA SUB-AREA..................................................................... 4 2.1. Baseline Description..........................................................................................4 2.2. The Agenda for Development ...........................................................................5 PART II: SUB-AREA STUDY AND ANALYSIS................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 7 3.1. General ..............................................................................................................7 3.2. Objective............................................................................................................7 3.3. Tools and Methodology.....................................................................................7 3.3.1. Tools............................................................................................................7 3.3.2. Methodology................................................................................................8 3.3.2.1. Documents Review and Analysis.................................................................... 8 3.3.2.2. Stakeholders Consultation............................................................................... 8 3.3.2.3. Analysis of Outputs of the Informal Working Session prior to Forum 2........ 9 CHAPTER 4: BASELINE DESCRIPTION............................................................................................. 10 4.1. Geographical Features.....................................................................................10 4.1.1. Coverage....................................................................................................10 4.1.2. Elevation....................................................................................................13 4.1.3. Soil.............................................................................................................14 4.1.4. Land Cover ................................................................................................16 4.1.5. Land Use....................................................................................................16 4.1.6. Floods ........................................................................................................17 4.2. Population and Livelihoods.............................................................................21 4.2.1. A Crowded Area with a Fast Population Growth......................................21 4.2.2. Agriculture.................................................................................................24 4.2.3. Fisheries.....................................................................................................25 4.2.3.1. An exceptional hydrological system ensuring food and income for a huge population: the Mekong River System.......................................................... 25 4.2.3.2. Fishery Resource Decline in Figures ............................................................ 27 4.2.3.3. Depredation of the Eco-system supporting fishery resources ....................... 28 4.2.4. People’s Health..........................................................................................29 Basin Development Plan Programme i Delta Sub-Area (SA – 10C) Cambodia National Mekong Committee Sub-Area Analysis and Development 4.3. Water and Related Resources..........................................................................32 4.3.1. Availability of Water.................................................................................32 4.3.1.1. Rainfall and Surface Water ........................................................................... 32 4.3.1.2. River Discharge............................................................................................. 34 4.3.1.3. Groundwater.................................................................................................. 35 4.3.1.4. Surface Water Extraction for Domestic Water Supply ................................. 35 4.3.2. Water Demand and Use.............................................................................35 4.3.2.1. Domestic Water Use ..................................................................................... 36 4.3.2.2. Industrial Demand......................................................................................... 36 4.3.2.3. Agriculture Use ............................................................................................. 37 4.3.2.4. Ecological Demand ....................................................................................... 38 4.3.2.5. Other Consumptions...................................................................................... 38 4.3.3. Major legal and policy documents pertaining to watershed management in Cambodia...................................................................................................39 4.3.4. Policy of Water Resources and Meteorology Development .....................40 4.3.5. Government's Goals in the Water Resources Sector .................................40 4.3.6. Analysis .....................................................................................................41 4.4. Environment ....................................................................................................41 4.4.1. Use of Fertilizer and Pesticides .................................................................41 4.4.2. Water Quality ............................................................................................42 4.4.3. Industrial Wastewater and Municipal Liquid Waste.................................42 4.4.4. Solid Waste Management..........................................................................42 4.4.5. Ground Water Problem..............................................................................43 4.5. Trends..............................................................................................................43 4.5.1. Intensification of Aquaculture Production ................................................43 4.5.2. Increased Use of Pesticides and Fertilizers in the Delta............................45 4.5.3. Water Resources Threatened in Terms of Quality and Quantity ..............46 4.5.4. Intensification of Population Pressure through Migration ........................47 4.5.5. Aggravation of Vulnerability of the Poorest .............................................49 4.5.6. Navigation and Road Development...........................................................49 4.5.6.1. An Exceptional Waterways Network for Livelihood and Development of Trade ............................................................................................................. 49 4.5.6.2. Role of river transport to Poverty Alleviation............................................... 50 4.5.6.3. Government Polices, Plans, and Spending Priorities .................................... 51 4.5.6.4. Support by International Agencies................................................................ 51 4.5.6.5. Potential for increased international navigation............................................ 51 4.6. Tran-Boundary Issues......................................................................................52 4.6.1. Environmental Degradation and Contamination.......................................52 4.6.2. Population migration .................................................................................53 4.6.3. Fishery Resources Management................................................................56 4.6.3.1. Fishery Resources Decline in Figures........................................................... 57 4.6.3.2. Trans-boundary Factors Impacting on Fishery Resources ............................ 58 4.6.4. Hydropower...............................................................................................59