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Language Vitality of the Peoples of Russia

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Language Vitality of the Peoples of Russia Proceedings of SOCIOINT 2019- 6th International Conference on Education, Social Sciences and Humanities 24-26 June 2019- Istanbul, Turkey LANGUAGE VITALITY OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA Vida Yu. Mikhalchenko1, Elena A. Kondrashkina2, Svetlana V. Kirilenko3* 1Prof. Dr., Head Scientific Researcher, Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, RUSSIA, [email protected] 2Senior Scientific Researcher, Candidate of Sciences (Philology), Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, RUSSIA, [email protected] 3Scientific Researcher, Candidate of Sciences (Philology), Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Assoc. Prof., MIIGAiK State University, RUSSIA, [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract The article considers the problem of vitality of the languages of the peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation. This subject of research is timely as substantial changes have been introduced in the school educational program in the last few years. The study of the title language became compulsory for all schoolchildren, regardless of their nationality or the wishes of their parents in a number of republics of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the hours for studying the Russian language were reduced, which caused conflict situations, especially in the Republic of Tatarstan. This situation has led to an enormous controversy in the discussions on national languages, their functional development and the level of their vitality. The level of vitality of a language is determined by a number of factors. The most important ones are: 1) the number of native speakers; 2) the level of the functional development of the language; 3) the existence of a written tradition; 4) the status of the language and the language policy aimed at its development and support; and a number of other factors. The subject of research in this article deals with the languages of the Finno-Ugrian peoples which have the status of state languages in their republics: Komi, Mari, Mordovian and Udmurt languages. In these republics, the vitality of languages is strongly influenced by the demographic factor, namely the numerical prevalence of the Russian and Russian-speaking population. The purpose of the study were the factors mentioned above, which in turn determine the level of vitality and the definition of this level. Special attention is paid to the situation in school education, since the language competence of the whole society depends on the sphere of education. In all points of the study the findings comprise the latest facts and indicators of both official federal statistics and data from regional ministries and the media. Comparison of the results showed negative dynamics in the development of national title languages, strengthening positions of the Russian language and an increased interest in the English language. The tendency to recognize Russian as a native language is clearly indicated, which makes it possible to speak of a continuing linguistic shift. In conclusion, there are given some suggestions, which may change the situation with the national languages. Keywords: language vitality, demographic power of language, language policy, language legislation, language shift. ISBN: 978-605-82433-6-1 227 Proceedings of SOCIOINT 2019- 6th International Conference on Education, Social Sciences and Humanities 24-26 June 2019- Istanbul, Turkey 1 INTRODUCTION A language is a “living system”, “a living organism,” as was stated by the Russian philosophers P.A. Florensky, S.N. Bulgakov, A.A. Losev, G.G. Shpet, the German linguist A. Schleicher, the famous Soviet writer and literary critic K.I. Chukovsky and many others. Language is capable, like any living organism, to independently preserve and maintain their own vitality, however, that is restricted to certain limits. When the influence of external extralinguistic factors turns out to be too strong, the stability of the language experiences „overloads‟, the language begins to „feel ill‟, the vitality decreases, and the threat of the disappearance of the language, the mortality arises. About 10 languages of small population groups disappear every year. Language vitality or viability of language is the ability of the language to develop further, to modify or preserve structural and, mainly, functional qualities. The problems of vitality of the languages is a burning issue for many languages in Russia. This is especially challenging for the languages of small peoples (group of population of up to 50 thousand people). However, the same problems are experienced by the languages that are the state languages of the republics, which is a worrying sign since the state language performs the integration function within the given republic in the political, social, economic and cultural spheres, acting as a symbol of this republic. Moreover, it is the language of state-administrative texts, laws, orders, training, mass media, etc. Solving the problems of these languages, preventing them from disappearance from the linguistic map of the Russian Federation, creating conditions for their preservation and scientific studies, means saving the culture of these peoples, preventing or at least slowing down the assimilation processes, and helping them not to lose their ethnic identities. This problem is global for Russia, since, according to I.I. Khaleeva, almost half of the languages of the peoples of Russia (63) are in a depressed state, with a tendency to extinction. 2 METHODOLOGY All languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation are at different levels of functional development. Expansion in the functions of the language or its functional development is a process when the use of a language occurs in more areas of social life than in the previous stage of language functioning. The public functions of the language comprise the functioning of the language in various spheres of communication, corresponding to the spheres of human activity, for example, in the sphere of science, mass communication of production, transport, legal proceedings, etc. Language functions can be distributed into three groups. This classification is strongly interlinked with the level of language vitality. 1. Basic and secondary functions that a language performs as a specific phenomenon of human civilization, among which there is its main function – to be a means of communication. 2. Ethno-social (ethnic, social) functions – the role played by an ethnic language (or only its literary form) in ethnic communities of different types. 3. Social functions – the use of a language as a means of communication in different communicative spheres, conditioned by the specificity of various spheres of human activity. As a rule, minority languages perform significantly fewer social functions than the majoritarian language, and do not function in the most prestigious spheres of communication (public administration, international activity, science, higher education, etc.). Consequently, a differentiated approach is required towards the revitalization, maintenance and preservation of each minority language. It is this approach that will be able to protect languages from extinction, peoples from the loss of native languages, which in itself will help maintain balance, prevent linguistic confrontations and, thus, contribute to Russia's internal security. The functional power of the language is one of the main factors of its vitality. There is a direct relationship between the number of social functions of the language and its vitality, which can be measured by the volume of its main functions, its application in the most important areas of society: education, science, mass communication, court, industry, administrative activity, industry, socio-political sphere, religion. Note that national culture is also a very important area (traditional crafts, national art, theatres, books, etc.). Another important indicator of the development of a written language is the availability of various types of literature, primarily artistic, as well as religious (usually the first to emerge), business, academic, etc. The development of various types of literature is a sign of the usefulness or the relevance of a language. The national language of a nation does not necessarily have to fulfil all social functions. All social functions are performed by a limited number of world languages; thus, it is obvious that the vitality of national ISBN: 978-605-82433-6-1 228 Proceedings of SOCIOINT 2019- 6th International Conference on Education, Social Sciences and Humanities 24-26 June 2019- Istanbul, Turkey languages is measured by the breadth and intensity of their use in that repertoire of communication spheres, which is socially relevant. Socio-communicative spheres are the different spheres of human activity, each of which is characterized by relatively the same conditions of communication, which determine certain rules for the use of language. Such spheres are divided into regulated and amorphous spheres of communication. Spheres of communication in which regulation is applied by administrative and state bodies aimed at the orderly use of language(s) are called regulated spheres. Areas of informal communication are non-regulated in which the use of language is not subject to regulation by society and the state: the sphere of family communication, the sphere of everyday communication, the sphere of interpersonal communication. 3 SUBJECT AND OBJECT OF THE RESEARCH The subject of this research is the languages of the Finno-Ugric peoples of
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